Relations between Brazil and Spain under the Bolsonaro’s government

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-64
Author(s):  
A. L. Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
South American ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
American Partner

In this  article the   author examines in detail the   bilateral relations between Spain and Brazil during  the  presidency of  Jair Bolsonaro. In addition, the subject of this article is the opposition of EU governments to the   environmental  policies of  the   South  American country and the  disastrous policies of the  Brazilian authorities in the  fight  against the    COVID-19   pandemic.   President   Bolsonaro’s   negligence   of climate change  and Amazon deforestation has prompted European governments to openly oppose the  ratification of the  Mercosur – EU Free Trade Agreement, which  was signed in 2019 after 20 years of negotiations. In May  2016, the   parties agreed on  reciprocal terms, resulting in signing  of the  agreement. It also  included the  exchange of goods and services, essential investments and public procurements. All this was done in the  context of a global policy of protectionism amid a weakening role of the  WTO as a supporter of the  trade liberalization process.  Despite its  success,  countries such  as France,  Austria  and the  Netherlands stand against the  Mercosur – EU trade deal, which can halt  its  ratification. The  Spanish government, on  the   contrary, is lobbying for  ratification of  the   agreement. Madrid,  interested in benefiting from the  Bolsonaro government’s liberal economic policies, maintains strong ties  with  its  South  American partner.  The  author analyzes  the   transformation  of  Spain  from   a relatively  irrelevant partner of  Brazil in the   20th century to one of  the   main  investors directing significant resources to the Brazilian economy. We also assess the  results and challenges of the  Brazil – Spain strategic partnership in a broader context of the  Brazil – EU relations.

scholarly journals Sino-Swiss Strategic Partnership: A Model for China-Europe Relations

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-282
Author(s):  
Shichen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Sensitive Issues

After signing a bilateral free trade agreement with China and joining in the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Switzerland has become one of China’s best partners in Europe. The bilateral relationship has been upgraded from “strategic partnership” to “innovative strategic partnership,” and is regarded by the Chinese as “a model relationship for China-European countries.” Two fundamental reasons explain why Switzerland has achieved such harmonious relations with the world’s second largest economy: first, there is no historical conflict between the two countries; second, Switzerland is more pragmatic than other European countries in strengthening bilateral cooperation with China. So far, the two countries have institutionalized dialogues and other exchanges involving both elites and the public; sensitive issues have been properly handled without obstructing the development of their bilateral relations. As ever closer ties are being built between China and Europe as a whole, the Beijing-Bern relationship can serve as a model for other European countries.

scholarly journals The Firm Friendship: Turkish–Ukrainian Cooperation

2019 ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
Yağmur Ahmet Güldere
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation

The article examines the cooperation of Turkey and Ukraine and its future prospects. It is mentioned that Turkey defined Ukraine as a top-priority partner in 2003, and in 2011, this concept was transformed into a strategic partnership. It is noted that trade turnover between the two countries currently stands at $4,1 billion. However, a larger volume is eminently achievable, which has prompted the leaders to announce $10 billion as the new benchmark of bilateral trade. Turkish entrepreneurs firmly believe in the future of Ukraine and put huge investments into it. Telecommunications, renewable energy, construction, and agriculture are a few main sectors supported by the Turkish business community, which contributes to strengthening the Ukrainian economy. The visa free regime between the two countries has led to the upswing of tourism, where the number of visitors has increased to 1,75 million people. With this fact in mind, the two states are taking an ever-growing interest in each other and boost cooperation in the realm of culture. In October 2017, the Yunus Emre Cultural Centre was inaugurated in Kyiv with the aim of providing Turkish classes and cooperating with Ukrainian stakeholders interested in the organisation of cultural events. It is underlined that Turkey has repeatedly confirmed its respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, namely in respect of Crimea and Donbas. Turkey is also closely cooperating with Ukraine on the international arena, in particular on matters relating to Crimean Tatars. The article concludes that Turkey and Ukraine have tremendous potential for cooperation and all the necessary tools to bring their bilateral relations to a new level. There are substantial grounds for the trade turnover to reach and even exceed $10 billion, especially if the free trade agreement is concluded. Apart from trade, general bilateral cooperation will encompass more realms, running the gamut from security to culture. The reason for this ambitious statement is not only efforts of the two states in this direction but also a sincere interest of the two nations in cooperation. Key words: Turkey, cooperation, trade, culture, tourism, security.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ON POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-650
Author(s):  
Rabiul Islam ◽  
Salwani Arbak ◽  
Mohd Hasanur Raihan Joarder
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Intervention ◽  
The Government ◽  
Global Exchange ◽  
Basic Position

Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to discuss the role of government on politics and trade. Political economy brings the production and exchange of goods and services that are parallel with the country’s law. The government plays a massive role because if it is not effective then the trade profitability will be decreased. Thus, political intervention is needed to protect the development of economy, sovereignty, and citizens of the state. Methodology: The data for this study were obtained from existing literatures on the role of government on politics and international trade. The methodology relied heavily on existing literatures on the subject being dealt with. Result: Political economy on international trade enables the cheap production and import of goods and services in the country. This is because international trade does not limit to commodities as they are produced by only some countries. Finally, political economy can be surveyed by comprehensively gathering political aspects, such as national policies and their administration, and this will take a basic position on the existing and ideal financial models, organizations, and related policies which are being formulated by micro- and macro-economic agendas. Implication: The interest for the political economy of trade arrangement is the complementary impact of global exchange on local and worldwide legislative issues.

India and EU will deepen strategic partnership

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Eu

Subject India-EU relationship. Significance During a visit to India visit last month, German Chancellor Angela Merkel urged renewed attempts to negotiate an India-EU free trade agreement (FTA). In recent years, Delhi and the EU have sought to strengthen bilateral relations, building on long-standing trade ties. The EU in November 2018 published a new strategy to increase strategic cooperation with India. Impacts India will step up dialogue with Germany, its main link to the EU post-Brexit. Delhi and Brussels will increase cooperation with Tokyo to develop infrastructure in South Asia and the Indian Ocean Region. EU-China relations will be strained, but bilateral trade will grow.

The Role of Living Labs in the Process of Creating Innovation

2017 ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Sabat ◽  
Anna Katarzyna Florek-Paszkowska
Keyword(s):  
Research Process ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Living Labs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Innovation Generation

The paper is based on the research carried out into Living Labs in Canada. The aim of the paper is presenting the essence of Living Labs as a concept facilitating innovation generation in businesses thanks to the cooperation of various actors, e.g. producers with users, inspiring the process of the development of new goods and services. The research questions raised pertain to the clarification how Living Labs create innovation in businesses. The Living Labs functioning in the Ontario region were the subject matter of the research. The described case study is theorygenic in character because of the early development stage of the knowledge. During the research process the multi-directional nature and the impact dynamics of the idea of Living Labs among peer partners of innovative processes have been noted, emphasizing the prosumer idea as well as the possibility of businesses cooperating in Living Labs.

scholarly journals The rise and fall of a strategic partnership: Brazilian-Russian relations within the BRICS framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-325
Author(s):  
Victor Jeifets ◽  
◽  
Bruno Mariotto Jubran ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
South American ◽  
Global Orientation ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Global World ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Near Future ◽  
American Nation

This article analyzes the recent evolution of Brazilian-Russian relations, with an emphasis on their interaction within the BRICS group. The authors claim that beyond the changes and un- certainties in global world order throughout the second decade of the 21st century, the evolution of Brazilian foreign policy, following the internal political conjectures in Brasilia, impacted not only the bilateral relations with Moscow, but also affected qualitatively its participation in the informal grouping. Political turmoil started in the South American nation in 2013 and the eventual impeachment of Dilma Rousseff in 2016 clearly marked a fundamental change in Brazil’s global orientation. Brazil abandoned its autonomist and soft revisionist stance on global affairs that characterized the Lula da Silva (2003–2010) and Rousseff (2011–2016) presidencies, and embraced a pro-US perspective, which became even more pronounced after the rise of Jair Bolsonaro in 2019. The article also addresses some prospects on possible paths of cooperation between Brasilia and Moscow in the near future and implications for neighboring countries, especially Argentina and Venezuela (the Venezuelan crisis as a factor of BRICS development is also considered).

scholarly journals Analiza perspektyw rozwoju bitcoina w kontekście możliwości pełnienia funkcji pieniądza

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kopyściański ◽  
Marzena Franków
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Communities ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Current State ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Subject

