scholarly journals Impact of loganin on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in male diabetic rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rajabi ◽  
G Mohaddes ◽  
F Farajdokht ◽  
S Nayebi Rad ◽  
M Mesgari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Behavioral disturbances are observed in most patients suffering from diabetes. According to some evidence, pro-inflammatory cytokines have a key role both in diabetes and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In this study, the effect of chronic administration of loganin, as a bioflavonoid, was investigated on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by forced swimming test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field test (OFT), respectively. Body weight was also measured before the interventions and after the experiments in all groups. Our findings show that loganin-treated animals had significantly lower serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the diabetic group. In the EPM test, loganin treatment significantly increased the percentage of the open arm time and open arm entries. Moreover, loganin treatment significantly decreased the grooming time and restored distance traveled and center crossing in the OFT. However, it decreased immobility time in the FST. Loganin treatment also significantly restored body weight gain and attenuated blood glucose changes in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that loganin possibly alleviates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors associated with diabetes through lowering the blood glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. More research is required to show the exact mechanism of antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of loganin in diabetes.

scholarly journals Impact of loganin on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in male diabetic rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rajabi ◽  
G Mohaddes ◽  
F Farajdokht ◽  
S Nayebi Rad ◽  
M Mesgari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Behavioral disturbances are observed in most patients suffering from diabetes. According to some evidence, pro-inflammatory cytokines have a key role both in diabetes and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In this study, the effect of chronic administration of loganin, as a bioflavonoid, was investigated on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by forced swimming test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field test (OFT), respectively. Body weight was also measured before the interventions and after the experiments in all groups. Our findings show that loganin-treated animals had significantly lower serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the diabetic group. In the EPM test, loganin treatment significantly increased the percentage of the open arm time and open arm entries. Moreover, loganin treatment significantly decreased the grooming time and restored distance traveled and center crossing in the OFT. However, it decreased immobility time in the FST. Loganin treatment also significantly restored body weight gain and attenuated blood glucose changes in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that loganin possibly alleviates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors associated with diabetes through lowering the blood glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. More research is required to show the exact mechanism of antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of loganin in diabetes.

Association of pro-inflammatory cytokines with PTSd severity in patients treated with omega-3 supplementation – a pilot study

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S214-S214
Author(s):  
D. Kalinić ◽  
N. Mimica ◽  
A. Jeroncic ◽  
M. Lalovac ◽  
I. Delaš
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Ptsd Symptomatology ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Ptsd Severity

IntroductionAssociation of pro-inflammatory cytokines with severity of various psychiatric disorders is shown. Evidence suggests omega-3 fatty acids reduce psychiatric symptoms due to anti-inflammatory properties.ObjectivesTo evaluate if serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines correlate with the intensity of PTSD symptoms, and the observed change in symptoms’ severity induced by omega-3 supplementation.MethodsWe included 26 Croatian Homeland war veterans (aged 39–60) with chronic PTSD and no major comorbidity, who were on stable therapeutic sertraline dose at least three months before recruitment. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Intensity of PTSD symptomatology was assessed by Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (17-HAM-D). During 12 weeks, participants took omega-3 capsules (600 mg/day) while continuing sertraline therapy.ResultsMost participants presented with moderate PTSD evaluated by CAPS. At baseline, cytokine levels were not associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms, as measured by all three scales (P ≥ 0.209). After 12 weeks of omega-3 supplementation the severity of PTSD symptoms significantly decreased, on average by 8 to 13% on the psychometric scales per person (P < 0.001 for all). However, no association was found between the change in cytokine levels and the change in scores, induced by omega-3, on the assessed scales (P ≥ 0.730).SummaryCytokine levels are not associated with PTSD severity or with improvement in PTSD symptomatology. At the same time, sertraline therapy supplemented with omega-3 seemed to reduce the severity of PTSD symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in frail Tunisian older adults

