TURKISH TEXTILES DESCRIBED IN PAINTINGS BY MILITARY PAINTER HALIL PASHA

During the Ottoman Empire, which was established in Anatolia after the Seljuks, many developments were made in the name of art for 600 years. Especially thanks to the Ottoman Empire's value to the artist and art, very good works have been produced in many fields. In addition to branches such as calligraphy, illumination, miniature and marbling, fabrics, carpets and rugs, which attract the attention of the whole world in the field of textile, were also woven. The art of weaving experienced its brightest period in terms of weaving technique, color and pattern in the Ottoman Empire. It is understood that weaving, which continued to be produced traditionally in Ottoman cities, continued its existence as an important cultural element and sector. The clothes of the Ottoman sultans kept after their death and the qualities of the fabrics used in the palace convey very important information at the point of understanding the importance of weaving. The diversity and richness of the weavings and textiles produced in many documents belonging to the period can be clearly seen. In this context, this rich weaving and textile diversity has taken an important place in Turkish culture. Especially this rich variety of weaving and textiles has been painted by many painters in almost every period and has gained an important place in terms of conveying information about their periods. In this study, some of Halil Pasha's paintings in which he displayed an objective and objective approach with a realistic style, some of which are in an orientalist style, are discussed as subject. In the study, will focus on Halil Pasha's life, his understanding of art and the textiles and clothing he depicted in some of his paintings. The textiles and clothes in the paintings were discussed in terms of characteristics such as color, pattern, and texture. Key Words: Textile, weaving arts, clothing, painting, carpet.

THE FIRST OPERA OF THE TURKISH WORLD "LEYLI AND MAJNUN’’

The Turkish world's opera history gave its first example in 1908 with the opera "Leyli and Majnun" by Azerbaijani composer Üzeyir Hacıbeyli. According to many sources, "Leyli and Majnun" is described as the first opera of the Turkish world and the Islamic world, and the east. The most important feature of this opera is the masterful synthesis of classical western music and folk music. The opera, which was composed for the first time in this way, influenced the east with its staging and ensured that the art of opera was adopted by the public. The great composer Uzeyir Hajibeyli was born in the city of Shusha in Azerbaijan, which was developed in the field of literature and music and called the "natural conservatory." He developed his existing talent here and built it on solid foundations. He was interested in music and literature, wrote many books, articles, and was a writer for newspapers. The subject of the opera Leyli and Majnun is taken from Fuzuli's "Leyli and Majnun" poetry of the same name. At the age of 13, the composer decided to write this opera, influenced by the theater show "At the tomb of Majnun Leyli'' which he watched in Shusha, his home city. He started working on opera in 1907 when he was only 22 years old. By bringing a different perspective to opera, he used the tonal structure of western music with 'mugham,' also known as Azerbaijani folk music. This type of opera is also called "Mugam Opera.'' The opera, which was composed and performed despite the conditions of the period, preserved its originality by combining two cultures and was performed many times in other countries. Operas from the Turkish world are rarely staged in our country, and there is a need for such an article because the opera "Leyli and Majnun" has not been staged much in Turkey and there are very few theses, articles, and books about it. In this study; Different titles have been created such as the history of Azerbaijan opera, the life of Uzeyir Hajibeyli, the composer's process of creating the opera, and the content of the opera Leyli and Majnun. Keywords: Leyli and Majnun, Uzeyir Hajibeyli, Turkish World, Opera

TEACHER VIEWS ON THE EFFECTS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION PRACTICED IN THE PANDEMIC PERIOD ON STUDENTS

Distance education, which is thought to become more widespread in the near future, has become important with the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance education has been used as an important method for the continuity of education and training in this process where it is not possible to continue face-to-face education. Due to the sudden transition to distance education, it has been a matter of curiosity how this process has been realized and what effects it has had (Karahan at al.,2020, p.1). This study was conducted to determine the effects of the distance education process put into practice during the pandemic process on students based on teachers' opinions. The sample consisted of 70 teachers who were working in different branches and different regions in Turkey in the academic year of 2020-2021. In the study, a questionnaire developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. As a result of the research, it was found that distance education had both positive and negative effects on students, students were affected negatively in terms of social and emotional development aspects, and screen addiction problems may be encountered because they cannot socialize. Again, it was concluded that distance education negatively affects disadvantaged students and may reduce their academic success, and parent involvement in the process has both positive and negative effects. Keywords: Pandemic, COVID-19, Distance Education, Student, Teacher

A STUDY ABOUT THE "ARSHIN MAL ALAN" OPERETTA

Azerbaijan became acquainted with opera at the beginning of the twentieth century thanks to the tours organized by Russian and European operas to Baku. The intense admiration of the Azerbaijani people led Azerbaijani composers to produce works in opera style. In that period, Üzeyir Hacıbeyli combined his knowledge of authorship, historiography, scientists, education, journalism and musicians in the art of opera, based on the impact of the strong and aesthetic touch of art on people, and laid the foundations of opera in the East by composing the mugam opera "Leyli and Mecnun". In the revolution and democracy struggle that started in Azerbaijan, the artists and intellectuals of the period started an enlightenment movement through their works. On this occasion, Hacıbeyli turned from the opera style to the operetta style. Operetta is a musical / dialogue stage piece that takes its subject from social problems and aims to make the audience laugh while making them think. Hacıbeyli compiled the topics of his operettas from the reactionary perspectives that prevent his people from adopting modern life, offered solutions through his works and gave new and modern perspectives to his audience. The "Arşın Mal Alan" has gained a worldwide reputation thanks to the musical structure that it has created by carefully synthesizing the elements of the Azerbaijani national music style, folk mahnis, dances and mugam traditions with the European operetta style. This work, which is about the tradition of arranged marriage rebelled by the new generation, has been translated into more than sixty languages worldwide thanks to its musical and sociological success and has been adapted to the big screen. Considering that it is a very popular work in our country and in other countries where it has been staged and is of such importance for the Turkish world opera literature, the work does not take place in our opera scenes enough and it is noteworthy that the number of publications such as articles, theses and books about it in Turkey. With this study, it is thought to contribute to the literature. In this article, the history of Azerbaijan operetta, the life of Üzeyir Hacıbeyli and the operetta "Arşın Mal Alan" are examined. Keywords: Azerbaijan Opera, Üzeyir Hacıbeyli, Operetta, Opera, Arşın Mal Alan

