Impressionism (Painting)

Author(s):  
Jeremy Spencer ◽  
J. Matthew Huculak ◽  
Carmenita Higginbotham ◽  
Anita Callaway ◽  
Eksuda Singhalampong

Impressionism is an artistic movement that flourished in France between 1860 and 1890. The term has been widely adopted around the world to describe artistic production that follows the principles and methodologies of the "Impressionists." Opposing Realism, a technique that valued accurate renderings of a scene ("to copy nature"), Impressionists sought to "observe nature" and to capture its transitory states of light and feeling. Impressionists produced paintings of natural landscapes as well as the spectacle of modern life to express an essence of modernity. They took advantage of technological innovations like collapsible paint tubes and synthetic colors, which allowed them to work quickly en plein air and use bright palettes. Modernity also brought in new products to Paris. The opening of trade routes between Japan and Europe exposed French artists to different compositional techniques through Japanese woodblock printing, specifically the ukiyo-e print. Monet claimed that Japanese artists "taught us [impressionists] to compose differently." The original movement fractured in the mid-1880s and the core artists no longer painted or exhibited together. Originally criticized for artistic incompetence that did not reflect prevailing norms in the artistic academy, Impressionist paintings are among the most reproduced and sought after popular works of modern art.

Author(s):  
Chara Kolokytha

Henri Matisse is a key figure in French modernism and is considered to be the most influential colourist of 20th-century art. A French painter, sculptor, and printmaker, Matisse studied painting in Paris at the École des Beaux Arts under Gustave Moreau, the École des Arts Décoratifs, and the Académie Julian under W.A. Bouguereau. Matisse’s early paintings demonstrate a dark, somber, and dull palette and a naturalist approach to his selected themes (La liseuse, 1894). This progressively gave way to more vivid pure colors (Still Life with Oranges, 1899; Académie bleue, 1899–1900) and impressionist execution (Study of a Nude, 1899). In 1903, Matisse began to use intense pure colors, marking a break with both naturalist and impressionist traditions (Portrait d’André Derain, 1905). He inaugurated a new style that contemporary critics named Fauvism (Le Bonheur de vivre, 1905–1906). From the early 1920s, Matisse enjoyed a worldwide reputation, being famous both for his masterfully colored compositions and for the joyful atmosphere of his works, which became the hallmark of his overall artistic production. Works by Matisse can be found in most museums of modern art around the world in addition to primary displays at the Museum Matisse in Nice and in his birthplace, Le Cateau Cambrésis.


Author(s):  
Raymond Wacks

The routine functions of government and private institutions require a continual supply of data about us in order to administer effectively the many services that are an integral part of modern life. The provision of health services, social security, credit, insurance, and the prevention and detection of crime assume the availability of a considerable quantity of personal data and, hence, a willingness by individuals to supply it. The ubiquity of computers and computer networks facilitates almost instant storage, retrieval, and transfer of data, a far cry from the world of manual filing systems. At the core of all data protection legislation is the proposition that data relating to an identifiable individual should not be collected in the absence of a genuine purpose or the consent of the individual concerned. Adherence to, and enforcement of, this idea (and the associated rights of access and correction) has been mixed in the nearly 100 jurisdictions that have enacted data protection legislation. This chapter assesses the extent to which these statutes have succeeded in protecting personal data.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
Jyoti Prakash B.K.

 Art is mirror of society. Human Civilization developed through art. Philosopher Langinus said that the power of the art is to create sublime to viewers. There is lot of philosophy in art history but still no any conclusion or scientific answer about the art but art is more contemporary due to the globalization and individual expression. In the case of Nepali art, before the "Kirat" and "Lichhabi" period had also some paintings and sculpture. Because of the weak surface we didn't have any paintings but can know from the petrography of Lichhabi period. In the world the ancient time had been found to be developing from religious and cultural development. It is absolutely relevant to be saying that the Nepali paintings were also the cause of the religious development. The history of the Nepali painting had been developed on religious base from the history to contemporary situation. So the main objective of the research is to find the core relation between traditional and modern painting.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Syarifudin Syarifudin

Each religious sect has its own characteristics, whether fundamental, radical, or religious. One of them is Insan Al-Kamil Congregation, which is in Cijati, South Cikareo Village, Wado District, Sumedang Regency. This congregation is Sufism with the concept of self-purification as the subject of its teachings. So, the purpose of this study is to reveal how the origin of Insan Al-Kamil Congregation, the concept of its purification, and the procedures of achieving its purification. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a normative theological approach as the blade of analysis. In addition, the data generated is the result of observation, interviews, and document studies. From the collected data, Jamaah Insan Al-Kamil adheres to the core teachings of Islam and is the tenth regeneration of Islam Teachings, which refers to the Prophet Muhammad SAW. According to this congregation, self-perfection becomes an obligation that must be achieved by human beings in order to remember Allah when life is done. The process of self-purification is done when human beings still live in the world by knowing His God. Therefore, the peak of self-purification is called Insan Kamil. 


