Turning Small Change into Big Changes

Sangihe-Moluccas region is the most active seismicity in Indonesia. Between 2015 to 2018 there is four M6 class earthquake occurred close to the Sangihe-Moluccas region. These seismic active regions representing active deformation which is recorded on installed GPS for both campaign and continuous station. However, the origin of those frequent earthquakes has not been well understood especially related to GPS-derived secular motion. Therefore, we intend to estimate the secular motion inside and around Sangihe island. On the other hand, we also evaluate the effect of seismicity on GPS sites. Since our GPS data were conducted on yearly basis, we used an empirical global model of surface displacement due to coseismic activity. We calculate the offset that may be contained in the GPS site during its period. We remove the offset and estimate again the secular motion using linear least square. Hence, in comparison with the secular motion without considering the seismicity, we observe small change but systematically shifting the motion. We concluded the seismicity in the Molucca sea from 2015 to 2018 systematically change the secular motion around Sangihe Island at the sub-mm level. Finally, we obtained the secular motion toward each other between the east and west side within 1 to 5.5 cm/year displacement.

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The Influence of Nitrogen Position on Charge Carrier Mobility in Enantiopure Aza[6]helicene Crystals

10.26434/chemrxiv.7458719.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Francesco Salerno ◽

Beth Rice ◽

Julia Schmidt ◽

Matthew J. Fuchter ◽

Jenny Nelson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Charge Carrier ◽

Carrier Mobility ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Crystal Packing ◽

Charge Carrier Mobility ◽

Individual Factor ◽

Charge Mobility ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Small Change

The properties of an organic semiconductor are dependent on both the chemical structure of the molecule involved, and how it is arranged in the solid-state. It is challenging to extract the influence of each individual factor, as small changes in the molecular structure often dramatically change the crystal packing and hence solid-state structure. Here, we use calculations to explore the influence of the nitrogen position on the charge mobility of a chiral organic molecule when the crystal packing is kept constant. The transfer integrals for a series of enantiopure aza[6]helicene crystals sharing the same packing were analysed in order to identify the best supramolecular motifs to promote charge carrier mobility. The regioisomers considered differ only in the positioning of the nitrogen atom in the aromatic scaffold. The simulations showed that even this small change in the chemical structure has a strong effect on the charge transport in the crystal, leading to differences in charge mobility of up to one order of magnitude. Some aza[6]helicene isomers that were packed interlocked with each other showed high HOMO-HOMO integrals (up to 70 meV), whilst molecules arranged with translational symmetry generally afforded the highest LUMO-LUMO integrals (40 - 70 meV). As many of the results are not intuitively obvious, a computational approach provides additional insight into the design of new semiconducting organic materials.

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The Additive Influence of Propane-1,2-Diol on SDS Micellar Structure and Properties

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26123773 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 3773

Author(s):

Martina Gudelj ◽

Paola Šurina ◽

Lucija Jurko ◽

Ante Prkić ◽

Perica Bošković

Keyword(s):

Mixed Solvents ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Shielding Effect ◽

