Definition, Indian concepts of

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibajiban Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Essential Property ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Direct Acquaintance ◽  
Group A ◽  
Way Of Knowing ◽  
Definition Of

Definitions in Indian philosophy are conceived very differently from definitions in Western philosophy. In Western philosophy and logic, it is usual to define a term or a linguistic expression. A definition here consists of a ‘definiens’, typically a longer expression, statement or proposal, and a ‘definiendum’, a shorter expression or term whose meaning is established by the definiens. Definitions permit the definiendum to be put in place of the definiens and are thus ‘abbreviations’ (for example, ‘father’ is an abbrevation of ‘male parent’). In India, definitions in the sense of abbreviations were regularly used in grammar from the earliest times, as in the work of Pāṇini (c.800 bc). In Indian philosophy, however, definitions are not conceived of as abbreviations. We may have direct acquaintance with an object; this is one way of knowing it. We may also know an object or many objects through their properties or features; this is another way of knowing them. These properties or features are the modes under which objects are cognized. If we know objects through the properties that belong to all of them and only to them, then the objects are collected together through their properties to form a group. A group is nothing real; it is a way of collecting objects by knowing them under one mode. When we know a group of objects through properties common to all of them and only to them, we may also want to know another set of properties or features which also belongs to all the objects and only to them. The second set of properties is the defining mark (lakṣaṇa), or, simply, the definition, of the objects collected together into a group by being known under one mode. The objects themselves are the definienda of the definition. The first set of properties through which the definienda are collected together to form a group is called ‘the limiting properties of being the definienda of the definition’. The defining mark, that is, the definition, is not an essential property of the definienda, but is only a property (or set of properties) common to all of them and only them.

Aristotle’s Definition of Scientific Knowledge (APo 71b 9–12)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Angioni
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Posterior Analytics ◽  
Way Of Knowing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

In Posterior Analytics 71b9–12, we find Aristotle’s definition of scientific knowledge. The definiens is taken to have only two informative parts: scientific knowledge must be knowledge of the cause and its object must be necessary. However, there is also a contrast between the definiendum and a sophistic way of knowing, which is marked by the expression “kata sumbebekos”. Not much attention has been paid to this contrast. In this paper, I discuss Aristotle’s definition paying due attention to this contrast and to the way it interacts with the two conditions presented in the definiens. I claim that the “necessity” condition ammounts to explanatory appropriateness of the cause.

On the Indispensability of Intentionality

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Harold Morick
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Essential Property ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Conceptual Scheme ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

In the last two decades, there has been a great deal of interest in providing an intentional criterion of the psychological. Of the various ones proferred, it seems to me that the best was the earliest, which was Chisholm’s initial criterion in his 1955 essay “Sentences about Believing.” In this present paper I first single out a basic misconception pervading the recent literature on intentionality and suggest that a consequence of this misconception has been the futile attempt to use the notion of intentionality to provide a kind of definition of “mind”; that is, to use intentionality to provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the psychological. Secondly, I point out how intentionality as captured by my own criterion is indispensable in that it is an essential property of certain particulars (persons) which are basic to our conceptual scheme and apparently basic to any conceptual scheme whatsoever.

scholarly journals Efficiency of road tax in the tax system of the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Andrlík
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Specific Number

The paper deals with the efficiency of road tax in the tax system of the Czech Republic, focusing on the administrative costs of taxation on the timeline 2005 to 2009. It contains a theoretical definition of tax efficiency, and describes the types of costs connected with taxes. From this perspective it focuses on quantifying the direct administrative costs of road tax. Direct measurement of administrative costs is done by using the method called the method of recounted worker which classifies employees of local tax authorities in separate groups and assigns each group a specific number of employees for each reference road tax using the conversion factors. Then it defines the total expenditure of local tax authorities using the coefficients for a particular monitored tax and it provides administrative costs as a percentage of road tax receipts. It can be said from obtained results that direct administrative costs of road taxes are higher, especially if the Ministry of Finance (2004) states that the average direct administrative costs of the tax system in the Czech Republic reach about 2 %. The results achieved in individual surveyed years are for road tax in relation to the reported average value of direct administrative costs of the tax system in the Czech Republic, increased on average by about 1.96 percentage point. Finally, the results of measurements indicating the proposed amendment are discussed.

Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) therapies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Review of multiple trials data for incidence of lymphocytosis and designation of partial response with lymphocytosis (PRL).

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e19502-e19502
Author(s):  
Jayant Narang ◽  
Christiana Caplan ◽  
Katarina Ludajic ◽  
Sambit Ray ◽  
Surabhi Bajpai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Response ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Group B

e19502 Background: In trials with BTKi, lymphocytosis alone may not be a sign of progression but rather treatment related redistribution of lymphocytes from tissues into the peripheral blood (Cheson et al 2012). This observation was later incorporated in iwCLL 2018 criteria. However, no clear details were provided on how to assess lymphocytosis along with other parameters to derive an overall timepoint response (OTR) in a clinical trial setting. While PRL is a response category used to assess lymphocytosis in many clinical trials, it has not been defined in iwCLL 2018. Furthermore, iwCLL 2018 defines Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC) progression (PD) as an increase of ALC ≥ 50% compared to baseline whereas conventionally progression is defined in comparison to nadir, which may lead to under reporting of ALC PD. Methods: Data from multiple (8) phase II/III CLL trials with BTKi (frontline and relapsed/refractory setting), were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects with a post baseline (post-BL) timepoint (TP) were analyzed for the incidence of ALC PD and an OTR designation of PRL, PD and other non-PD assessments (Stable Disease (SD), Non-PD and Unknown (UNK)). Results: We identified 1976 subjects with a total of 17134 post BL TPs. There were 1182 TPs (6%) with ALC PD. Out of these TPs with ALC PD, 497 TPs had OTR of PRL (42% TPs with ALC PD), 365 TPs (31%) were assessed as non-PD and 320 (27%) TPs were assessed as PD. 104 TPs (33%) of subjects with OTR of PD had at least one additional parameter driving PD. Thus, ALC PD is a common occurrence with BTKi and in line with the Cheson 2012 guidance, ALC PD alone should not be considered as overall progression. We propose that initial ALC PD with BTKi should not be considered a sign of progression but rather a treatment effect and should be assessed as PRL. However, PRL should only be assessed if Partial Response (PR) is achieved in at least 2 other involved iwCLL group A parameters (nodes, liver or spleen) and 1 group B parameter (hemoglobin or platelets). An initial decrease/normalization of the ALC compared to baseline with a subsequent progression compared to nadir, may be considered true progression in a setting of continued BTKi. If only one other group A parameter is involved and is PR with associated ALC PD, SD may be a more appropriate overall response than PRL. Conclusions: ALC PD and PRL are common in BTKi, but there is a need for standardization of the definition of ALC PD and its role in determination of OTR of PRL. We propose that ALC PD should be assessed by comparing ALC with nadir and not baseline. If PRL is assigned only when PR is met by other criteria along with ALC PD, PRL could be a part of determining Overall response rate (ORR) in protocols. Future prospective studies are needed to estimate the true incidence of ALC PD and its impact on ORR with BTKi as well as other agents which induce lymphocytosis.

scholarly journals A new species of Anomaloglossus (Anura: Aromobatidae) of the stepheni group with the redescription of A. baeobatrachus (Boistel and de Massary, 1999), and an amended definition of A. leopardus Ouboter and Jairam, 2012

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4576 (3) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTOINE FOUQUET ◽  
JEAN-PIERRE VACHER ◽  
ELODIE A. COURTOIS ◽  
CHLOÉ DESCHAMPS ◽  
PAUL OUBOTER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Advertisement Call ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Guiana Shield ◽  
Group A ◽  
Breeding Mode ◽  
Definition Of

Anomaloglossus is a species-rich genus of frogs endemic to the Guiana Shield that still harbors several unnamed species. Within the A. stepheni species group (which includes four valid nominal species), A. baeobatrachus has an uncertain taxonomic status, notably because the holotype was an unvouchered specimen depicted in a popular journal. Another member of this group, A. leopardus, was only superficially described, lacking information on the sex of specimens in the type series and on advertisement call. Therefore, these two taxa need clarifications in order to allow the description of the extant undescribed species. In this paper, we redescribe A. baeobatrachus based on newly collected material from the species type locality and provide information about its reproductive ecology. We also provide an amended definition of A. leopardus using newly collected material from its type locality. These two species form a clade along with a third species from the Eastern Guiana Shield, which is also described herein. The reproductive biology of A. baeobatrachus and A. stepheni is very similar. Both species have endotrophic and nidicolous tadpoles, despite being distantly related, suggesting independent evolution of this breeding mode. The new species and A. leopardus, on the other hand, have exotrophic tadpoles. 

