Inference, Indian theories of

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan S. Gillon
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Relation ◽  
Modus Tollens ◽  
Individual Substance ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Naive Realist ◽  
Realist Ontology ◽  
Rational Inquiry

The use of argument in rational inquiry in India reaches almost as far back in time as its oldest extant literature. Even in very early texts, one finds the deliberate use of modus tollens, for example, to refute positions thought to be false. In light of such practice, it is not surprising to discover that Indian thinkers came to identify certain forms of reasoning and to study them systematically. The study of inference in India is, as Karl Potter (1977) has emphasized, not the study of valid reasoning as reflected in linguistic or paralinguistic forms, but the study of the circumstances in which knowledge of some facts permits knowledge of another fact, and of when acceptance by one person of some state of affairs as a fact requires that that person accept another as a fact. Still, the form of inference which came to be systematically investigated in India can be given schematically (see below). At the core of the study of inference in India is the use of a naïve realist ontology. The world consists of individual substances or things (dravya), universals (sāmānya), and relations between them. The fundamental relation is the one of occurrence (vṛtti). The relata of this relation are known as substratum (dharmin) and superstratum (dharma) respectively. The relation has two forms: contact (saṃyoga) and inherence (samavāya). So, for example, one individual substance, say a pot, may occur on another, say the ground, by the relation of contact. In this case, the pot is the superstratum and the ground is the substratum. Or a universal, say brownness, may occur in an individual substance, say a pot, by the relation of inherence. Here, brownness, the superstratum, inheres in the pot, the substratum. The converse of the relation of occurrence is the relation of possession. Another important relation is the relation that one superstratum bears to another. This relation, known as pervasion (vyāpti), can be defined in terms of the occurrence relation. One superstratum pervades another just in case wherever the second occurs the first occurs. The converse of the pervasion relation is the concomitance relation. As a result of these relations, the world embodies a structure: if one superstratum H is concomitant with another superstratum S, and if a particular substratum p possesses the former superstratum, then it possesses the second. This structure is captured in this inferential schema: Pakṣa (thesis): p has S.Hetu (ground): p has H.Vyāpti (pervasion): Whatever has H has S. Here are two paradigmatic cases of such an inference: Pakṣa (thesis): p has fire.Hetu (ground): p has smoke.Vyāpti (pervasion): Whatever has smoke has fire. Pakṣa (thesis): p is a tree (that is, has tree-ness).Hetu (ground): p is an oak (that is, has oak-ness).Vyāpti (pervasion): Whatever is an oak (that is, has oak-ness) is a tree (that is, has tree-ness).

scholarly journals Conflicts in the environment of Russian political emigration in Switzerland in 1870

10.33287/1195 ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Ю. І. Коломоєць
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Russian Section

Russian political emigration from the beginning of its birth in the first half of the nineteenth century was constantly in search of forms and methods of struggle with royal power in the homeland. Detachment from Russia, the feeling of isolation that was inherent in emigration to the early twentieth century, were an important factor in the ongoing conflicts that took place in its environment. We note the conflicts between the «old» and the «young» emigration in the late 1860’s, between the Marxists and the populists of the 1880’s, between the revolutionary Marxists and the «economists» at the end of the 1890’s. All of these, as a rule, were due to excessive the ambitions of some leaders, the attempt to become the «rulers of ideas» for revolutionary youth, due to significant financial problems. In the list of these and similar conflicts there are events of 1870, when in the environment of political emigration there are two serious confrontations between the leader of anarchists M. Bakunin on the one hand and S. Nechaev or «Russian section of the First International» - on the other. These conflicts significantly influenced the situation in emigration, disorganized it, weakened the ability to fight the tsarist regime. They were accompanied by sharp accusations, searches for compromising materials, attempts to get support from leaders of the world revolutionary movement. The ambitions of young revolutionaries such as S. Nechaev or M. Utin were also connected with the attempt to take the main place among the emigrants, moving to the background of former leaders M. Bakunin, M. Ogarev, P. Lavrov. All this led to split in emigrant colonies, which consisted mainly of student youth. Violent discussions, accusations, boycotts became a hallmark of emigrant life. Basically, all these events took place in Switzerland, which at that time already became the center of not only Russian, but also international political emigration. Conflicts were directed at the political annihilation of the opponents, which subsequently resulted in the arrest and extradition to the Russian government of S. Nechaev in 1872, the cessation of the activities of the Russian Section of the First International and the return of M. Utin to Russia and the cessation of revolutionary activity in general. The positive side of these conflicts was the rallying of emigrants around their leaders, better information on the state of affairs in their environment, the development of new forms and methods of interaction and the strengthening of the role of revolutionaries from Russia itself.