Bulk Solution ◽

Structure And Properties ◽

Micellar Structure ◽

Related Substances ◽

Micellar Systems ◽

Small Change ◽

Additive Influence

Micellar systems are colloids with significant properties for pharmaceutical and food applications. They can be used to formulate thermodynamically stable mixtures to solubilize hydrophobic food-related substances. Furthermore, micellar formation is a complex process in which a variety of intermolecular interactions determine the course of formation and most important are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between surfactant–solvent and solvent–solvent. Glycols are organic compounds that belong to the group of alcohols. Among them, propane-1,2-diol (PG) is a substance commonly used as a food additive or ingredient in many cosmetic and hygiene products. The nature of the additive influences the micellar structure and properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). When increasing the mass fraction of propane-1,2-diol in binary mixtures, the c.m.c. values decrease because propane-1,2-diol is a polar solvent, which gives it the ability to form hydrogen bonds, decreasing the cohesivity of water and reducing the dielectric constant of the aqueous phase. The values of ΔGm0 are negative in all mixed solvents according to the reduction in solvophobic interactions and increase in electrostatic interaction. With the rising concentration of cosolvent, the equilibrium between cosolvent in bulk solution and in the formed micelles is on the side of micelles, leading to the formation of micelles at a lower concentration with a small change in micellar size. According to the 1H NMR, with the addition of propylene glycol, there is a slight shift of SDS peaks towards lower ppm regions in comparison to the D2O peak. The shift is more evident with the increase in the amount of added propane-1,2-diol in comparison to the NMR spectra of pure SDS. Addition of propane-1,2-diol causes the upfield shift of the protons associated with hydrophilic groups, causing the shielding effect. This signifies that the alcohol is linked with the polar head groups of SDS due to its proximity to the SDS molecules.

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Trends and Inequalities in Overall and Abdominal Obesity by Sociodemographic Factors in Korean Adults, 1998–2018

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4162

Author(s):

Ha-Jin Jang ◽

Hannah Oh

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Korean Adults ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Education College ◽

Small Change ◽

Over Time

Few studies have comprehensively examined the nationwide trends in overall and abdominal obesity prevalence and related sociodemographic inequalities in Korea. In the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998–2018, we estimated the age-standardized prevalence of overall (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 90 cm men, ≥85 cm women) in each sociodemographic subgroup of Korean adults (aged 19–79 years). For each survey year, weighted logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between obesity prevalence and sociodemographic factors. During the study period, the prevalence of overall and abdominal obesity increased in men (24.8% to 42.4%; 20.1% to 32.1%; respectively) but only a small change was observed in women (26.5% to 26.0%; 22.7% to 20.9%; respectively). Obesity prevalence increased in all sociodemographic groups of men but varied across groups in women. In women, income (4th vs. 1st quartiles in 2016–2018: OR (95% CI) = 0.66 (0.56–0.78) overall obesity; 0.60 (0.51–0.71) abdominal obesity) and education (college or higher vs. high school or less: 0.62 (0.54–0.72) overall obesity; 0.58 (0.50–0.68) abdominal obesity) were inversely associated with obesity prevalence, and the gaps became more pronounced since 2007. Our data suggest that the inequalities in obesity prevalence by sex and by socioeconomic status have become more apparent over time in Korea.

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A prospective study to establish the minimal clinically important difference of the Mini-BESTest in individuals with stroke

Clinical Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/02692155211025131 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026921552110251

Author(s):

Marla K Beauchamp ◽

Rudy Niebuhr ◽

Patricia Roche ◽

Renata Kirkwood ◽

Kathryn M Sibley

Keyword(s):

Stroke Rehabilitation ◽

Minimal Clinically Important Difference ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Global Rating ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Clinically Important Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Small Change ◽

A Prospective Study

Objective: To determine the minimal clinically important difference of the Mini-BESTest in individuals’ post-stroke. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Outpatient stroke rehabilitation. Subjects: Fifty outpatients with stroke with a mean (SD) age of 60.8 (9.4). Intervention: Outpatients with stroke were assessed with the Mini-BESTest before and after a course of conventional rehabilitation. Rehabilitation sessions occurred one to two times/week for one hour and treatment duration was 1.3–42 weeks (mean (SD) = 17.4(10.6)). Main measures: We used a combination of anchor- and distribution-based approaches including a global rating of change in balance scale completed by physiotherapists and patients, the minimal detectable change with 95% confidence, and the optimal cut-point from receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: The average (SD) Mini-BESTest score at admission was 18.2 (6.5) and 22.4 (5.2) at discharge (effect size: 0.7) ( P = 0.001). Mean change scores on the Mini-BESTest for patient and physiotherapist ratings of small change were 4.2 and 4.3 points, and 4.7 and 5.3 points for substantial change, respectively. The minimal detectable change with 95% confidence for the Mini-BESTest was 3.2 points. The minimally clinical importance difference was determined to be 4 points for detecting small changes and 5 points for detecting substantial changes. Conclusions: A change of 4–5 points on the Mini-BEST is required to be perceptible to clinicians and patients, and beyond measurement error. These values can be used to interpret changes in balance in stroke rehabilitation research and practice.

