Influence of the Smoking and Spitting Behaviors in Public Smoking Areas on the Microbial Contamination and Spread

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spitting behavior on microbial public health in smoking areas. Through this investigation, bacterial concentration and spread of bacteria from the smoking areas were evaluated for the prospective public health and environment.Methods : The number of spitting and the spitting location in the smoking areas were measured visually by observers. For the microbial analysis, filter papers (5 × 5 cm) as sample collectors had been attached to the surface of the smoking areas for a given time. Using the collected filter paper, ATP bioluminescence measurement (RLU), colony forming unit (CFU) were measured. For the estimation of spitting behaviors in the smoking area on the spread microorganisms, saliva containing filters were selected from the areas, and fluorescent powder (0.01 g/cm2) was added to the papers. After 4 hours, the papers around the smoking areas were collected and the fluorescence activity was measured.Results and Discussion : The results showed that there was a clear relationship between the spitting behavior and the microbial activity in the smoking areas. In the case of sampling area A, the highest number of spitting was observed at the lunch hour (102 ± 16 times), and the RLU from the sample collected near the smoking area showed about 5,139 ± 1,267 RLU. When the RLU around the smoking area was measured, the lowest values were found at distance of 11 and 17 m from the cigarette bin (1,329 ± 148 and 1,204 ± 203 RLU), and it was confirmed that smoking and spitting did not occur at this sampling points. In the case of sampling area B, the highest number of spitting (45 ± 6 times) was observed at evening hour, and the RLU from the sample collected near the smoking area showed about 5,274 ± 1,297 RLU. The lowest value was in the sampling area B shown at 11 and 18 m (1,181 ± 243 RLU and 1,148 ± 168 RLU) from the cigarette bin, and it was also confirmed that smoking and spitting did not occur at this sampling points. The results indicate that the spitting during the smoking induced the increases of the microbial contamination of the public environment. The fluorescence powder diffusion analysis indicated that the saliva on the ground surface would enhance the spread of the microorganisms from the smoking area.Conclusions : Spitting in smoking areas can pose a high risk of microbial infection for smokers and non-smokers in smoking areas. Thus extensive and systematic attention related to the smoking manner must be paid to protect our public health.

Download Full-text

Analisis Kandungan Mikroba, Formalin, dan Timbal (Pb) pada Tahu Sumedang yang Dijual Di Daerah Macet Cicurug, Ciawi, dan Cisarua Jawa Barat

JURNAL AGROINDUSTRI HALAL ◽

10.30997/jah.v6i1.2385 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 087

Author(s):

Rosy Hutami ◽

M Fakih Kurniawan ◽

Henna Khoerunnisa

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽

Plate Count ◽

Traffic Jam ◽

Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽

Traffic Jams ◽

Total Plate Count ◽

Microbial Analysis ◽

Aas Method

Sumedang tofu is one of favorite foods for Indonesian society. But many sellers or producers are not aware to the food safety of sumedang tofu. The aims of this study were to analyze the microbial, formalin, and lead (Pb) contents in ready-to-eat sumedang tofu which were sold in traffic jams area in Cicurug, Ciawi, and Cisarua. The analysis were carried out by Total Plate Count (TPC) testing for microbial analysis, potassium permanganate reaction (KMnO4) testing for formaldehyde analysis, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method for lead content analysis in the samples. The results obtained for the microbial analysis were sumedang tofu that were sold in the traffic jam areas of Cicurug, Ciawi, and Cisarua contained contaminant above the treshold (1.4 x 105 colonies / gram to 2.2 x 105 colonies / gram of microbes). All of the samples of sumedang tofu were positive containing formaldehyde. Otherwise, there were no lead (Pb) content in all samples regarding to AAS analysis. This study concluded that the ready-to-eat sumedang tofu those were sold in traffic jam area in the Cicurug, Ciawi, and Cisarua were not suitable for consumption because it contained exceed microbial contamination and formalin which are harmful for human health.Keywords : formalin, microbes, sumedang tofu, lead, traffic jam

Download Full-text

Microbiological analysis of Udo Anwankwo river in Ikot Ekpene, South-South Nigeria

Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.53022/oarjst.2021.1.2.0033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 005-011

Author(s):

Jonathan Okokon Ekanem ◽

Divine Jacob Ottong

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Water Sample ◽

Water Samples ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Proper Treatment ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Sampling Points ◽

Microbial Analysis

The microbiological study of water samples obtained from Udo Anwankwo River was investigated. Water samples were collected from three different sampling points along the course of the river and analyzed using standard procedures. The total bacterial counts, total coliform counts and total fungal counts of the water samples ranged from 2.6×105 to 4.8×105cfu/ml, 1.2×104 to 1.8×105cfu/ml and 0.24×103 to 1.9×103cfu/ml respectively. A total of nine bacteria species belonging to the following genera, Bacillus, Salmonella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Enterobacter and Streptococcus were isolated and identified from the samples, while five fungal isolates including members of the genera Aspergillus niger, Mucor, Penicillum, Rhizopus and Fusarium were isolated. The study through microbial analysis has revealed that the river water sample was not free from pathogens and thereby not suitable for potable use. There is need to put adequate measures towards the control of pollution and proper treatment of the water before usage as it contains pathogenic organisms.