Innovative technologies and the emergence of virtual communities create new types of transactions and the accounting methods that go beyond the current state of knowledge in economics and existing legal solutions. These virtual communities create and distribute their own medium of payment for the exchange of goods and services, thereby providing a means of payment in which emissions or circulation central monetary authorities are not involved. The reasons behind  the emergence of cryptocurrencies are not only the shortcomings of the traditional currency system which was unable to face numerous crises, but also the development of the Internet for which cryptocurrencies can prove to be a better suited form of money. Unfortunately, they stir much legal controversy with the effect that their users are exposed to significant legal and economic risk.Therefore, the subject of research presented in the article is to analyze the economic substance of Bitcoin. The main objective in this area is to assess the role of Bitcoin in terms of capacity to serve as money.

scholarly journals Argentina-GCC relations. The role of state and non-state actors (2003-2015)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-517
Author(s):  
Gladys Lechini ◽  
Noemí S. Rabbia
Keyword(s):  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
South American ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
State Actors ◽  
The Relationship

The long-established relationships between Argentina and the Arab world are the result of the significant presence of Arab communities and actors in Latin America, due to several migratory waves along history. However, bilateral relations with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have only deepened much more recently. Initiatives to widen relations such as the Summits of the South American-Arab Countries (ASPA, from its acronym in Spanish) and MERCOSUR-GCC have worked not only as a framework but also as a platform to diversify those relations in terms of the actors and initiatives involved. Since its beginning, the relationship between Argentina and the GCC states has had continuity in terms of trade exchanges and public diplomacy, even during periods defined by the absence of public policies towards the GCC countries. In this context, initiatives of a different nature conducted by socio-cultural or religious non-state actors have filled the gap, in a process of multiple exchanges, have  added value to the relation and have gone further than the economic realm and formalities of public diplomacy, especially in the period 2003-2015. Key words: Gulf Cooperation Council, Argentina, bilateral relations, non-state actors.

scholarly journals Russia-Belarus integration interaction in the context of the development of the Eurasian Economic Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (31) ◽  
pp. 195-222
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Kozmenko ◽  
Saken Zh. Toktamysov ◽  
Erlan D. Shamishev
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Specific Material ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

The article is devoted to the analysis of Russia-Belarus integration interaction. The authors consider the main areas of cooperation between these two countries and analyze the prospects for the development of bilateral relations. The importance of military and military-technical cooperation between Russia and Belarus is noted in the context of ensuring national security and joint counteraction against current challenges and threats. There is the important role of the Union State as a universal model of integration in the post-Soviet states. The authors adhere to a comprehensive methodology in the study of integration issues, which allowed us to significantly expand and deepen the analysis of the most significant and basic aspects of integration development in the context of the construction of the Union State, and the multidimensionality of the object of study determined the multiplicity of approaches to its study. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, using the principle of historicism to analyze the above issues. The object of the study is the integration processes in the post-Soviet space, and the subject of the study is the system of political relations between Russia and Belarus in the context of the construction of a single Union State. The organizational and functional complexity of the object and subject of the study predetermined the pluralism of the methodological approaches used. The conceptual apparatus of the study is predetermined by the chosen methodological guidelines and is closely linked to the specific material being analyzed.

scholarly journals ANARCHY AS AN INSTITUTIONAL DENIAL OF THE STATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-502
Author(s):  
V.V. Matveev
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Institution ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
High Level

The article is devoted to the study of anarchist interpretations of the economy. This study is relevant for the reason that the modern state has proved to be very ineffective in solving the problems associated with the emergence and spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The contradiction between the state as a political institution and the population of many countries has reached a new, extremely high, level of confrontation. The methodological base of the study is basic economic theories, including public sector and institutional economics. As a result, the author substantiated the conclusion that in the conditions of a severe crisis, when the state is unable to quickly solve new problems, negative judgments about the role of the modern state as a political institution that should solve socio-economic problems are formed quite quickly. Under these conditions, anarchist interpretations of the development of society are beginning to gain popularity, which, in principle, deny the need for the state. Anarchists, as a basic postulate, promote the position that people themselves, without any involvement of the state, are able to solve both personal and collective, and social problems. However, the course of events in the United States refutes this statement. In a situation where there is no state as an actor in social processes, real power passes to criminal groups which easily go to the most severe violence against citizens. The results of the study can be used to formulate state and regional economic policies, as well as in the course of teaching the subject “Institutional Economics”.

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