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242152
Author(s):  
Sonia Hammami ◽  
Imen Ghzaiel ◽  
Souha Hammouda ◽  
Nabil Sakly ◽  
Mohamed Hammami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Geriatric Assessment ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Mini Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The present study was undertaken to evaluate serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Tunisian older adults and to examine the relationships between inflammatory marker levels, geriatric, and biochemical parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of Tunisian older adults (N = 141, aged 65 and over). Patients were recruited from the Department of Internal Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital (Monastir, Tunisia) and from a nursing home (Sousse, Tunisia). Comprehensive geriatric assessment, history taking and examination including functional and nutritional assessment were done for each participant. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used to measure serum cytokine (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6) levels. The modified Short Emergency Geriatric Assessment score (SEGAm) were used to classify patients as 51 very-frail, 40 frail, and 50 non-frail. The age of the participants (80 men, 61 women) ranged from 65 to 97 years. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-8 and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher in very-frail participants compared to frail and non-frail ones. However, no significant differences in IL-6 levels were detected among frailty groups. After adjustment for age, CRP and IL-8 levels remained significantly associated with frailty. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve corresponding to IL-8 showed an area under the curve of 0.7 (p = 0.003; 95% CI [0.58–0.81]) and a predictive threshold of 5.27 pg/ml. Positive correlations were found between frailty score, IL-6, and IL-8 levels. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between IL-8 levels and Timed Up and Go test results. However, a negative correlation was observed between Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form score, IL-6 and CRP levels, as well as between Activities of Daily Living score and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. In conclusion, the key findings of this study collectively support a role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, CRP, and especially IL-8 in the development of frailty in older adults.

scholarly journals The effect of hemantane on the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the nigrocaudate complex of the brain of mice with experimental parkinsonism

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Н.А. Воронина ◽  
В.Г. Кучеряну ◽  
Л.А. Ветрилэ ◽  
В.В. Голоборщева ◽  
И.Г. Капица ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Nigrostriatal System ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Целью данных исследований явилось изучение влияния гимантана (N-(2-адамантил)-гексаметиленимина гидрохлорида) на уровень провоспалительных цитокинов IL-1β, IL-6, интерферона-γ (ИФН-γ) и фактора некроза опухоли-α (ФНО-α) в нигрокаудатном комплексе мышей на ранней и поздней клинической фазе экспериментального паркинсонического синдрома (ПС), для выяснения его антипаркинсонического эффекта. Методы исследования: Раннюю и позднюю клиническую фазу ПС создавали у мышей линии C57BL/6J внутрибрюшинным введением пронейротоксина 1-метил-4-фенил-1,2,3,6-тетрагидропиридина (МФТП) в дозах 12 мг/кг или 20 мг/кг по 4 инъекции с интервалом 2 часа, соответственно. Гимантан вводили мышам внутрибрюшинным в дозе 20 мг/кг, предварительно каждый раз за 30 мин до введения МФТП. Содержание цитокинов в структурах мозга мышей определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа с использованием тест-систем производства «Cloud-Clone Corporation», США и считывающего устройства «ИФА-reader» прибора «ImmunoChem-2100», США. Результаты: Показано, что уровень IL-1β, IL-6, ИФН-γ и ФНО-α в нигрокаудатном комплексе мозга мышей возрастает как на ранней, так и на поздней фазах развития ПС. Предварительное применение гимантана снижало в нигрокаудатном комплексе мышей содержание цитокинов IL-1β, ИФН-γ и ФНО-α на ранней фазе, и только одного из 4 изученных (IL-6) - на поздней фазе развития ПС. Предполагается, что антипаркинсонический эффект гимантана на ранней клинической стадии МФТП-индуцированного ПС осуществляется, в том числе, за счёт снижения уровня провоспалительных цитокинов в нигростриатной системе, предупреждая снижение жизнеспособности дофаминергических нейронов. The aim of this work was to study the effect of Hemantane (N-(2-adamantyl)-hexamethyleneimine hydrochloride) on the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the nigrocaudate complex of mice in early and late clinical phases of experimental Parkinsonian syndrome (PS) to elucidate its antiparkinsonian effect. Material and methods: The early and late clinical phases of PS were created in C57BL / 6J mice by 4 intraperitoneal injections at 2-h intervals of a proneurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), at a dose of 12 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg. Hemantane was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg 30 min before each MPTP administration. Concentrations of cytokines in mouse brain structures were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Cloud-Clone Corporation (USA) test systems and an ImmunoChem-2100 (USA) ELISA reader. Results: Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the nigrocaudate complex were increased both in the early and late phases of PS. Prior administration of hemantane reduced the content of IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the nigrocaudate complex at the early phase and the content of only one of the 4 studied cytokines (IL-6) at the late phase of PS. It was assumed that the antiparkinsonian effect of hemantane at the early clinical stage of MPTP-induced PS involves a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines in the nigrostriatal system, which prevents the impairment of the viability of dopaminergic neurons.

