scholarly journals ‘OPERETTAS’ FROM THE OTTOMAN PERIOD TO THE PRESENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-333
Author(s):  
Ömer TÜRKMENOĞLU ◽  
Gülay LAÇİN
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Musical Theater ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
The Public ◽  
Comic Opera ◽  
The People ◽  
Simple Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

We need to give information about the definition and historical process of “operetta” before starting this study titled “Operettas from the Ottoman period to the present”. Operetta was a term used for short and unpretentious operas in the eighteenth century. At the end of the nineteenth century, "operetta" was called "small opera" and "musical theater" as a stage work, born out of the comic opera genre, developed in Paris and Vienna, one of the cultural and artistic centers of Europe. The operettas, which explained fun and emotional subjects in a simple language and appealed to a wide audience, also had the satiric feature of the lower class. In the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Period, when the influence of westernization began to be seen, interest in western style music increased along with the developments in Turkish music. Western style music was initially adopted by the people around the palace and later by the public and began to be performed. During this period, operettas were staged by Italian groups, and operettas were written by Turkish composers using Turkish and Western music together in the last quarter of the 19th century. In operettas written, the musical and instrumental features of Turkish music were used together with the harmony of Western music, and works were tried to be written using two different structures together. In this study, the development of operetta from the Ottoman period to the present day, which emerged in line with the Westernization movement, was discussed. The operettas that were written in this period but were not supported by the conditions of that period, could not be completed and therefore were not performed and forgotten, and operettas that have survived to the present day and have the characteristics of Turkish Music have been identified according to the sources. "Arif's Hilesi", known as the first Turkish operetta written in the Ottoman period and composed by Dikran Çuhaciyan, and the "İstanbulname" operetta composed by Turgay Erdener, one of the last generation composers, were also examined. Keywords: Ottoman, Republic, Period, Turkish, Operetta

The Languages of Petitioning in Early Colonial India

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western India ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Levels

With relatively few exceptions, personal petitions from individuals have received much less attention from historians than those from groups in the public political sphere. In one sense, personal petitions adopted many of the same rhetorical strategies as those delivered by a group. However, they also offer unique insights into the quotidian relationship between the people and their rulers. This article examines surviving personal petitions to various administrators at different levels of government in western India during the decades surrounding the East India Company’s conquests. The analysis of these petitions helps to refine our understanding of the place of the new judicial system in the social world of early-nineteenth-century India, especially by illuminating the discourse of justice that petitioners brought to the presentation of their cases to their new governors. The conclusion of this article seeks to place the rhetoric of personal petitioning within the larger context of mass political petitioning in India during the early nineteenth century.

Inventing Laziness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melis Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
Exclusionary Practices ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ottoman History ◽  
The People ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Shifting Boundaries ◽  
Modern Era

Neither laziness nor its condemnation are new inventions, however, perceiving laziness as a social condition that afflicts a 'nation' is. In the early modern era, Ottoman political treatises did not regard the people as the source of the state's problems. Yet in the nineteenth century, as the imperial ideology of Ottomanism and modern discourses of citizenship spread, so did the understanding of laziness as a social disease that the 'Ottoman nation' needed to eradicate. Asking what we can learn about Ottoman history over the long nineteenth-century by looking closely into the contested and shifting boundaries of the laziness - productivity binary, Melis Hafez explores how 'laziness' can be used to understand emerging civic culture and its exclusionary practices in the Ottoman Empire. A polyphonic involvement of moralists, intellectuals, polemicists, novelists, bureaucrats, and, to an extent, the public reveals the complexities and ambiguities of this multifaceted cultural transformation. Using a wide variety of sources, this book explores the sustained anxiety about productivity that generated numerous reforms as well as new understandings of morality, subjectivity, citizenship, and nationhood among the Ottomans.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-206
Author(s):  
Lucy Atkinson ◽  
Andrew Blick ◽  
Matt Qvortrup
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Popular Government ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
Device Use ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Working Device

The referendum came onto the agenda in the UK in the final quarter of the nineteenth century, and it has never entirely disappeared from it, either as a proposition or a working device. Use of the referendum in the UK was conceived of and presented both as a natural extension of the principle of democracy that was then taking hold, and as a means of offsetting perceived defects with the representative variant of popular government that had developed. In particular, it was seen as a safeguard against the manipulative impact of parties that might lead the parliamentary system to serve the ends of factions within the elite above the people. It might enable the public to vote for a particular party with which they were broadly sympathetic without needing to endorse their entire programme; and would mean that a government could not implement measures of major significance to which a majority objected. It was largely envisaged as likely to have a conservative impact, creating a new and final means by which change might be blocked. Yet its appeal spread across the political spectrum; as did opposition to it....

Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: the social context of illegitimacy in rural Kent

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Reay
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Local Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

More bad history has been written about sex than any other subject. Our ignorance about the sexual attitudes and behaviour of people in the past is compounded by a desire to rush to rash generalisation. This is unfortunate, for (consciously or not) our perceptions of the present are shaped by our assumptions about the past. Britain's current preoccupation with ‘Victorian values’ is but a politically visible example of a more general phenomenon. And, more specifically, we do not know a great deal about lower-class sexuality in nineteenth-century England. There are studies of bourgeois desires and sensibilities, but little on the mores of the vast bulk of the population.As Jean Robin has demonstrated recently, one of the most fruitful approaches to the subject is the detailed local study – the micro-study. It may not appeal to those with a penchant for the broad sweep, but such an approach can provide a useful entry into the sexual habits of the people of the past. This article is intended as a follow-up to Robin's work. It deals with a part of rural Kent and, like Robin's work, it covers an aspect of nineteenth-century sexuality – in this case, the social context of illegitimacy. More particularly, this study (and here I differ from Robin) will question the usefulness of the concept of a ‘bastardy-prone sub-society’ (more of which later), a term still favoured by many historical sociologists. The experience of rural Kent suggests that bearing children outside marriage should be seen not as a form of deviancy but rather as part of normal sexual culture.

scholarly journals Higher Civil Servants in the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs: Some Demographic and Career Characteristics, 1905-1916

Slavic Review ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Karl Rowney
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Good Order ◽  
Vast Range

One of those organs of tsarist government that apparently broadened its responsibilities and competencies during the nineteenth century was the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). At the turn of the century the Ministry's authority extended over political and civil police, local agrarian affairs, licensing of physicians and veterinarians, gathering of statistical data for the empire (including censuses), postal and telegraphic services, press licensing and censorship, civil engineering, as well as other, equally diverse, areas. The publicly announced rationale for this vast range of competencies was that these functions all were directly related to the public welfare. As a government document written for Western consumption in the 1890s put it, the Ministry was “allotted the very extensive task of caring for the universal welfare of the people, the peace, quiet, and good order of the whole Empire.”

scholarly journals Impf-Alltag im 19. Jahrhundert

Gesnerus ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-82
Author(s):  
Mathias Steinmann
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
General Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Health Movement ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The People ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Public Health Movement

This study describes the vaccination practices in a rural area in Switzerland in the 19th century. Using reports of the vaccinating physicians and records of the local authorities a differentiated picture of the interests and behaviors of the involved social groups was obtained. Efforts at compulsory vaccination were counteracted by a variety of factors like shortage of vaccine, opposition by the people on the grounds of interference with private lives and mistrust in modern medicine and academically trained physicians, and even reservation by the vaccinating physicians themselves. Nevertheless, the practice of vaccination became a significant factor in the general process of me- dicalization, thus improving the position of the medical profession and fur-thering the public health movement by strengthening the bonds between me-dical knowledge and state power.

scholarly journals Jember Fashion Carnaval as a Reaction of Visual Culture to The Principle of Binary Opposition (A Case Study)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Denissa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Creative Industry ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
The Common ◽  
Consistent Performance

It has been commonly understood that fashion shows are always associated to glamor, luxurious, starred hotels, city centers, elite society, lights, and glittering costumes. It is often not realized that fashion shows have created strong boundaries between the center and the periphery, the elite and the public, the upper and the lower class, glamorous and old-fashioned. Since 2003, Jember Fashion Carnaval has been a peripheral phenomenon against the common convention on fashion. Streets as catwalks have totally changed territorial borders, social hierarchy, and created a favorable fashion carnaval arena. This yearly consistent performance and the reaction to binary opposition in fashion turns out to be able to create positive impacts in various fields of the creative industry, created a social and cultural carnival arena, education, and improve the economy of the people and tourism. The fashion carnaval phenomenon which has grown in the community was a result of dealing with foreign influences to create a new visual culture in Jember.

scholarly journals A flame of sacred love: Mission involvement of women in the 19th century

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Kommers
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Women Missionaries ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Physical Care

