scholarly journals Isolation of a Toxigenic and Clinical Genotype of Clostridium difficile in Retail Meats in Costa Rica

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS QUESADA-GÓMEZ ◽  
MICHAEL R. MULVEY ◽  
PABLO VARGAS ◽  
MARÍA del MAR GAMBOA-CORONADO ◽  
CÉSAR RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Retail Meats

We isolated a regional toxigenic genotype of Clostridium difficile, previously found in human infection in 4 of 200 (2%) samples of retail meats for human consumption: 1 of 67 samples of beef, 2 of 66 of pork, and 1 of 67 of poultry meat. These four isolates were positive for the tcdA and tcdB genes but negative for deletion of the tcdC and cdtB genes. All strains induced cytopathic effects in HeLa cells. However, they were susceptible to some antibiotics to which clinical isolates are often resistant. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin but resistant to clindamycin and ciprofloxacin. This first report of isolation of C. difficile in foodstuff from Latin America lends support to the notion that animal products serve as a reservoir for clinical strains of this pathogen in the community.

scholarly journals Clostridium difficile infection: the next big thing!

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Michelle M Squire ◽  
Thomas V Riley
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

Clostridium difficile causes infectious diarrhoea in humans and animals. It has been found in pigs, horses, and cattle, suggesting a potential reservoir for human infection, and in 20-40% of meat products in Canada and the USA, suggesting the possibility of food-borne transmission. It is likely that excessive antimicrobial exposure is driving the establishment of C. difficile in animals, in a manner analogous to human infection, rather than the organism just being normal flora of the animal gastrointestinal tract. Outside Australia, PCR ribotype 078 is the most common ribotype of C. difficile found in pigs (83% in one study in the USA) and cattle (up to 100%) and this ribotype is now the third most common ribotype of C. difficile found in humans in Europe. Human and pig strains of C. difficile are genetically identical in Europe confirming that a zoonosis exists. Rates of community-acquired C. difficile infection (CDI) are increasing world-wide, and a new community strain of unidentified origin has recently emerged in Australia. Environmental contamination may also play a role. C. difficile spores survive in treated piggery effluent, the by-products of which are used to irrigate crops and pasture and manufacture compost. There is abundant evidence that food products intended for human consumption contain toxigenic strains of C. difficile but food-borne transmission remains unproven. Thus there are four problems that require resolution: a human health issue, an animal health issue and the factors common to both these problems, environmental contamination and antimicrobial misuse.

The complex factors that contribute to Clostridium difficile infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E Mackin ◽  
Dena Lyras
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Limited Disease ◽  
Main Risk Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strain Type ◽  
Antibiotic Associated Diarrhoea

Over the past decade Clostridium difficile has emerged as a serious public health issue, causing both hospital-based epidemics and community-associated disease. The most commonly recognised cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in the human population, C. difficile was initially seen as a nuisance pathogen causing limited disease in the hospital setting. However, the emergence of ‘hypervirulent' strain types, associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality, has made it a pathogen of great concern worldwide. Infection with C. difficile is also being increasingly documented in animals, with suggestions that animals destined for human consumption may provide a reservoir for disease. The use of antibiotics is considered the main risk factor for the development of human infection; however, many other factors such as strain type, patient age, and host immune response all contribute to disease caused by C. difficile.

scholarly journals Enterovirus 70 Receptor Utilization Is Controlled by Capsid Residues That Also Regulate Host Range and Cytopathogenicity

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
pp. 8648-8655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Stewart Kim ◽  
Vincent R. Racaniello
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Lytic Replication ◽  
Monkey Kidney ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Axis Of Symmetry

ABSTRACT Enterovirus type 70, an etiologic agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, may bind different cellular receptors depending on cell type. To understand how EV70-receptor interaction is controlled, we studied two variants of the virus with distinct receptor utilization. EV70-Rmk, derived by passage in rhesus monkey kidney cells, replicates poorly in HeLa cells and does not cause cytopathic effects. Decay accelerating factor (DAF) is not a cell receptor for EV70-Rmk. Passage of EV70-Rmk in HeLa cells lead to isolation of EV70-Dne, which does not replicate in rhesus monkey kidney cells but grows to high titers in HeLa cells and causes cytopathic effects. DAF is sufficient for cell entry of EV70-Dne. EV70-Rmk replicates in human eye and brain-derived cell lines, whereas the Dne strain replicates only in HeLa cells and in conjunctiva-derived 15C4 cells. The two EV70 strains differ by five amino acid changes in the viral capsid. Single substitution of four of the five EV70-Rmk amino acids with the residue from EV70-Dne leads to lytic replication in HeLa cells. Conversely, substitution of any of the five EV70-Dne amino acids with the EV70-Rmk amino acid does not alter replication in HeLa cells. Three of these capsid amino acids are predicted to be located in the canyon encircling the fivefold axis of symmetry, one amino acid is found at the fivefold axis of symmetry, and one is located the interior of the capsid. The five EV70 residues define a region of the capsid that controls viral host range, DAF utilization, and cytopathogenicity.

Costa Rica in 1948: Cold War or Local War?