Edupedia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Ilzam Dhaifi

The world has been surprised by the emergence of a COVID 19 pandemic, was born in China, and widespread to various countries in the world. In Indonesia, the government issued several policies to break the COVID 19 pandemic chain, which also triggered some pro-cons in the midst of society. One of the policies government takes is the closure of learning access directly at school and moving the learning process from physical class to a virtual classroom or known as online learning. In the economic sector also affects the parents’ financial ability to provide sufficient funds to support the implementation of distance learning applied by the government. The implications of the distance education policy are of course the quality of learning, including the subjects of Islamic religious education, which is essentially aimed at planting knowledge, skills, and religious consciousness to form the character of the students. Online education must certainly be precise, in order to provide equal education services to all students, prepare teachers to master the technology, and seek the core learning of Islamic religious education can still be done well.


Author(s):  
Roy Livermore

Despite the dumbing-down of education in recent years, it would be unusual to find a ten-year-old who could not name the major continents on a map of the world. Yet how many adults have the faintest idea of the structures that exist within the Earth? Understandably, knowledge is limited by the fact that the Earth’s interior is less accessible than the surface of Pluto, mapped in 2016 by the NASA New Horizons spacecraft. Indeed, Pluto, 7.5 billion kilometres from Earth, was discovered six years earlier than the similar-sized inner core of our planet. Fortunately, modern seismic techniques enable us to image the mantle right down to the core, while laboratory experiments simulating the pressures and temperatures at great depth, combined with computer modelling of mantle convection, help identify its mineral and chemical composition. The results are providing the most rapid advances in our understanding of how this planet works since the great revolution of the 1960s.


Author(s):  
Vijay Mahajan

This chapter deals with Indian ‘innovations for the millions’ (I4M)—new products, processes, and institutional arrangements—that sustainably improve the quality of life of those at the base of the pyramid. Taking ten examples which originated from the private, public, NGO and cooperative sectors, the chapter suggests that these innovations are a response of the ‘elite of calling’ to the Indian paradox – high growth in a large economy, co-existing with a very large number at the base of the pyramid. The chapter argues that a more supportive ecosystem needs to be built to foster I4M, including reforms in regulation and taxation, and attracting bright young people. If that happens Indian I4M can serve billions at the base of the pyramid around the world.


Author(s):  
Michael Thompson ◽  
M. Bruce Beck ◽  
Dipak Gyawali

Food chains interact with the vast, complex, and tangled webs of material flows —nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, water, energy—circling the globe. Cities and households are where those material flows interact with the greatest intensity. At every point within these webs and chains, technologies enable them to function: from bullock-drawn ploughs, to mobile phones, to container ships, to wastewater treatment plants. Drawing on the theory of plural rationality, we show how the production and consumption of food and water in households and societies can be understood as occurring according to four institutionally induced styles: four basic ways of understanding the world and acting within it; four ways of living with one another and with nature. That there are four is due to the theory of plural rationality at the core of this chapter.


Author(s):  
Ricardo Giglio ◽  
Thomas Lux

AbstractWe investigate the network topology of a comprehensive data set of the world-wide population of corporate entities. In particular, we have extracted information on the boards of all companies listed in Bloomberg’s archive of company profiles in October, 2015, a total of almost 100,000 firms. We provide information on board membership overlaps at various levels, and, in particular, show that there exists a core of directors who accumulate a large number of seats and are highly connected among themselves both at the level of national networks and at the worldwide aggregated level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J. Sánchez ◽  
Daniel E. Perrotti ◽  
Alejandra Gomez Paz Fort

AbstractSince 2006, when the Emma Maersk broke into the world of shipping, the growth in containership size has remained a continuous trend.For the last 14 years, since 2006, the enlargement of fullcontainerships size has remained a continuous trend since Emma Maersk broke into the world of shipping. This process - that also affected north-south trades - has crucial implications in the shipping business, particularly in the planning of ports and its services and related activities. This paper analyses the global increase in vessel size and forecasts larger vessels’ arrival to South American coasts. The paper analyses evidence since 2006 to understand the factors behind the trend for bigger ships (fleets between 18,000 and 24,000 TEU) and introduce a validated methodology for the prediction of the size of container ships. Experts presented a consensus vision in which factors associated with infrastructure, economics, technology, and the environment play a crucial role in driving the trend. Next, the paper presents a methodology for forecasting the size of containerships and applies it to Latin America’s trade. The models include two alternative thresholds for the dependent variables (1310 ft LOA and 18,000 TEU of nominal capacity) that are controlled by cascading effect (i.e., the size gap between Latin America and the world’s main trade routes), and the economic activity at the destination countries (represented by port activity). Finally, the conclusions highlight the forecast’s call to take action on infrastructure planning and investments, analyzing issues such as “economies of scale,” concentration, or entry barriers. Overall, the paper warns about the importance of efficient medium-term planning in the port industry to maximize its economic impact.


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