THE LINE AND ICONOGRAPHY IN THE TRADITIONAL ANATOLIAN WEAVINGS

The traditional examples that continue and develop the process in Anatolian weaving are numerous for those who know how to make use of it. In 2013, during the archaeological excavations at Çatalhöyük, it was discovered in the BC. 7000 parts of linen weaving dated to were found. Due to its biological structure, humans have benefited from weaving to protect themselves from adverse weather conditions and to spend their lives more comfortably. Weavings created for natural needs are coloured to influence other people in the society and decorated with various methods. Ornamental elements start with a dot, continue with a line, and finish with colour. Weavings vary according to the cultural values conditions of the society and geographical position. Anatolian people used the line and the motifs they made by making use of the line in the decoration of their weavings. Line is a means of expression that has been used from the earliest periods of human history to the present day. One of the most important values in the cultural, artistic and sociological life of a person is the line. They have visualized pictures of weaving, which is considered a sacred profession, on many surfaces. Line has always been used as a basic element in traditional Anatolian weavings. Weavers transferred the different uses of the line to their weavings. With the arrival of the Yörüks and Turkmens from the Oghuz tribes to Anatolia, Anatolia was enriched with nomadic society weavings. There are linear elements on the basis of ornamentation of nomadic Turkish weavings. Yörük and Turkmen weavers who settled in Anatolia continued the weaving process in Anatolia until recently. In weaving patterns, they generally used line and line-based motifs. In this study; information will be given about line, iconography of line and textural surfaces created by line in Anatolian traditional weavings. Keywords: Anatolian, Weaving, Line, Iconography, Traditional.

AN EVALUATION ON SOME FONOLOGICAL LAYERS IN SULTAN VELED'S TURKISH POEMS

One of the first key roles in the process of Old Anatolian Turkish (Sometimes, Old Turkey Turkish or Old Ottoman Turkish term is also used instead of this term.) being the written language in Anatolian geography, which is thought to be the source of most of the modern Oghuz written languages, belongs to Sultan Veled, the eldest son of Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî and Gevher Hatun. It is known that Sufis, who is thought to have lived between 1226-1312, wrote Turkish poems in addition to Persian and Greek. It is estimated that the total of these Turkish poems consist of over three hundred couplets. Sultan Veled, who owns the first works written in Anatolia with Yunus Emre; The Turkish couplets in his works such as Dîvân, Rebâbnâme and Ibtidaname are very important in terms of reflecting the development stages of Oghuz. Apart from the written language in Turkistan geography, these couplets provide important linguistic material in order to follow the emergence and development of a new written language in Anatolia. In this study, some phonological variants and related layers in Sultan Veled's Turkish couplets will be evaluated. The typological data of the Oghuz dialects accepted in the literature will be analyzed by making a comparison with these layers. So that the layers of bol- ~ vol- ~ ol- seen in some copies of these couplets and marking an important transition between East and West Turkish will be subject to re-evaluation. Considering nearly twenty phonological layers composed of süçig > süçü ~ süçi and biŋ ~ miŋ and datlu ~ tatlu dichotomies emerging from phonological development such as -g> Ø in layers, are discussed that whether these forms dialectical or developmental stages that reflect the internal dynamics of Oghuz. Thus, some conclusions can be will be tried to be reached where the Turkish couplets of Sultan Veled, one of the first texts written in Anatolia, should be positioned in the process of becoming the written language of Oghuz. Keywords: Oghuz, Old Anatolian Turkish, Sultan Veled, Dialectology, Phonological Layers.

STATE-CENTERED APPROACH IN OTTOMAN-TURKISH MODERNIZATION AND METIN HEPER

The aim of this study is to describe the role of the state in Turkish modernization. For this purpose, Ottoman-Turkish political history is discussed in the context of the "center-periphery" model and Metin Heper's "strong state tradition". In this context, it is discussed whether the general validity of the center-periphery model continues. The center-periphery theory, which reduces modernization to tension and conflict between the superstructure institutions in Turkey, has made the opposition between the urban-secular-middle classes and the traditional-poor-lower classes its starting point. According to the strong state tradition thesis, the ruling elites, who took the modern values transferred from the West as a reference, were insensitive to the environment while constantly strengthening the center. The authoritarian structure of the state prevented the development of different social classes and non-governmental organizations. The strong state tradition transferred from the Ottoman Empire continued to be effective in the republic period as the subject of modernization. So much so that the bureaucratic structure that established the Republic identified itself with the state and strengthened the center until the multi-party system. Cultural conflict and tension between the ruling elites representing the center and traditional society segments representing the periphery have also been decisive in terms of the power struggle. The rise of the neo-liberal wave in the 1980s had reflections on the power struggle in Turkey and affected the relations between the center and the periphery. While the old elites forming the center became the periphery, the conservative sections forming the periphery became centralized and formed the new elites. In conclusion, it can be said that the center-periphery theory and strong state tradition are still functional in explaining Ottoman-Turkish modernization with some reservations. