scholarly journals Arrangement classifiers, collocations, and near-synonymy: A corpus-based study with reference to Polish

2020 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-258
Author(s):  
Damian Herda
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Mass Nouns ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Similar Vein

The aim of this paper is to contrast the near-synonymous Polish classifiers kupa ‘heap’, sterta ‘pile’, and stos ‘stack’, all of which encode upward-oriented arrangements of objects or substances and thus prototypically combine with concrete inanimate nouns, by means of a collocational analysis conducted on naturally-occurring data derived from the Na­tional Corpus of Polish. The results of the empirical investigation point to a tendency for kupa ‘heap’ to combine predominantly with mass nouns denoting amorphous, frequently natural, stuff, whereas sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’ exhibit a pronounced predilection for count N2-collocates referring to artefacts. In a similar vein, while both sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’ typically stand for aggregates formed by a volitional human agent, it is not infrequent for kupa ‘heap’ to classify portions of substances whose shape is a result of the forces of nature or merely constitutes a by-effect of activities intended to achieve goals other than arranging stuff into units. What differentiates between sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’, however, is that constructional solidity appears a more salient feature of the latter item, hence its capability of applying to vertical collections of entities marked by an orderly internal structure.

Formalizing contemporary conceptual metaphor theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Stickles ◽  
Oana David ◽  
Ellen K. Dodge ◽  
Jisup Hong
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Metaphor Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Hierarchical Nature

This paper describes an innovative formalization of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and its implementation in a structured metaphor repository. Central to metaphor analysis is the development of an internal structure of frames and relations between frames, based on an Embodied Construction Grammar framework, which then informs the structure of metaphors and relationships between metaphors. The hierarchical nature of metaphors and frames is made explicit, such that inferential information originating in embodied conceptual primitives is inherited throughout the network. The present analysis takes a data-driven approach, where lexical differences in linguistic expressions attested in naturally-occurring discourse lead to a continued refinement and expansion of our analyses.

scholarly journals An appraisal of pragmatic elicitation techniques for the social psychological study of talk

Pragmatics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Experimental Technique ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Social ◽  
Object Of Study

The focus of the paper is the appropriateness of pragmatic elicitation techniques for generating talk to be used in analyses of talk and social structure. In the best pragmatic elicitation techniques (i) data are generated in situations in which researchers can manipulate variables in the testing of hypotheses, and (ii) speakers can talk freely and spontaneously without awareness that their talk is the object of study. This claim was tested in an examination of the hypothesis that more facework will occur in refusals to a High versus Low status requester. Requester status was manipulated in Oral and Written Discourse Completion, Role Play, and an Experimental elicitation technique. Support for the hypothesis was found only in the Role Play and Experimental conditions. Next, refusals generated in the above four elicitation conditions were compared to Naturally-occurring refusals. At the levels of the acts by which refusals are accomplished and the internal structure of the head act, Oral and Written DC produced anomalous and non-representative refusals. Role Play and the Experimental technique produced refusals that were very similar to Natural refusals, though Role Play refusals tended to be somewhat repetitive and long-winded. It is concluded that an Experimental technique is the preferred pragmatic elicitation technique.

scholarly journals From Infantilizing to Collaborating: Interactions in an Adult Day Center in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 57-57
Author(s):  
Shumin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Relational Interactions ◽  
First Time

Abstract Many studies have found that interactions in long-term care settings are characterized by infantilizing speech towards older adults, which was principally interpreted as detrimental to older adults’ health and self-esteem. These studies, however, focused on how caregivers talked to older adults and were conducted primarily in Western countries. How older adults respond to and make sense of such speech has received little empirical investigation (Marsden & Holmes, 2014). In this paper, I re-examined issues related to infantilizing speech based on 6 months of fieldwork in an ADC in Taiwan, which serves 33 older adults (aged 66-94), including 16 diagnosed with dementia. My data (including observational fieldnotes, 72 hours of video-recordings of naturally-occurring interactions, and conversations/interviews with caregivers, older adults and their family members) show that the ADC was discursively co-constructed as a learning place with frequent didactic interactions that occurred both ways. Many older adults (those with dementia included), with little or no education before, cherished the opportunity to be “students” for the first time. Caregivers also appreciated learning various things from the older adults. Furthermore, didactic interactions co-occurred or were interspersed with relational interactions, including teasing, humor, and bodily interactions that show mutual friendliness and care. By taking into account the wide variety of interactions, attending to the contributions of all parties, and situating these interactions in the personal as well as social histories, this study demonstrated that even didactic or so-called infantilizing interactions were used by caregivers and older adults as they collaborated to create strong positive relationships.