Download Full-text

Reduction of Microbe Contamination through Steaming Process to Cocoa Beans Using Steaming Chamber

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i1.197 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hendy Firmanto

Keyword(s):

Microbial Contamination ◽

Microbial Population ◽

Plate Count ◽

Cocoa Bean ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Cocoa Beans ◽

Total Plate Count ◽

Microbial Analysis ◽

Plate Count Method ◽

Nutrient Changes

Dry cocoa bean quality is also determined by its microbe contamination level. Steaming process for dried cocoa beans as a pretreatment process was selected because of less effect on organic compound inside the dried cocoa bean. This experiment aim was to study microbial contamination level of cocoa beans using steaming process, determining its microbial population and evaluate its chemical changes. Experiment was carried out in Postharvest Laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Cocoa beans for the experiment were lots collected from four farms in Jayapura, Papua with different microbial contamination level for each lot. Results of this experiment showed that optimum steaming process was 15 minutes at 100 O C with 10 minutes preheating time. Microbial analysis result of the four lots after complete steaming process by total plate count method showed the same result (<3.0 x 103 cfu). Most of the decrease in microbial contaminant appeared in the plate was 73.5% of Staphylococcus aureusand 0.058% of Penicilliumsp. Bean acidity (pH) after steaming increased (4.76 to 4.80) and free fatty acid increased (1.81% to 1.96%) while carbohydrate content decreased (17.5% to 15.9%) and as well as protein content (12.6% into 11.7%). Key words: cocoa bean, steaming process, microbe reduction, nutrient changes

Download Full-text

Evaluation of microorganisms associated with vended frozen fish in Ado Ekiti locality

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(4).619 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 21-28

Author(s):

P.T. Olagbemide ◽

F.C. Akharaiyi

Keyword(s):

Fish Species ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Microbial Infection ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Fish Samples ◽

Frozen Fish

Fishes are world widely consumed by all categories of works of life because of their richness in protein, readily available and affordable by all. The basic nutrient of protein in fish that is so important in man’s diet also attracted microorganisms for their growth and multiplication. Meanwhile, the association of microorganisms in fishes depend on the environment of culture and their proliferation due to inadequate storage facilities. The aim of this study was focused on the isolation and identification of microorganisms from four frozen fish species sold in the Ado Ekiti metropolis. Frozen fish samples of Scomber scombrus (Atlantic Mackerel), Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring), Urophycis tenuis (White hake or mud hake) and Trachurus trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel) from two markets in Ado Ekiti were microbiologically analyzed for possible microbial contamination. On the fish samples, the total heterotrophic count (THC) was 3.5×104 – 5.6×104 CFU/g, total coliform count (TCC) was 2.4×104 – 5.1×104 CFU/g, total Salmonella/Shigella count (TSSC) was 1.3×104 – 3.5×104 CFU/g, total Vibrio count (TVC) was 1.1×104 – 2.3×104 CFU/g and total fungal count (TFC) was 1.3×103 – 2.3×103 Spore/g were analyzed by cultural methods. There were variations in microbial loads among the fish species in the surveyed markets. The microorganisms identified with their percentage occurrence were Bacillus cereus (11.54%), Streptococcus faecium (13.46%), Alcaligenes faecalis (5.77%), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (5.77%), Micrococcus luteus (9.62%), Vibrio cholerae (7.69%), Aerococcus viridans (3.85%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.69%), Xanthomonas fragariae (7.69%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.54%), Clostridium butyricum (7.68%), Escherichia coli (7.69%), Aspergillus fumigatus (11.11%), Aspergillus flavus (24.44%), Aspergillus clavatus (8.89%), Aspergillus fishcheri (6.69%), Aspergillus terreus (8.89%), Mucor mucedo (17.78%), Penicillium digitatum (13.33%) and Aspergillus parasiticus (8.89%). The results emphasized the microbial contamination of the fishes. The results obtained could serve as an awareness to consumers that microbial infection is possible from frozen fishes and as data for future reference in epidemiology or outbreak of disease from eating frozen fish.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Using Different Detergents in Cleaning Cows' Udders on The Microbial Content of Produced Milk

International Journal of Biology ◽

10.5539/ijb.v10n3p47 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Nizar Issa Alrabadi ◽

Kamel I. Sultan

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Traditional Food ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Microbial Counts ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Microbial Analysis ◽