Genetic responses in the early years of selection programmes using genetic differences between generations

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Hopkins ◽  
J. W. James
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Investment Appraisal ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Parent Selection ◽  
Group A ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Genetic Responses

ABSTRACTRecurrence relationships are used to relate breeding values of age-sex classes from different time periods. Their application to single-stage (progeny) and multi-stage (parent) selection is demonstrated. These relationships enable definition of the effect of age structure, initial genetic differences between age groups, and the extent to which allowances are made for these or later genetic differences between age groups. The expressions derived show that, given initial genetic differences between age groups, subsequent progeny means will fluctuate even under completely random selection. Using these means as a basis for measuring responses to selection, it is shown that there can be selective effects where selection is at random within parental age classes. A careful definition of the alternative programme is therefore important in interpreting results of selection experiments and in investment appraisal of selection programmes.These models were then used to describe economic returns from parent and progeny selection programmes and from programmes in which returns are realized in more than one age group. A further extension of the model accommodates the effects of finite population size on returns through its effects on genetic variance.By separating the (constant) within- and (fluctuating) between-group components of the selection differential within the recurrence relationships a number of computational problems are overcome.

scholarly journals Fine mapping of epitopes by intradomain Kd/Dd recombinants.

1987 ◽  
Vol 166 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Abastado ◽  
C Jaulin ◽  
M P Schutze ◽  
P Langlade-Demoyen ◽  
F Plata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Exon Shuffling ◽  
In Vivo Recombination ◽  
Group A ◽  
Definition Of

11 intradomain recombinants between H-2Kd and H-2Dd were produced using an original technique based on in vivo recombination in Escherichia coli. After transfection into mouse L cells, all these recombinants were expressed at high levels on the cell surface. The specificities of 77 mAbs were examined on these cell lines. mAbs could be organized in 12 groups. In each group, a small number of amino acids participating in the recognized epitope(s) were identified. In a few instances, noncontinuous epitopes comprising amino acids belonging to different domains of the antigen were found. The data thus obtained are compatible with those produced in previous exon-shuffling experiments, but permit a much more precise definition of recognized epitope(s).

The Construction for Generalized Mandelbrot Sets of the Frieze Group

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 2562-2566
Author(s):  
Feng Ying Wang ◽  
Li Ming Du ◽  
Zi Yang Han
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Parameter Space ◽  
Mandelbrot Sets ◽  
Group A ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Generalized Mandelbrot Sets

By an analysis of symmetric features of equivalent mappings of the frieze group, a definition of their generalized Mandelbrot sets is given and a novel method for constructing generalized Mandelbrot sets of equivalent mappings of frieze group is presented via utilizing the Ljapunov exponent as the judgment standard. Based on generating parameter space of dynamical system, lots of patterns of generalized Mandelbrot sets are produced.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization ofMycobacterium africanum Isolates from West Africa

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1921-1926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Frothingham ◽  
Percy L. Strickland ◽  
Gisela Bretzel ◽  
Srinivas Ramaswamy ◽  
James M. Musser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Polymorphic Genes ◽  
Intergenic Regions ◽  
Group A ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Group B ◽  
Vntr Analysis ◽  
Simple Definition

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex includesM. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti. Most clinical isolates areM. tuberculosis or M. bovis. These species can be distinguished by phenotypes and genotypes. However, there is no simple definition of M. africanum, and some authors question the validity of this species. We analyzed 17 human isolates from Sierra Leone, identified as M. africanum by biochemical and growth characteristics. We sequenced polymorphic genes and intergenic regions. We amplified DNA from six loci with variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and determined the exact number of repeats at each locus in each strain. All M. africanumisolates had the ancestral CTG Leu at katG codon 463. Drug-resistant M. africanum isolates had katGand rpoB mutations similar to those found in drug-resistantM. bovis and M. tuberculosis. Fourteen Sierra Leone M. africanum isolates (designated group A) hadkatG codon 203 ACC Thr, also found in M. africanum T (the T indicates type strain) from Senegal. Group A isolates clustered with M. africanum T by VNTR analysis. Three M. africanum isolates (group B) had katG codon 203 ACT Thr, found in M. tuberculosis T, and clustered with M. tuberculosis T by VNTR analysis. Phenotypic identification of M. africanumyielded a heterogeneous collection of strains. Genotypic analyses identified a cluster (M. africanum group A) which includedM. africanum T and was distinct from the rest of the M. tuberculosis complex. Future studies ofM. africanum should include both phenotypic and genotypic analyses.