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Analysis and Mapping of Detailed Inner Information of Crystalline Grain by Wavelength-Resolved Neutron Transmission Imaging with Individual Bragg-Dip Profile-Fitting Analysis

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115219 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5219

Author(s):

Yosuke Sakurai ◽

Hirotaka Sato ◽

Nozomu Adachi ◽

Satoshi Morooka ◽

Yoshikazu Todaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crystal Orientation ◽

Perfect Crystal ◽

Imaging Method ◽

Transmission Imaging ◽

Profile Fitting ◽

Imaging Results ◽

Integrated Intensity ◽

Small Change ◽

Integrated Intensities ◽

Pulsed Neutron

As a new method for evaluating single crystals and oligocrystals, pulsed neutron Bragg-dip transmission analysis/imaging method is being developed. In this study, a single Bragg-dip profile-fitting analysis method was newly developed, and applied for analyzing detailed inner information in a crystalline grain position-dependently. In the method, the spectrum profile of a single Bragg-dip is analyzed at each position over a grain. As a result, it is expected that changes in crystal orientation, mosaic spread angle and thickness of a perfect crystal can be evaluated from the wavelength, the width and the integrated intensity of the Bragg-dip, respectively. For confirming this effectiveness, the method was applied to experimental data of position-dependent Bragg-dip transmission spectra of a Si-steel plate consisting of oligocrystals. As a result, inner information of multiple crystalline grains could be visualized and evaluated. The small change in crystal orientation in a grain, about 0.4°, could be observed by imaging the Bragg-dip wavelengths. By imaging the Bragg-dip widths, both another grain and mosaic block in a grain were detected. Furthermore, imaging results of the integrated intensities of Bragg-dips were consistent with the results of Bragg-dip width imaging. These small crystallographic changes have not been observed and visualized by previous Bragg-dip analysis methods.

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All-Dielectric Metasurface for Sensing Microcystin-LR

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10111363 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1363

Author(s):

Binze Ma ◽

Ao Ouyang ◽

Juechen Zhong ◽

Pavel A. Belov ◽

Ravindra Kumar Sinha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Factor ◽

Bound States ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Concentration Limit ◽

Specific Recognition ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Freshwater Bodies ◽

Toxic Pollutant ◽

Small Change ◽

Dielectric Metasurface

Sensing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is an important issue for environmental monitoring, as the MC-LR is a common toxic pollutant found in freshwater bodies. The demand for sensitive detection method of MC-LR at low concentrations can be addressed by metasurface-based sensors, which are feasible and highly efficient. Here, we demonstrate an all-dielectric metasurface for sensing MC-LR. Its working principle is based on quasi-bound states in the continuum mode (QBIC), and it manifests a high-quality factor and high sensitivity. The dielectric metasurface can detect a small change in the refractive index of the surrounding environment with a quality factor of ~170 and a sensitivity of ~788 nm/RIU. MC-LR can be specifically identified in mixed water with a concentration limit of as low as 0.002 μg/L by a specific recognition technique for combined antigen and antibody. Furthermore, the demonstrated detection of MC-LR can be extended to the identification and monitoring of other analytes, such as viruses, and the designed dielectric metasurface can serve as a monitor platform with high sensitivity and high specific recognition capability.