scholarly journals The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
Prabhu Balan ◽  
David G. Popovich
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators that regulate the inflammatory response in inflammation-related diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate different New Zealand (NZ)-grown ginseng fractions on the productions of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Four NZ-grown ginseng fractions, including total ginseng extract (TGE), non-ginsenoside fraction extract (NGE), high-polar ginsenoside fraction extract (HPG), and less-polar ginsenoside fraction extract (LPG), were prepared and the ginsenoside compositions of extracts were analyzed by HPLC using 19 ginsenoside reference standards. The THP-1 cells were pre-treated with different concentrations of TGE, NGE, HPG, and LPG, and were then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TGE at 400 µg/mL significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 productions. NGE did not show any effects on inflammatory secretion except inhibited IL-6 production at a high dose. Furthermore, LPG displayed a stronger effect than HPG on inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) productions. Particularly, 100 µg/mL LPG not only significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but also remarkably enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. NZ-grown ginseng exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, which is mainly attributed to ginsenoside fractions (particularly less-polar ginsenosides) rather than non-saponin fractions.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of cytokine and acute-phase protein concentrations in sera of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis as a different view of the causes of the disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1572-1578
Author(s):  
Piotr Brodzki ◽  
Jan Marczuk ◽  
Urszula Lisiecka ◽  
Marek Szczubiał ◽  
Adam Brodzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background and Aim: Ketosis is a common disease occurring during the first stage of lactation in highly productive dairy cows. The aim of the present study was the comparative assessment of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines (including tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]), anti-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-10), and acute-phase proteins (APPs) (including haptoglobin [Hp] and serum amyloid A [SAA]), in the sera of cows with subclinical ketosis (SCK), in those with clinical ketosis (CK), and in healthy cows. Materials and Methods: Thirty dairy cows of Holstein-Friesian breed were investigated. The cows were divided into three groups depending on the serum β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) level. The control, SCK, and CK groups included healthy cows, cows with SCK, and cows with CK, respectively. BHBA concentration in blood serum was determined using colorimetric method. The blood serum was used for proper tests. Cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and APPs (SAA and Hp) concentrations in the investigated samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: The SCK group had significantly higher TNF-α, IL-6; IL-10, and SAA values than had the CK group (p<0.01). The SCK group had a lower Hp concentration than had the CK group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the inflammation intensity is higher in the initial phase of the disease and decreases during the advancement, probably due to active anti-inflammatory mechanisms (an increase of IL-10 concentration), which protect animal organism from self-destruction. On the basis of our study, it can be assumed that ketosis development in dairy cows was preceded by the systemic inflammation that may influence the progress of this disease.

scholarly journals Beneficial effects of diacerein on adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omaima M. Abd Allah
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered as a progressive liver disease, so effective therapies are needed to ameliorate hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, and to prevent the progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Diacerein is an anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the synthesis and activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of diacerein on pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as adipokines involved in diet-induced NASH rat model.Methods: Thirty-two adult male rats were divided into four groups: control, diacerein-treated, NASH-untreated and NASH+diacerein-treated groups. NASH was induced by feeding rats with high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Body weight, liver weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels for estimation of insulin resistance, blood lipids, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase were evaluated. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, visfatin and leptin were also detected. Histopathological examination of liver sections was performed.Results: Diacerein significantly reduced liver weight, fasting blood glucose, insulin level, transaminases and ameliorates insulin resistance with favourable effects on blood lipids. These results were accompanied with a significant reduction in serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and visfatin, while, adiponectin was significantly increased and leptin was insignificantly affected. Liver sections revealed that diacerein reduced steatosis and lobular inflammatory grades.Conclusions: These data suggest that diacerein administration may have a potential usefulness in the prevention of NASH as a possible result of inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the beneficial effects on adipokines especially adiponectin and visfatin.

scholarly journals Couplet medicines of leech and centipede granules improve erectile dysfunction via inactivation of the CaSR/PLC/PKC signaling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Xiong Ma ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Cai Fei Ding ◽  
Hai Song Li ◽  
Xue Juan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Erectile Function ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
No Production ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Pkc Signaling

Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the significant complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), and CASR plays an important role in cellular antiapoptosis and NO production in the vascular endothelium by activating PKC. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of Leech and Centipede Granules (LCG) through the CaSR/PLC/PKC signaling. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with streptozotocin to induce the DM model. After 10 weeks, an apomorphine test was used to confirm DMED. Rats with DMED were administrated with LCG and U73122 for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, body weight, insulin and glucagon levels were measured. Erectile function in rats was assessed by apomorphine. Serums were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, and penile tissues were harvested for histologic and the expression of related targets analyses. After treatment, fasting blood glucose, body weight, insulin, glucagon levels, and erectile function were significantly ameliorated in the LCG groups. The LOX-1, NOX, and EMPs concentrations were significantly decreased with LCG treatment. LCG also continuously increased NO and decreased ET-1 content in penile tissues. LCG and U73122 administration also improved penile fibrosis by significantly decreasing VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and CD62P. The data also showed that LCG reduced the apoptosis level in the penis. Furthermore, the inhibited activation of the CaSR/PLC/PKC pathway was observed in DMED rats with LCG treatment. Collectively, LCG significantly ameliorated erectile function of DMED rats via increased NO generation, inhibiting endothelial cells apoptosis and penile fibrosis, which might benefit from the suppression of CaSR/PLC/PKC pathway in DMED rats.

scholarly journals Berberine reduces neuroglia activation and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 205873841986637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Liu ◽  
Linlin Gao ◽  
Na Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Thermal Hyperalgesia ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Mechanical Threshold ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory Proteins ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

We aimed to analyze the action of berberine on the neuropathic pain and neuroglia activation in experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) model. Diabetes in mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) followed by the administration of berberine. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia and activations of microglia and astrocytes were evaluated. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and protein expressions of inflammatory proteins were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot, respectively. Our results revealed the anti-nociceptive effects of berberine in DM mice, supported by the improved mechanical threshold and thermal latency. In addition, berberine suppressed the activations of microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cords of diabetic mice. Berberine inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), along with inflammatory proteins including iNOS and COX-2. Berberine suppressed neuropathic pain in STZ-induced diabetic mice, and this effect is related to the reduction on the neuroglia activation and inflammation associated with DM.

Pro- and anti-inflammatory response profile modulates Plasmodium falciparum malaria outcomes among subjects from Baiyeku, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Osegi Okpokor ◽  
Olusola Ajibaye ◽  
Peter Mac Asaga ◽  
Ikechukwu Nwankwo ◽  
Anthony Danaan Dakul
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract Background Available evidence indicates that the various stages of the malaria parasite life cycle elicit specific immune responses of which the relative levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are key to disease progression, killing the parasite and mediating disease outcomes. This study will inform immunological interventions against malaria and thus malaria vaccine developments programs/efforts. Methods A total of four hundred and sixty-two participants were screened in a community survey for Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria in Baiyeku, Lagos, Nigeria. P. falciparum parasitaemia was determined by Microscopy using thick and thin blood films stained by Giemsa method using World Health Organization parasitology laboratory protocol whist the serum levels of IL-10, IFNγ and TNFα were determined by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Data analysis was done by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Chi square (X²) and Student’s T-test in statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 24 was used to test statistical significance between the symptomatic groups and asymptomatic in relation to age, gender and BMI of the participants.Results A total of 70 (15.2 %) participants were microscopically positive for P. falciparum of which 70% were female, 30% were males while children aged 1-17 years were 65.7%. The geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) was significantly (p=0.001) higher among females than males. The GMPD of participants < 5 years was also significantly (p=0.001) higher than other age groups. About 46.8% of the participants were underweight (BMI < 18.5) also had the highest parasite intensity. The TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 levels were significantly (p 0.05) higher in the infected than the uninfected participants. IFN-γ values were significantly (p=0.014) elevated among the symptomatic than the asymptomatic participants while there was no significant difference (P>0.053) in the levels of TNF-α and IL-10 (P>0.093) between the symptomatic and asymptomatic participants. Notably, the IL-10 levels were the most elevated amongst the participants with the highest parasite density.Conclusion The prevalence of P. falciparum obtained in this study area which is endemic for malaria is 15.2% suggesting a significant reduction of the disease over time. The awareness of the disease which is now more than before seems to contribute to the lowering of prevalence of the disease in the community. There was a positive relationship between TNF-alpha levels and body temperature. However, compared with the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in this study, the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) were lower due to the negative action of the anti-inflammatory cytokines. IL-10 value increased as parasitemia increased (p=0.073). These findings suggest that higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-10 levels may contribute to pathogenesis of uncomplicated malaria.

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