Risk Factors for HIV and AIDS Among Latino Farmworkers in Pennsylvania

Background and purpose: The incidence of first line ART failure is increasing in the South East Asia region. The main referral hospital in Bali has recorded an increased use of second line ART due to the first line ART failure. This study aims to explore risk factors associated to first line ART failure.Methods: A case control study was conducted among people living with HIV and AIDS at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar who started first line ART between 2004 and 2013. Cases were those who diagnosed as having clinical treatment failure and still on treatment in 2015. Controls were those with no treatment failure. Sex and year of ART initiation were matched between case and control. Data were obtained from medical records that include initial regiments, HIV mode of transmission, the WHO HIV clinical stage, CD4 count, opportunistic infections, body mass index, hemoglobin level, and drug substitution at the beginning and during treatment. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.Results: Out of 68 HIV/AIDS patients with clinical ART failure, 72.1% were confirmed with immunological and 36.8% were confirmed with virological failure. Median time before treatment failure was 3.5 years. Factors associated to ART failure were HIV clinical stage IV with (AOR=3.43; 95%CI=1.65-7.13) and being widow/widower (AOR=4.85; 95%CI=1.52-15.53). Patients with TB co-infection have a lower risk for treatment failure due to early diagnosis and treatment through TB-HIV program with (AOR=0.32; 95%CI=0.14-0.70).Conclusions: Higher HIV clinical stage at ART initiation increases the risk of treatment failure. HIV-TB co-infection indirectly reduces the risk of treatment failure.

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RISK FACTORS OF HIV AND AIDS EVENTS IN ADOLESCENTS 14-24 YEARS

JURNAL BORNEO AKCAYA ◽

10.51266/borneoakcaya.v2i1.82 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Iskandar Arfan ◽

Suharyo Hadisaputro ◽

Anies

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Reproductive Health ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Risky Behavior ◽

Peer Pressure ◽

Risky Behaviors ◽

Unprotected Sex ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Unsafe Sex ◽

Chi Square

Abstract. Adolescents are associated with risky activities so as to be a group at risk for HIV infection. Associated with the course of HIV infection, can be understood if the infection usually begins when adolescence. The purpose of this study was to prove the influence of the host and environmental factors that influence the incidence of HIV and AIDS in adolescents 14-24 years of age. The design was used a case-control design and reinforced with qualitative studies with the number of respondents was 110 respondents, including 55 cases and 55 controls, were selected by purposive sampling attention to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quantitative data were collected by questionare interview, qualitative data were collected by indepth interview. Analysis of bivariate data using a chi-square test and multivariate data using logistic regression. Factor that proved to affect the incidence of infection HIV and AIDS in adolescents 14-24 years is risky behavior (unprotected sex) (OR = 12.41 and 95% CI = 3.37-45.71), the communication of parents (OR = 11 , 66 and 95% CI = 4.24- 32.07). The analysis also shows that if adolescents experience both of the above, then the chances of being infected with HIV and AIDS is equal to (86%). Factors that are not proven effect is education, residency status, risky behaviors (drug injection), the use of media television/handphone (see porn picture or video), the use of the Internet media (see porn picture or video), the condition of the parents (parents of adolescents in the context complete and not divorce or dead), parental supervision, relationship with parents, peer pressure (sex) and pressure peer (injectable drugs). Risk factors for the incidence of HIV and AIDS among adolescents 14-24 years is risky behavior (unprotected sex) high and communications poor parents, Adolescent expected to always understand about (HIV and AIDS, reproductive health, n drug) to avoid unsafe sex and fill leisure time with sports and positive behaviour. Parents / families are also expected to have knowledge about (HIV and AIDS, reproductive health, n drug) establish communication, attention, rules and open to discuss problems of children.

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HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: Health View

Journal of Asian and African Studies ◽

10.1177/0021909615570957 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 302-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A Sathiya Susuman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Risk ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Poor Health ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

High Risk Factors ◽

High Level ◽

Hiv Risk Factors

The aim of the research is to examine the HIV risk factors affecting poor health in Ethiopia by epidemiological perspectives. The Demographic and Health Survey 2011 and other secondary data were used. Ethiopian population growth has slowed dramatically or stopped due to HIV and AIDS. A logistic regression and correlation between HIV positive towards AIDS, high risk factors leading to exposure to HIV infection was adopted with selected variables. The study confirmed that the high level of HIV positivity and poor health was highly affected by socio-economic and demographic factors.