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A Meta-Methodology for Improving Land Cover and Land Use Classification with SAR Imagery

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12060961 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 961 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marinalva Dias Soares ◽

Luciano Vieira Dutra ◽

Gilson Alexandre Ostwald Pedro da Costa ◽

Raul Queiroz Feitosa ◽

Rogério Galante Negri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Data Classification ◽

Test Site ◽

Radar Data ◽

Input Image ◽

Optical Data ◽

Land Use Classification ◽

Object Based ◽

Sar Imagery ◽

Small Change

Per-point classification is a traditional method for remote sensing data classification, and for radar data in particular. Compared with optical data, the discriminative power of radar data is quite limited, for most applications. A way of trying to overcome these difficulties is to use Region-Based Classification (RBC), also referred to as Geographical Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA). RBC methods first aggregate pixels into homogeneous objects, or regions, using a segmentation procedure. Moreover, segmentation is known to be an ill-conditioned problem because it admits multiple solutions, and a small change in the input image, or segmentation parameters, may lead to significant changes in the image partitioning. In this context, this paper proposes and evaluates novel approaches for SAR data classification, which rely on specialized segmentations, and on the combination of partial maps produced by classification ensembles. Such approaches comprise a meta-methodology, in the sense that they are independent from segmentation and classification algorithms, and optimization procedures. Results are shown that improve the classification accuracy from Kappa = 0.4 (baseline method) to a Kappa = 0.77 with the presented method. Another test site presented an improvement from Kappa = 0.36 to a maximum of 0.66 also with radar data.

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Molecular Monolayer Sensing Using Surface Plasmon Resonance and Angular Goos-Hänchen Shift

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134593 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4593

Author(s):

Cherrie May Olaya ◽

Norihiko Hayazawa ◽

Maria Vanessa Balois-Oguchi ◽

Nathaniel Hermosa ◽

Takuo Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽

Surface Plasmon ◽

Plasmon Resonance ◽

Incident Beam ◽

Expected Value ◽

Beam Waist ◽

Self Assembled Monolayer ◽

Hydrophilic Nature ◽

Small Change ◽

Made In

We demonstrate potential molecular monolayer detection using measurements of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and angular Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift. Here, the molecular monolayer of interest is a benzenethiol self-assembled monolayer (BT-SAM) adsorbed on a gold (Au) substrate. Excitation of surface plasmons enhanced the GH shift which was dominated by angular GH shift because we focused the incident beam to a small beam waist making spatial GH shift negligible. For measurements in ambient, the presence of BT-SAM on a Au substrate induces hydrophobicity which decreases the likelihood of contamination on the surface allowing for molecular monolayer sensing. This is in contrast to the hydrophilic nature of a clean Au surface that is highly susceptible to contamination. Since our measurements were made in ambient, larger SPR angle than the expected value was measured due to the contamination in the Au substrate. In contrast, the SPR angle was smaller when BT-SAM coated the Au substrate due to the minimization of contaminants brought about by Au surface modification. Detection of the molecular monolayer acounts for the small change in the SPR angle from the expected value.

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Dynamic Evolution Model of a Collaborative Innovation Network from the Resource Perspective and an Application Considering Different Government Behaviors

Information ◽

10.3390/info10040138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wu ◽

Shao ◽

Feng

Keyword(s):

Network Evolution ◽

Evolution Model ◽

Dynamic Evolution ◽

Innovation Network ◽

Transfer Policy ◽

Collaborative Innovation ◽

Innovation Output ◽

The Government ◽

Small Change ◽

Innovative Behaviors

The evolution of a collaborative innovation network depends on the interrelationships among the innovation subjects. Every single small change affects the network topology, which leads to different evolution results. A logical relationship exists between network evolution and innovative behaviors. An accurate understanding of the characteristics of the network structure can help the innovative subjects to adopt appropriate innovative behaviors. This paper summarizes the three characteristics of collaborative innovation networks, knowledge transfer, policy environment, and periodic cooperation, and it establishes a dynamic evolution model for a resource-priority connection mechanism based on innovation resource theory. The network subjects are not randomly testing all of the potential partners, but have a strong tendency to, which is, innovation resource. The evolution process of a collaborative innovation network is simulated with three different government behaviors as experimental objects. The evolution results show that the government should adopt the policy of supporting the enterprises that recently entered the network, which can maintain the innovation vitality of the network and benefit the innovation output. The results of this study also provide a reference for decision-making by the government and enterprises.

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