Northern City

This study investigated the effect of different detergents used to clean cows' udders on the microbial content of the produced milk using twenty cows in Ajloun, a northern city in Jordan. The milking process was repeated from same cows on three successive days. On day 1, we milked the cows after cleaning their udders using water only. This was repeated on the two successive days. Thereafter, the cows were milked after cleaning their udders by a different detergent each day. The process was also repeated for three successive days for each detergent. Microbial Analysis was carried out on the collected milk samples. The results indicated that cleaning cows' udders before milking has improved the hygiene conditions and reduced the total bacterial count, total coliform, staphylococci and enterococci spp counts and the values of yeast and molds. Different detergents had different effects on the microbial counts. Finally, the effectiveness of the detergent differed according to its brand. Our findings are important to public health because milk has been a traditional food and ironically a very potent carrier of gastrointestinal infections, if contaminated.

Download Full-text

Public health and research perspectives on the microbial contamination of foods.

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/1990.683884x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 884 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G J Jackson

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Research Perspectives

Download Full-text

Public Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water in Australia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16203982 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (20) ◽

pp. 3982

Author(s):

Paul J Molino ◽

Richard Bentham ◽

Michael J Higgins ◽

Jason Hinds ◽

Harriet Whiley

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risks ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Future Research ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Public Health Risks ◽

Piping Systems ◽

The Impact

Recently in Australia concerns have been raised regarding the contamination of municipal drinking water supplies with lead. This is of particular concern to children due to the impact of lead exposure on cognitive development and as such these findings have received much media attention. The response from legislators has been swift, and The Victorian School Building Authority has announced that all new schools and school upgrade works will only use lead-free tapware and piping systems. However, while the immediate replacement of lead-containing brass fittings may seem a logical and obvious response, it does not consider the potential implications on microbial contamination. This is particularly concerning given the increasing public health threat posed by opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs). This commentary explores this public health risk of lead exposure from plumbing materials compared to the potential public health risks from OPPPs. Non-tuberculous mycobacterium was chosen as the example OPPP, and the influence on plumbing material and its public health burden in Australia is explored. This commentary highlights the need for future research into the influence of plumbing material on OPPPs prior to any changes in legislation regarding plumbing material.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Minimally Invasive Colostomy on the Microbial Infection of the Abdominal Cavity and the Development of Intoxication Syndrome in Patients with Rectal Cancer Complicated by Acute Obstruction

Journal of New Medical Technologies ◽

10.12737/7265 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

Тотиков ◽

Z. Totikov ◽

Тотиков ◽

V. Totikov

Keyword(s):

Rectal Cancer ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Acute Phase Proteins ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Minimal Access ◽

Acute Obstruction ◽

Microbial Infection ◽

Proximal Colostomy ◽

The Impact

The article studies the influence of proximal colostomy formed through minimal access for microbial contamination of the abdominal cavity during the radical phase of treatment and the dynamics of the inflammatory changes and intoxication syndrome in patients with rectal cancer complicated by acute obstruction. The research on microbial contamination of the abdominal cavity was made in 32 patients, including 15 patients in whom obstruction was resolved conservatively and 17 patients in whom was made a proximal colostomy through mini-invasive access to eliminate acute obstruction. In 30 patients were investigated acute phase proteins and determined the level of toxemia available by calculation leukocyte index of intoxication. Blood sampling was carried out in patients with acute intestinal obstruction directly before applying the proximal colostomy, and before the second - a radical step treatment in 7-10 days. Found that the imposition of the proximal colostomy through minimal access does not lead to an increase in microbial contamination of the abdomen; helps reduce the level of acute phase proteins, the level of general toxemia and reduces the risk of postoperative inflammatory complications before performing radical phase of treatment.

Download Full-text

Isolation of Surveillance Pathogenic Fungal Microbial Contaminant on Mobile Phone

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.685 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (20) ◽

pp. 3493-3496

Author(s):

Amanah Amanah ◽

Dadan Ramadhan Apriyanto ◽

Hikmah Fitriani

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Mobile Phone ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Mobile Phones ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Microbial Infection ◽

Candida Sp ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Natural Flora

AIM: Mobile phone has been used daily by almost everyone. This Research surveyed microbial contamination of mobile phones in the faculty of Medicine Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati and identify the most influential fungal microbial species. METHODS: A group of 15 samples was analysed to identify fungal isolates. The mobile phones were swabbed firmly passing its touch screen using sterile swabs then inoculated into media for fungi. Frequency distribution of isolates was calculated. RESULTS: There were fungal isolates as follows: Aspergillus Orchareus, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Candida sp., Aspergillus Fumigatus, and Mucor sp. at the rate of 19, 6, 1, 3, 2, 10, 2, 52, 2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The research indicates that all mobile phones were considerably having microbial infection, mostly from humans’ natural flora and also from the air and soil. This determines that it is necessary to sterilize hands prior to a contact with mobile phones since it could lead into disease transmission.

Download Full-text