In the 19th century, women missionaries found acceptance in the public domain and opportunities for achievement that they were denied at home. Whilst they spearheaded movements for Christianising and modernising Asian (the focus of this article) and African societies through the evangelisation, education and physical care of women, many questions were raised about their motives and the way they executed their work. We need to rediscover the sacrificial dedication women had that made the 19th century the greatest century of Christian expansion. These were remarkable women who left everything behind − many of them leaving a permanent impression upon the people in whose cities they eventually resided − and who stand as examples to the present generation. Having lost most of the things the world prizes, they gained one thing they esteemed so highly. For them, the relative value of things temporal might go, provided that they could forever settle the eternal values. They lived out the words of Paul: ‘I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus’ (Phlp 3:14).Vroue-sendelinge het in die negentiende eeu geleenthede vir prestasie en aanvaarding in die publieke domein gevind wat hulle andersins misgun is. Hoewel hulle die voortou geneem het met bewegings vir die kerstening en modernisering van gemeenskappe in Asië en Afrika deur middel van die evangelisasie, opvoeding en fisiese versorging van vrouens, is hulle motiewe en die manier waarop hulle te werk gegaan het, bevraagteken. Dit is dus nodig om die opoffering en toewyding van hierdie vroue, wat die negentiende e eeu uitgesonder het as die belangrikste eeu vir Christelike uitbreiding, te herontdek. Hierdie merkwaardige vroue het alles opgeoffer en vele van hulle het ’n onuitwisbare indruk gemaak het op die mense in wie se stede hulle uiteindelik tuisgegaan het. Hulle staan uit as voorbeelde vir die huidige generasie. Al het hulle soveel dinge verloor wat deur die wêreld as belangrik geag is, het hulle veel gekry uit dit wat hulle persoonlik hoog geag het. Vir hulle het die relatiewe waarde van tydelike dinge min beteken, solank hulle die ewige waardes kon vestig. Hulle het voorwaar Paulus se woorde uitgeleef: ‘Ek span my in om by die wenstreep te kom, sodat ek die hemelse prys kan behaal waartoe God my geroep het in Christus Jesus’ (Fil 3:14).

The Evolution of Opera Performance from Scenographic Miracles to the Opera Productions of the Nineteenth Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Diana Todea-Sahlean
Keyword(s):  
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ◽  
Claudio Monteverdi ◽  
The Public ◽  
Comic Opera ◽  
Opera Seria ◽  
Liturgical Drama ◽  
Opera Buffa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Opera Productions

"The presentation of the book The Evolution of Opera Performance, from Scenographic Miracles to the Opera Productions of the 19th Century, offers a synthesis of our work as a musical theatre director. Our aim is to stimulate the public’s interest in the opera genre and opera staging, by revealing aspects in the history of opera performance(s), as they have been shaped, century after century, by following the gradual effort and the tireless passion of its creators. Our aims are also to illustrate the original charm and the infinite resources of this genre, which continues to delight the public at large and the knowledgeable even today. Keywords: opera performance, opera staging, liturgical drama, vernacular drama, secular drama, dramatic madrigal, intermedi, the Florentine Camerata, Claudio Monteverdi, comédies-ballets, tragédie en musique, semi-opera, opera seria, the comic opera, opera buffa, ópera comique, ballad opera, Singspiel, tonadilla, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart "

scholarly journals What Happened to the Public Spaces of the Arab World? From Colonisation to Revolution: The Case of Lebanon

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
Tarek Fouani
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Public spaces were first introduced into the Arab world through colonial authorities in a vision to “modernise” what was seen as “oriental cities”, since the 19th century until today. However, this process was brought under severe political, social, cultural, and economic circumstances. In the due date, the imported western models of public spaces were superimposed on the existing fabric, dismissing any of those components, which left public spaces to their tragic fate in the Arab cities. In that context, they were also snatched from their democratic and civic nature under the dictator regimes. The paper will be divided into five sections, starting with a look at the historical evolution of public spaces under colonisation, then it will take Beirut, Lebanon as a case study; a city that was torn by war and patched by western ideologies following the m­odernist movement. This will take a critical approach by looking at several players in the process of implementation of public spaces in Beirut. One of these being Solidere and its reconstruction plans of the city centre of Beirut after the civil war (1975-1990), which was heavily influenced by the western models of public spaces. In the third section, a comparative study between Piazza del Duomo in Italy and Martyrs’ Square in Lebanon will set a wider understanding of the product of this evolution. Eventually, the paper will analyse the impact of the Lebanese revolution (2019) on reclaiming the public spaces for the people, similar to other revolutions in the Arab world that date back to 2011, through examples like “The Egg”, Samir Kassir Garden and Martyr’s Square. By the hands of the revolutions, the people were able to domesticate what did not reflect their identity, culture or needs, and transform them into inclusive spaces for everyone from all races, classes and backgrounds as an opportunity to set a collective vision for the future. By that, a look and a recommendation for the future of the public spaces in the Arab world, especially Beirut, will take place through a concluding section.

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