The Technocene or Technology as (Neo)Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostino Cera ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Conditio Humana ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract: While putting forward the proposal of a “philosophy of technology in the nominative case,” grounded on the concept of Neoenvironmentality, this paper intends to argue that the best definition of our current age is not “Anthropocene.” Rather, it is “Technocene,” since technology represents here and now the real “subject of history” and of (a de-natured) nature, i.e. the (neo)environment where man has to live.This proposal culminates in a new definition of man’s humanity and of technology. Switching from natura hominis to conditio humana, the peculiarity of man can be defined on the basis of an anthropic perimeter, the core of which consists of man’s worldhood: man is that being that has a world (Welt), while animal has a mere environment (Umwelt). Both man’s worldhood and animal’s environmentality are derived from a pathic premise, namely the fundamental moods (Grundstimmungen) that refer them to their respective findingness (Befindlichkeit).From this anthropological premise, technology emerges as the oikos of contemporary humanity. Technology becomes the current form of the world – and so gives birth to a Technocene – insofar as it introduces in any human context its ratio operandi and so assimilates man to an animal condition, i.e. an environmental one. Technocene corresponds on the one side to the emergence of technology as (Neo)environment and on the other to the feralization of man. The spirit of Technocene turns out to be the complete redefinition of the anthropic perimeter.While providing a non-ideological characterization of the current age, this paper proposes the strategy of an ‘anthropological conservatism,’ that is to say a pathic desertion understood as a possible (pre)condition for the beginning of an authentic Anthropocene, i.e. the age of an-at-last-entirely-human-man.

scholarly journals Cognitive dualism of intuition and reason in Huserls phenomenology

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
Brankica Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Rational Basis ◽  
Intuitive Knowledge ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Cognitive Experience ◽  
Human World ◽  
The One ◽  
Object Of Knowledge

From the title itself is transparent issues being discussed in this paper, and this is the attitude of intuition and science, processed phenomenological method. This issue is important when it comes to the interest of the authors in this subject and attachment to Edmund Husserl. The reasons are still some situations and the author Faced with adequate problems. In this case, the crisis in which we find along with the author that a similar crisis in which he was Edmund Husserl. Return the original, the one fundamental common in times of crisis - as well as that of her mother?s lap. As there are reasons that led to it time their inevitable reduction in order to clear the path to move ahead more effectively with prospects. These reasons are cognitive-methodological, because knowing them and guided methodology lead to the creation of the human world, mostly poor and inhumane, and the necessary correction. The cognitive method that offers to the phenomenological method, the core of which consists of intuition, reduction of intentionality, as opposed to those methods that dominate the rational basis. In fact, in a dualistic relationship rational and intuitive knowledge lies the possibility of establishing a better foothold as a refuge or unity of the world and man, and providing opportunities for their improvement or humane given. Thoroughness is the knowledge, the cognitive experience as such it contains always one intentio, a ?producing? a moment which is always related to some objectivity, and that it is not this objectivity nor mere subjectivity, but one in which the both meet. Thus, the intention and the secret lies the foundation for understanding the world, and she in turn in its nakedness is always a straightforward procedure as the immediate unity of subject and object of knowledge or something intuitive.

scholarly journals Morality and Character Building in the Educational Process: A research overview in the light Seerah (peace be upon him)

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Kalota ◽  
Muzammil Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
The Core ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Great Leader ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Organization ◽  
Successful Leaders ◽  
Character Building ◽  
The One

In present era leadership of Muslim countries are more controversial. For leadership managing a state is tougher target. Muslim leaders have no noteworthy part in the world. There are many reasons behind this failure. But the core of all is lack of principles of leadership. Leadership has vital and most important role in a successful state. A leader is the one who lead people for the sake of state’s objectives. Therefore, he/she must have the qualities by which individuals happily follow him and achieve set goals of state. The leader can only be successful when he set his principles and act accordingly those decided principles. Rules and regulation are the basic of all systems. Even if a small organization does not set their principle get fail. Setting principle and practicing them is the guarantee of success. Successful leaders known by their principles and never neglect their principles at all. Muhammad (peace be upon him) is an ideal and great leader in every aspect. Muhammad (peace be upon him) made neonate Medina a strong and organized state by his successful principles. This can help to lead the system of state successfully. Thus Muslim leaders should adopt such principles and can run their countries successfully.

scholarly journals Стереотип мајке у српском језику

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Žarko Trebješanin
Keyword(s):  
Free Time ◽  
Main Line ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
The Core ◽  
Professional Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