Intensification for discursive evaluation: a corpus-pragmatic view

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Pan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Evaluative Meaning ◽  
Semantic Dimension

Abstract The phenomenon of intensification is pervasive in natural language use. Previous research has extensively discussed what intensifiers are and how they are associated with semantic developments. Corpora prove to be a useful tool to examine the semantic dimension of intensifiers. What has been overlooked, however, is the internal structure(s) of meaning conveyed by “intensifier + adjective” constructions in naturally occurring text and speech. The semantic relationship between the intensifier and the modified adjective needs to be made more explicit to address the pragmatics of intensification. Using BNC Sampler (a part-of-speech tagged corpus of general English) this study examines the most frequently used adjective intensifiers in both written and spoken discourse. Concordance lines generated for the adjective intensifiers are used to illustrate evaluative expressions in context. The observation contributes to debates on the pragmatics of intensifiers for evaluative meaning construction and transmission.

scholarly journals The intercorporeality of closing a curtain

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Unknown / not yet matched ◽  
Johanne S. Philipsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Multiple Timescales ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Window Blinds ◽  
Past Experiences

Abstract Jointly coordinated affective activities are fundamental for social relationships. This study investigates a naturally occurring interaction between two women who produced reciprocal emotional stances towards similar past experiences. Adopting a microanalytic approach, we describe how the participants re-enact their past experiences through different but aligning synchronized gestures. This embodied dialogue evolves into affective flooding, in which participants co-produce their body memories of pulling down window blinds to block out sunshine. We show how the participants live this moment intercorporeally and how multiple timescales are tied together in gesture, which is both an incarnation of body history and a novel expression of it. Thus, collaborative gesturing is a resource for experiencing together emotions re-enacted from body memories. Contributing to our understanding of the intercorporeality of human action, we provide an empirical investigation into how emotions and multiple timescales are nested in cooperative gestures. Data are in Finnish with English translations.

Pathology of Bone Cells in Pigs with Experimental Turbinate Osteoporosis (Atrophic Rhinitis)

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 304-305
Author(s):  
A. W. Fetter ◽  
C. C. Capen
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Fundamental Cause ◽  
Osteocytic Osteolysis ◽  
Uncertain Etiology

Atrophic rhinitis in swine is a disease of uncertain etiology in which infectious agents, hereditary predisposition, and metabolic disturbances have been reported to be of primary etiologic importance. It shares many similarities, both clinically and pathologically, with ozena in man. The disease is characterized by deformity and reduction in volume of the nasal turbinates. The fundamental cause for the localized lesion of bone in the nasal turbinates has not been established. Reduced osteogenesis, increased resorption related to inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, and excessive resorption due to osteocytic osteolysis stimulated by hyperparathyroidism have been suggested as possible pathogenetic mechanisms.The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate ultrastructurally bone cells in the nasal turbinates of pigs with experimentally induced atrophic rhinitis, and to compare these findings to those in control pigs of the same age and pigs with the naturally occurring disease, in order to define the fundamental lesion responsible for the progressive reduction in volume of the osseous core.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

Adenomatoid Tumor of the Testis, A Mesonephric Hamartoma

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
Raoul Fresco ◽  
Mary Chang-Lo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
Adenomatoid Tumor ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Epithelial Origin ◽  
Brush Borders ◽  
Cell Processes

Confusion surrounds the nature of the “adenomatoid tumor” of the testis, as evidenced by the large number of synonyms which have been ascribed to it. Various authors have considered the tumor to be of endothelial, mesothelial or epithelial origin. There appears to be no controversy as to the stromal elements of the tumor, which consists mainly of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue. It is the irregular gland-like spaces which have given rise to the numerous theories as to its histogenesis, and even recent ultrastructural studies fail to agree on the origin of these structures.Electron microscopy of a typical intrascrotal adenomatoid tumor showed the gland-like spaces to be lined by epithelial cells (Fig. 1), rich in cytoplasmic tonofibrils and united to each other by numerous desmosomes (Fig. 2). The most salient feature of these epithelial cells was the presence on their luminal surface of numerous long and repeatedly branching microvillous structures of the type known as stereocilia (Fig. 3). These are extremely long slender cell processes which are as much as three to four times the length of those in brush borders.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

Use of 2½ D imaging in analysis of NiTi martensite

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 610-611
Author(s):  
G. M. Michal
Keyword(s):  
Memory Effect ◽  
Monoclinic Phase ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Martensite Phase ◽  
Orientation Relationships ◽  
Low Symmetry ◽  
Hydride Phases ◽  
Unusual Shape

Several TEM investigations have attempted to correlate the structural characteristics to the unusual shape memory effect in NiTi, the consensus being the essence of the memory effect is ostensible manifest in the structure of NiTi transforming martensitic- ally from a B2 ordered lattice to a low temperature monoclinic phase. Commensurate with the low symmetry of the martensite phase, many variants may form from the B2 lattice explaining the very complex transformed microstructure. The microstructure may also be complicated by the enhanced formation of oxide or hydride phases and precipitation of intermetallic compounds by electron beam exposure. Variants are typically found in selfaccommodation groups with members of a group internally twinned and the twins themselves are often observed to be internally twinned. Often the most salient feature of a group of variants is their close clustering around a given orientation. Analysis of such orientation relationships may be a key to determining the nature of the reaction path that gives the transformation its apparently perfect reversibility.

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