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Incidence of cardiometabolic diseases in a Lesotho HIV cohort: Evidence for policy decision-making

Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine ◽

10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Motlalepula Sebilo ◽

Neo R.T. Ledibane ◽

Simbarashe Takuva

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽

Clinical Records ◽

The Impact

Background: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been associated with the development of certain cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). The burden of CMDs amongst ART-experienced patients in sub-Saharan Africa was unknown.Objective: We quantified the burden of CMDs and identified the associated risk factors in a large treatment cohort on ART at a high-volume facility in Lesotho.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data from the daily dispensing electronic system and routine clinical records of 785 adults on ART between 2011 and 2015 in Maseru, Lesotho. CMD was defined as a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or dyslipidaemia (singly or collectively). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the disease burden; Kaplan–Meier curves and cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to examine the impact of the ART regimen and identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of CMD.Results: Of the 785 participants, 473 (60%) were women. The median age of the group was 42 years, interquartile range (IQR), 36–51 years. The overall incidence of CMD was 5.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4–7.1) per 100 person-months of follow-up. The median time to onset of CMD was 16.6 months (IQR = 7.4–23.4). ART was not associated with the occurrence of CMD (cause-specific hazard ratio [CHR] = 1.55; 95% CI = 0.14–16.85; P = 0.72). Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (CHR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.14–1.38; P = 0.026).Conclusion: The incidence of CMD in this relatively young patient population is low yet noteworthy. We recommend that patients living with HIV and AIDS should be routinely screened for CMD. Higher BMI is generally associated with the occurrence of CMD.

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Characteristics and Opportunistic Infections of AIDS Patients in East Java Province in 2018

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v9i12021.96-104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Gracia Satyawestri Pribadi ◽

A.B. Firman Cahyono

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Adult Age ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a health problem in East Java. Opportunistic infections are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the characteristics and opportunistic infections of AIDS patients in East Java Province, 2018. Methods: This study was conducted as observational descriptive research, and a survey was used as the research design. The research location was in East Java Provincial Health Office, and the study was carried out in August 2019. We used secondary data taken from the results of surveillance of AIDS patients in 2018. The sampling method of the study was total sampling, with 1,138 AIDS patients. The variables studied included the patients’ characteristics (sex, age, type of work, and risk factors) as well as the number and types of opportunistic infections. Results: The majority of the AIDS patients in East Java in this sample were male (70.74%), belonged to the adults (26–45 years old) group (62.65%), and worked as employees/laborers (46.08%). In terms of sexual orientation, the majority were heterosexuals (81.81%) or homosexuals (10.63%). The majority of patients experienced one type of opportunistic infection (46.08%), with histoplasmosis (48.77%) and tuberculosis (TB) (42.62%) as the most frequently experienced opportunistic infections. Conclusion: Characteristics that are risk factors for contracting AIDS in East Java include being male, being of adult age, working as an employee/laborer, and being heterosexual. There are also risks of opportunistic infections, particularly histoplasmosis and TB.

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Cardiovascular disease risk factors among Latino farmworkers in Oregon

Annals of Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.10.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 8-12.e1

Author(s):

Daniel F. López-Cevallos ◽

Gabriela Escutia ◽

Yuritzy González-Peña ◽

Leda I. Garside

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors ◽

Latino Farmworkers

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Factors associated to first line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure among HIV/AIDS patients at Sanglah Hospital, Bali

Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive ◽

10.15562/phpma.v5i1.33 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cok Istri Sri Dharma Astiti ◽

Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri ◽

Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Treatment Failure ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

First Line ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Art Initiation ◽

Risk Of Treatment ◽

Hiv Aids

Background and purpose: The incidence of first line ART failure is increasing in the South East Asia region. The main referral hospital in Bali has recorded an increased use of second line ART due to the first line ART failure. This study aims to explore risk factors associated to first line ART failure.Methods: A case control study was conducted among people living with HIV and AIDS at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar who started first line ART between 2004 and 2013. Cases were those who diagnosed as having clinical treatment failure and still on treatment in 2015. Controls were those with no treatment failure. Sex and year of ART initiation were matched between case and control. Data were obtained from medical records that include initial regiments, HIV mode of transmission, the WHO HIV clinical stage, CD4 count, opportunistic infections, body mass index, hemoglobin level, and drug substitution at the beginning and during treatment. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.Results: Out of 68 HIV/AIDS patients with clinical ART failure, 72.1% were confirmed with immunological and 36.8% were confirmed with virological failure. Median time before treatment failure was 3.5 years. Factors associated to ART failure were HIV clinical stage IV (AOR=3.43; 95%CI=1.65-7.13) and being widow/widower (AOR=4.85; 95%CI=1.52-15.53). Patients with TB co-infection have a lower risk for treatment failure due to early diagnosis and treatment through TB-HIV program (AOR=0.32; 95%CI=0.14-0.70).Conclusions: Higher HIV clinical stage at ART initiation increases the risk of treatment failure. HIV-TB co-infection indirectly reduces the risk of treatment failure.