The word mother in all cultures belongs to the small number of most elementary words such as sun, life, man, child, God, soul, earth, which make up the core of linguistic knowledge of people. The paper represents in a concise way research of the stereotypical notion of the mother, as it is manifested in the linguistic image of the world of young contemporary members of the Serbian culture. We examined, with a specially constructed for this occasion linguistic questionnaire, a sample of students (both genders, from four faculties of the University of Belgrade) to find out what the typical mother meant for them, what are her characteristics, what is her main line of personality, in what she finds the meaning of her life and similar. The results of the research of the semantic field of the lexeme mother show that in the reconstructed stereotypical notion a typical mother appears as the one who loves her children, is caring, tender, attentive, devoted, having no free time and therefore, for the sake of children and family, often ignores herself and her personal and professional needs.

scholarly journals THE NEED OF JUSTICE FOR ISLAMIC SOCIETY: A REVIEW OF ISLAMIC TEACHINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahira Akber ◽  
Ms Bushra
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Great Leader ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Organization ◽  
Successful Leaders ◽  
The One ◽  
Islamic Society

In present era leadership of Muslim countries are more controversial. For leadership managing a state is tougher target. Muslim leaders have no noteworthy part in the world. There are many reasons behind this failure. But the core of all is lack of principles of leadership. Leadership has vital and most important role in a successful state. A leader is the one who lead people for the sake of state’s objectives. Therefore, he/she must have the qualities by which individuals happily follow him and achieve set goals of state. The leader can only be successful when he set his principles and act accordingly those decided principles. Rules and regulation are the basic of all systems. Even if a small organization does not set their principle get fail. Setting principle and practicing them is the guarantee of success. Successful leaders known by their principles and never neglect their principles at all. Muhammad (peace be upon him) is an ideal and great leader in every aspect. Muhammad (peace be upon him) made neonate Medina a strong and organized state by his successful principles. This can help to lead the system of state successfully. Thus, Muslim leaders should adopt such principles and can run their countries successfully

PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP FOR SUCCESSFUL STATE: A RESEARCH OVERVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF SEERAH (PEACE BE UPON HIM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajra Binte Aziz Ahmed ◽  
Syed Ghazanfar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Great Leader ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Organization ◽  
Successful Leaders ◽  
The One

In present era leadership of Muslim countries are more controversial. For leadership managing a state is tougher target. Muslim leaders have no noteworthy part in the world. There are many reasons behind this failure. But the core of all is lack of principles of leadership. Leadership has vital and most important role in a successful state. A leader is the one who lead people for the sake of state’s objectives. Therefore, he/she must have the qualities by which individuals happily follow him and achieve set goals of state. The leader can only be successful when he set his principles and act accordingly those decided principles. Rules and regulation are the basic of all systems. Even if a small organization does not set their principle get fail. Setting principle and practicing them is the guarantee of success. Successful leaders known by their principles and never neglect their principles at all. Muhammad (peace be upon him) is an ideal and great leader in every aspect. Muhammad (peace be upon him) made neonate Medina a strong and organized state by his successful principles. This can help to lead the system of state successfully. Thus, Muslim leaders should adopt such principles and can run their countries successfully.

scholarly journals Populismo y sentido contemporáneo de lo político // Populism and modern meaning of Politics

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (103) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Pedro Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Charismatic Leader ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
The Core ◽  
The People ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Alternative Methodology ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One

