Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Products in China and Dietary Risk Assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAODONG GUO ◽  
YAHONG YUAN ◽  
TIANLI YUE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
World Health ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Milk Products

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk products in China using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and to estimate the dietary exposure to this toxin through a probabilistic approach. Based on the exposure assessment results, a quantitative cancer potency formula developed by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives was applied to assess the cancer risk. AFM1 was detected in 48.07% of the milk samples and 4.49% of the yoghurt samples. No samples contained AFM1 above the current regulatory limit in China. The simulated AFM1 intake (90% confidence interval) in various sex-age groups ranged from 0.023 (0.021 to 0.023) ng/kg of body weight per day for 30- to 45-year-old men to 0.382 (0.354 to 0.386) ng/kg of body weight per day for 2- to 4-year-old girls at the 99th percentile. The cancer risk of AFM1 to the general population of China was assessed to be 0.129 cancer cases per year per 108 persons at the 99th percentile. These results indicate that the health risk associated with AFM1 in milk in China is relatively low.

Natural Occurrence of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Corn from Three Main Production Provinces in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1374-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Z. FENG ◽  
X. H. LU ◽  
B. TAO ◽  
M. H. PANG ◽  
Y. C. LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Health Organization

A total of 255 corn samples collected in 2010 from three main corn production provinces of China (Liaoning, Shandong, and Henan) were analyzed for contamination with fumonisins (FB1 and FB2). The incidence of contamination was significantly higher in samples from Liaoning than in samples from the other two provinces. Approximately 80.0% of the samples from Liaoning were contaminated with fumonisins, with a mean total fumonisin concentration of 3,990 ng/g. In contrast, the mean total fumonisin concentrations were 845 and 665 ng/g in samples from Shandong and Henan, respectively. The probable daily intake of fumonisins (0.3 μg/kg of body weight) is within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2.0 μg/kg of body weight set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives.

scholarly journals Characterization and Lifetime Dietary Risk Assessment of Eighteen Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid N-Oxides in New Zealand Honey

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Pearson ◽  
Jeane E. F. Nicolas ◽  
Jane E. Lancaster ◽  
C. Wymond Symes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Dietary Risk

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a large group of botanical toxins of concern, as they are considered genotoxic carcinogens, with long-term dietary exposure presenting an elevated risk of liver cancer. PAs can contaminate honey through honeybees visiting the flowers of PA-containing plant species. A program of monitoring New Zealand honey has been undertaken over several years to build a comprehensive dataset on the concentration, regional and seasonal distribution, and botanical origin of 18 PAs and PA N-oxides. A bespoke probabilistic exposure model has then been used to assess the averaged lifetime dietary risk to honey consumers, with exposures at each percentile of the model characterized for risk using a margin of exposure from the Joint World Health Organization and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Benchmark Dose. Survey findings identify the typical PA types for New Zealand honey as lycopsamine, echimidine, retrorsine and senecionine. Regional and seasonal variation is evident in the types and levels of total PAs, linked to the ranges and flowering times of certain plants. Over a lifetime basis, the average exposure an individual will receive through honey consumption is considered within tolerable levels, although there are uncertainties over high and brand-loyal consumers, and other dietary contributors. An average lifetime risk to the general population from PAs in honey is not expected. However, given the uncertainties in the assessment, risk management approaches to limit or reduce exposures through honey are still of value.

Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Maya Bassil ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Farah Daou ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

Total Mercury and Methylmercury Content in Edible Fish from the Mediterranean Sea

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. STORELLI ◽  
R. GIACOMINELLI STUFFLER ◽  
A. STORELLI ◽  
G. O. MARCOTRIGIANO
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Blue Whiting ◽  
Commission Decision ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mediterranean

The objective of this study was to determine the current levels of total mercury and methyl mercury in the muscle tissues of different fish species caught in the Mediterranean Sea to ascertain whether these concentrations exceed the maximum level stipulated by the European Commission Decision. Total mercury concentrations in the muscles of skates ranged from 0.18 to 1.85 mg/kg (wet weight) (average, 1.00 mg/kg) while levels of 0.11 to 1.92 mg/kg (wet weight) (average, 0.70 mg/kg) and 0.21 to 1.74 mg/kg (wet weight) (average, 0.70 mg/kg) were recorded for blue whiting and red mullet, respectively. For 66.7% of long nose skate samples, 61.4% of thornback ray samples, 42.8% of winter skate samples, and 38% of starry ray samples, the total mercury concentrations exceeded the prescribed legal limit (1.0 mg/kg [wet weight]). Concentrations exceeding the maximum total mercury level stipulated by the European Commission Decision (0.5 mg/kg [wet weight]) were observed in 63.6 and 40% of blue whiting and striped mullet samples, respectively. Mercury was present in the different species almost completely in the methylated form at 55 to 100%. Weekly intakes were estimated and compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake recommended by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives.

scholarly journals Impact of loganin on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in male diabetic rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rajabi ◽  
G Mohaddes ◽  
F Farajdokht ◽  
S Nayebi Rad ◽  
M Mesgari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Behavioral disturbances are observed in most patients suffering from diabetes. According to some evidence, pro-inflammatory cytokines have a key role both in diabetes and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In this study, the effect of chronic administration of loganin, as a bioflavonoid, was investigated on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by forced swimming test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field test (OFT), respectively. Body weight was also measured before the interventions and after the experiments in all groups. Our findings show that loganin-treated animals had significantly lower serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the diabetic group. In the EPM test, loganin treatment significantly increased the percentage of the open arm time and open arm entries. Moreover, loganin treatment significantly decreased the grooming time and restored distance traveled and center crossing in the OFT. However, it decreased immobility time in the FST. Loganin treatment also significantly restored body weight gain and attenuated blood glucose changes in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that loganin possibly alleviates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors associated with diabetes through lowering the blood glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. More research is required to show the exact mechanism of antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of loganin in diabetes.

Determination of trace aflatoxin M1 levels in milk and milk products consumed in Turkey by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sezgin Bakırdere ◽  
Tolga Yaroğlu ◽  
Nihan Tırık ◽  
Mehmet Demiröz ◽  
Abdullah Karaca
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Milk Products

A Collaborative Study to Establish the 6th International Standard for Factor VIII Concentrate

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (06) ◽  
pp. 1071-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Heath ◽  
T. W. Barrowcliffe ◽  
S. Raut
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
International Standard ◽  
One Stage ◽  
The One ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryA study was carried out to replace the 5th WHO International Standard (IS) for factor VIII concentrate, because of depletion of stocks. Two candidate concentrates (X and Y) were assayed as potential replacements against the 5th IS for FVIII concentrate, in a collaborative study involving 33 laboratories. Collaborators were asked to use the ISTH/SSC recommendations, including pre-dilution of concentrates in FVIII deficient plasma in their assays. Several laboratories performed more than one assay method and altogether there were 21 sets of assays with the one-stage method, 6 with the two-stage method and 26 with the chromogenic method. There was good agreement between laboratories using each method for the comparison of concentrates X and Y against the 5th IS, but the overall potencies by one-stage and chromogenic methods each differed by approximately 5% from the overall mean, with the chromogenic potency approximately 10% higher than the one-stage. Inter-laboratory agreement was slightly better for concentrate Y than X, and stability studies indicated that Y was more stable than X. After considering all the information, together with comments from participants and from the FVIII/FIX Subcommittee of the ISTH/SSC, candidate Y (NIBSC code [97/616]), was proposed and accepted in October, 1998, by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation of the World Health Organisation to be the 6th International Standard for Factor VIII Concentrate with an assigned potency of 8.5 IU/ampoule.

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