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Risk factors for late HIV diagnosis in the East of England: evidence from national surveillance data and policy implications

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462418793327 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 37-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rachel E Bath ◽

Lynsey Emmett ◽

Neville Q Verlander ◽

Mark Reacher

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Testing ◽

Local Population ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Late Diagnosis ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Hiv Diagnosis ◽

Late Hiv Diagnosis

In 2014, 42% of all HIV diagnoses in the East of England were diagnosed late. Individuals unaware of their HIV status will not benefit from lifesaving and infectious-limiting antiretroviral therapy, and they remain at risk of decreased life expectancy and onward transmission of HIV. We sought to identify risk factors associated with late HIV diagnosis in the East of England to inform future HIV testing and prevention strategies relevant to the local population. Data on all HIV infected individuals aged ≥16 years and diagnosed between 2008 and 2014 in the East of England were obtained from the national HIV and AIDS Reporting System. Late diagnosis was defined as CD4 cell count below 350 cells/mm3 within 91 days of diagnosis. Logistic regression investigated risk factors for late HIV diagnosis. A total of 2469 people were included; 1342 (54%) were late HIV diagnoses. In multivariable analysis risk factors for late diagnosis were: age ≥30 years, originating from WHO regions of South-East Asia or Europe (excluding UK), heterosexual orientation and being diagnosed as an inpatient or by a general practitioner. The odds of late diagnosis significantly reduced every year (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–0.99, p = 0.042). Despite this year-on-year reduction continued high rates suggest future HIV testing and prevention strategies should be informed by local regional epidemiology to allow those at greatest risk to be targeted appropriately.

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Physical Activity States of Preschool-Aged Latino Children in Farmworker Families: Predictive Factors and Relationship With BMI Percentile

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2015-0534 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 726-732 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward H. Ip ◽

Santiago Saldana ◽

Grisel Trejo ◽

Sarah A. Marshall ◽

Cynthia K. Suerken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Hidden Markov ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Active State ◽

Markov Modeling ◽

Latino Farmworkers ◽

Hidden Markov Modeling ◽

Weight Percentile

Background:Obesity disproportionately affects children of Latino farmworkers. Further research is needed to identify patterns of physical activity (PA) in this group and understand how PA affects Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile.Methods:Two hundred and forty-four participants ages 2.5 to 3.5 in the Niños Sanos longitudinal study wore accelerometers that measured daily PA. Several PA-related parameters formed a profile for conducting hidden Markov modeling (HMM), which identified different states of PA.Results:Latino farmworker children were generally sedentary. Two different states were selected using HMM—less active and more active. In the more active state; members spent more minutes in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Most children were in the less active state at any given time; however, switching between states occurred commonly. One variable—mother’s concern regarding lack of PA—was a marginally significant predictor of membership in the more active state. State did not predict BMI or weight percentile after adjusting for caloric intake.Conclusion:Most children demonstrated high amounts of sedentary behavior, and rates of MVPA fell far below recommended levels for both states. The lack of statistically significant results for risk factors and PA state on weight-related outcomes is likely due to the homogeneous behaviors of the children.

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Elevated level of circulatory sTLT1 induces inflammation through SYK/MEK/ERK signalling in coronary artery disease

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20190999 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 133 (22) ◽

pp. 2283-2299

Author(s):

Apabrita Ayan Das ◽

Devasmita Chakravarty ◽

Debmalya Bhunia ◽

Surajit Ghosh ◽

Prakash C. Mandal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Critical Role ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Artery Disease

Abstract The role of inflammation in all phases of atherosclerotic process is well established and soluble TREM-like transcript 1 (sTLT1) is reported to be associated with chronic inflammation. Yet, no information is available about the involvement of sTLT1 in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Present study was undertaken to determine the pathophysiological significance of sTLT1 in atherosclerosis by employing an observational study on human subjects (n=117) followed by experiments in human macrophages and atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E (apoE)−/− mice. Plasma level of sTLT1 was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in clinical (2342 ± 184 pg/ml) and subclinical cases (1773 ± 118 pg/ml) than healthy controls (461 ± 57 pg/ml). Moreover, statistical analyses further indicated that sTLT1 was not only associated with common risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in both clinical and subclinical groups but also strongly correlated with disease severity. Ex vivo studies on macrophages showed that sTLT1 interacts with Fcɣ receptor I (FcɣRI) to activate spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-mediated downstream MAP kinase signalling cascade to activate nuclear factor-κ B (NF-kB). Activation of NF-kB induces secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from macrophage cells that plays pivotal role in governing the persistence of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerotic apoE−/− mice also showed high levels of sTLT1 and TNF-α in nearly occluded aortic stage indicating the contribution of sTLT1 in inflammation. Our results clearly demonstrate that sTLT1 is clinically related to the risk factors of CAD. We also showed that binding of sTLT1 with macrophage membrane receptor, FcɣR1 initiates inflammatory signals in macrophages suggesting its critical role in thrombus development and atherosclerosis.

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