scholarly journals Studi Tentang Perkembangan Kesabaran Anak 4-5 Tahun Melalui Budaya Antre di TK Bina Kasih Terpadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-128
Author(s):  
Syukbertien Kariani Lombu ◽  
Eny Suprihatin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
School Bus ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Group A ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
North Sumatra

AbstractThe research entitled The Study of the Development of Patience of Children 4-5 Years through Queuing Culture at Bina Kasih Terpadu Kindergarten, Rumah Sumbul Village, Sibolangit District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, aims to explore the results of queuing cultural habituation for Kindergarten A students in terms of development. patience. This type of research is field research (field research) using qualitative descriptive methods, which try to reveal the facts as they are. Qualitative research is an indepth study. Field research steps were carried out using descriptive data in the form of written and spoken words, observations of behavior and phenomena. Qualitative research emphasizes the meaning, reasoning, and definition of certain situations in certain contexts. Researching everyday life. The study was conducted on 9 children. From observations, it appears that children push each other and overtake when getting off the school bus, push friends when shaking hands with the teacher, place shoes carelessly on the shelf when entering class, run while washing their hands and run around on the bus when they come home from school. Therefore it is interesting to study the development of patience for children aged 4-5 years through the habit of queuing. Data were collected through observation, interviews and documentation. The habit of queuing starts at 08:00 WIB when the children get off the bus, at 08:30 WIB when entering class, at 10:30 WIB when washing their hands and at 11:00 WIB when the children take the bus back home. The results showed that through habituation queuing was able to develop patience in Bina Kasih Terpadu Kindergarten children group A. The conclusion was that children's patience could be developed through habituation. In this case it is the cultural habituation of queuing.AbstrakPenelitian dengan judul Studi Tentang Perkembangan Kesabaran Anak 4-5 Tahun Melalui Budaya Antre di TK Bina Kasih Terpadu, Desa Rumah Sumbul, Kecamatan Sibolangit, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, bertujuan untuk mendalami hasil pembiasaan budaya antre bagi siswa TK A dalam hal perkembangan kesabaran. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Penelitian lapangan (field research) menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, yang berusaha mengungkapkan fakta apa adanya. Penelitian kualitatif merupakan penyelidikan mendalam (indepth study). Dilakukan langkah-langkah penelitian lapangan menggunakan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis maupun lisan, pengamatan perilaku serta fenomena-fenomena. Penelitian kualitatif memberikan penekanan pada makna, penalaran, definisi situasi tertentu dalam konteks tertentu. Meneliti kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian dilakukan pada 9 anak. Dari pengamatan tampak anak saling dorong dan mendahului saat turun dari bus sekolah, mendorong teman saat bersalaman dengan guru, meletakkan sepatu dengan sembarangan di rak ketika masuk kelas, berlari saat mencuci tangan dan berlarian naik bus saat pulang sekolah. Oleh sebab itu menarik untuk diteliti perkembangan kesabaran anak usia 4-5 tahun melalui pembiasaan antre. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengamatan, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Pembiasaan antre dilakukan mulai jam 08:00 WIB saat anak-anak turun dari bus, jam 08:30 WIB saat masuk dalam kelas, jam 10:30 WIB saat mencuci tangan dan jam 11:00 WIB saat anak-anak naik bus pulang ke rumah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui pembiasaan antre mampu mengembangkan kesabaran pada anak TK Bina Kasih Terpadu kelompok A. Kesimpulannya adalah bahwa kesabaran anak dapat dikembangkan dengan jalan pembiasaan. Dalam hal ini adalah pembiasaan budaya antre.

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