1996 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Olander
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Panama Canal Zone ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The U.S

The years following World War Two produced a strong resurgence of U.S. intervention in Central America and the Caribbean couched in Cold War terms. Although the U.S. intervention in Guatemala to overthrow the government of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954 has generally been seen as the first case of Cold War covert anti-Communist intervention in Latin America, several scholars have raised questions about U.S. involvement in a 1948 Costa Rican civil war in which Communism played a critical role. In a 1993 article in The Americas, Kyle Longley argued that “the U.S. response to the Costa Rican Revolution of 1948, not the Guatemalan affair, marked the origins of the Cold War in Latin America.” The U.S. “actively interfered,” and achieved “comparable results in Costa Rica as in Guatemala: the removal of a perceived Communist threat.” Other authors have argued, even, that the U.S. had prepared an invasion force in the Panama Canal Zone to pacify the country. The fifty years of Cold War anti-Communism entitles one to be skeptical of U.S. non-intervention in a Central American conflict involving Communism. Costa Ricans, aware of a long tradition of U.S. intervention in the region, also assumed that the U.S. would intervene. Most, if not all, were expecting intervention and one key government figure described U.S. pressure as like “the air, which is felt, even if it cannot be seen.” Yet, historians must do more than just “feel” intervention. Subsequent Cold War intervention may make it difficult to appraise the 1948 events in Costa Rica objectively. Statements like Longley's that “it is hard to believe that in early 1948 … Washington would not favor policies that ensured the removal of the [Communist Party] Vanguard,” although logical, do not coincide with the facts of the U.S. role in the conflict.

scholarly journals New distribution records for Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) in Latin America

Check List ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Kirstern Lica Follmann Haseyama ◽  
Alessandre Pereira-Colavite ◽  
Claudio José Barros De Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Records ◽  
New Distribution

The geographical distribution of Muscidae from Latin America has been extended. The following eight genera, including 28 species, were collected: Cyrtoneurina (2 spp.), Cyrtoneuropsis (8 spp.), Dolichophaonia (1 sp.), Neomuscina (7 spp.), Ophyra (1 sp.), Phaonia (2 spp.), Philornis (5 spp.), and Polietina (2 spp.). New records and additional collecting data have been provided for Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica, including reference maps for the species listed.

scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant Clostridium difficile ribotypes 078 and 014/5-FLI01 in piglets from Costa Rica

Anaerobe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Andino-Molina ◽  
Elías Barquero-Calvo ◽  
Christian Seyboldt ◽  
Gernot Schmoock ◽  
Heinrich Neubauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Multidrug Resistant

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Study Reveals High Prevalence of Clostridium difficile Non-PCR Ribotype 078 Strains in Australian Veal Calves at Slaughter

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 2630-2635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Knight ◽  
Sara Thean ◽  
Papanin Putsathit ◽  
Stan Fenwick ◽  
Thomas V. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Retail Meats ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Pcr Ribotyping ◽  
Ribotype 078

ABSTRACTRecent reports in North America and Europe ofClostridium difficilebeing isolated from livestock and retail meats of bovine origin have raised concerns about the risk to public health. To assess the situation in Australia, we investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity ofC. difficilein adult cattle and calves at slaughter. Carcass washings, gastrointestinal contents, and feces were collected from abattoirs across five Australian states. Selective culture, toxin profiling, and PCR ribotyping were performed. The prevalence ofC. difficilewas 56% (203/360 samples) in feces from <7-day-old calves, 3.8% (1/26) in 2- to 6-month-old calves, and 1.8% (5/280) in adult cattle. Three PCR ribotypes (RTs), RT127, RT033, and RT126, predominated in <7-day-old calves and comprised 77.8% (158/203 samples) of isolates. RT056, which has not been reported in cattle before, was found in 16 <7-day-old calves (7.7%). Surprisingly, RT078 strains, which dominate production animal carriage studies in the Northern Hemisphere, were not isolated.

scholarly journals The emergence of Clostridium difficile NAP1 hypervirulent strain in Latin America

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. e382
Author(s):  
C. Quesada-Gómez ◽  
T. Du ◽  
M.D.M. Gamboa-Coronado ◽  
C. Rodríguez ◽  
M.R. Mulvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Clostridium Difficile

Peanut Skins as a Natural Antimicrobial Feed Additive to Reduce the Transmission of Salmonella in Poultry Meat Produced for Human Consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Redhead ◽  
Fur Fatin Inazlina Noor Azman ◽  
Anis Izzaty Nasaruddin ◽  
Thien Vu ◽  
Fernanda Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Peanut Skin ◽  
Peanut Skins

Salmonella is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne zoonoses in humans. Thus, the development of strategies to control bacterial pathogens in poultry is essential. Peanut skins, a considerable waste by-product of the peanut industry is discarded and of little economic value. However, peanut skins contain polyphenolic compounds identified that have antimicrobial properties. Hence, we aim to investigate the use of peanut skins as an antibacterial feed additive in the diets of broilers to prevent the proliferation of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). One hundred sixty male hatchlings (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to, (1) PS: peanut skin diet without SE inoculation (2) PSSE: peanut skin diet and SE inoculation 3) CON: control diet without SE inoculation (4) CONSE: control diet with SE inoculation. Feed intake and body weights were determined at week 0 and 5. On days 10 and 24 post hatch, 3 birds/pen (24 total) from each treatment group were euthanized and the liver, spleen, small intestine, and ceca were collected. The weights of the liver, spleen and ceca were recorded. Organ invasion was determined by counting SE colonies. Each pen served as an experimental unit and was analyzed using a t-test. Performance data was analyzed in a completely randomized design using a general linear mixed model to evaluate differences. There were no significant differences ( P &gt; 0.05) in weekly average pen body weight, total feed consumption, bird weight gain and feed conversion ratio between the treatment groups. There were no significant differences in SE CFU/g for fecal, litter or feed between treatment groups CONSE and PSSE. However, for both fecal and litter, the PSSE treatment group tended (P ≤0.1) to have a lower Salmonella CFU/g compared to the CONSE treatment group. The results indicate that peanut skins may have potential application as an antimicrobial feed additive to reduce the transmission or proliferation of SE in poultry environments or flocks.

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