Resumen:Nadie duda que los actuales fenómenos populistas han generado esperanza en unos y preocupación en otros. Incluso entre quienes genera esperanza parece necesario tomarse en serio la preocupación ajena. En este punto, el populismo actual supone negar un estado de cosas que parecía inconmovible. De ahí que valga la pena hacer un esfuerzo por comprenderlo. En este sentido, el propósito de este trabajo es doble. En primer lugar, vamos a afrontar el problema de la conceptualización del populismo. Para eso se sigue un doble acceso. Por un lado, se pretende mostrar la heterogeneidad de los populismos mediante una aproximación, a través de los estudios más canónicos, a sus principales manifestaciones históricas. Por otro lado, dicha heterogeneidad se manifiesta también en los intentos de caracterizarlo. A este respecto, la literatura académica es tan abundante y los rasgos que se le han dado son tan numerosos, que nos centraremos en algunos elementos fundamentales. En concreto, la cuestión de sus causas, su condición de fenómeno reactivo (o anti), la figura central del líder carismático populista y la comprensión del pueblo que subyace. Con esta doble vía de acceso al problema se pretende mostrar que el debate ha llegado a un callejón sin salida y se propone una manera operativa de evitarlo. Las dificultades de su conceptualización dan la medida del segundo propósito de estas líneas. Y es que como parece inasible, se hace más perentorio comprender bien cómo el populismo presente desafía las democracias liberales contemporáneas. Este reto ha sido analizado de nuevo de manera abundante. Tras mostrar algunos ejemplos de los distintos niveles de análisis posibles, se presenta uno propio que intenta llegar al fondo de la cuestión: el populismo es ante todo un síntoma de las dificultades de nuestra comprensión de lo político, de esa que forma parte de nuestro imaginario y que hunde sus raíces en el pensamiento moderno. Summary:1. The concept of populism. 1.1 An historical approach. 1.2. Some attempts of characterization. 1.3. The remains of the concept of populism. 2. Populism, democracy and liberalism. 2.1. Status quaestionis. 2.2. Populism and modern meaning of Politics. 3. Conclusion. Abstract:Nobody doubts that present populism has spurred sentiments of hope and concern. Even among those who react hopefully, it seems necessary to take others´ concern seriously. In effect, present populism shakes a state of affairs that once seemed unmodifiable. It is therefore worth trying to understand it.In this context, this work aims at a double purpose. In the first place, we will afford the problem of conceptualizing populism, through a two-fold strategy. On the one hand, we will approach the main historical instantiations of populism, in view of displaying its heterogeneous nature. On the other hand, this heterogeneity reveals itself in a variety of intents of conceptualization, which explains the convenience of focusing our own conceptualization on only some of its main features: its causes, its reactive nature, the charismatic leader, and the people underlying it. This two-fold strategy will allow us to prove that discussions concerning populism have reached a dead end, and we propose a way of surpassing it. The second purpose of this study is to understand the way in which populism threatens present liberal democracies. After discussing some of the available levels of analysis, we present an alternative methodology, intending to reach the core of the problem: populism is, above all, a sign of the problems of our own understanding of the realm of politics, that which is a part of our imaginary and takes root in modern thought.

scholarly journals Dream in Prose by Gaito Gazdanov as an Anarrative Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
E. E. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Special Role ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
War Novels ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
The Buddha ◽  
Love Triangle

The article discusses sleep as an anarrative author’s strategy. The special role of this motif in the writer’s metaromaniac cycle is indicated by its presence in strong positions of the text (“Evening at Claire’s”, “The Ghost of Alexander Wolf”, “Awakening”) and the generalization of the theme of sleep in works with stories about the Civil War and post-war emigration (“The Prisoner”, “Return of the Buddha”). Anarrative elements that undermine the evidence of events are described as a system of opposing the current state of affairs of eternity. In this connection, in the first novel by G. Gazdanov, an incomplete “love triangle” is analyzed – the absence of Claire’s husband as a motivated witness to the reliability of the narrative, “errors” in the sequence of events, as well as a number of strange, mysterious words and expressions. Anarrativity allows us to separate the world of becoming a narrator and the metaphysical world of the author-creator. As a result of the structural-typological analysis, a distinction is made between the concepts of “pre-incarnation” and “rebirth” in the writer's thesaurus. The first forms a narrative model of “catching” in the world of illusions, and it is connected with the outlook of the heroes who have lost their native soil and are trying to overcome de- pendence on external circumstances. Second, “rebirth” refers to the “outside” position of the author-creator, which is attributed to the penetration of anarrative elements in novels with traces of experience of participation in war. In later texts, anarrativity flows into narration, and the author’s voice does not create dissonance in the discourse of G. Gazdanov’s dominant themes: “contemplation”, “randomness of the nonrandom”, the neighborhood of “life” and “death”, each of which intersects with the idea of a dream existence. Being a universal, sleep (a state akin to hypnosis) turns out to be the ultimate form of contingency, a fatal trap of the loss of selfhood, on the one hand, on the other, as a dream, it can be a mode of creative transformation of the world. As an alternative to this opposition, there is a mode of existence beyond the extremes of the thoughtless (mainly, these are the images of officers in “Evening at Claire’s” and “The Prisoner”) or intellectually exalted (narrators in post-war novels) ways of life, demonstrated in the active manifestation of altruism and compassion of the “average Frenchman” Pierre (“Awakening”).

scholarly journals Leading and Organising Education for Citizenship of the World

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lejf Moos ◽  
Elisabet Nihlfors ◽  
Jan Merok Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
Language History ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Point Of Departure

This special issue discusses governance, leadership and education in the light of Nordic ideas about general education and citizenship of the world. Particular focus is placed on the battle between two very different discourses in contemporary educational policy and practice: an outcomes/standard-based discourse, and a general education-based discourse of citizenship of the world.Our point of departure is that we need to analyse the close relations between the core and purpose of schooling (the democratic Bildung of students) and the leadership of schools and relations to the outer world. On the one hand, society produces a discourse based on outcomes, with a focus on the marketplace, governance, bureaucracies, account-ability and technocratic homogenisation. On the other hand, society focuses on culture in the arts, language, history, relations and communication, producing a discourse based on democratic Bildung and citizenship of the world.

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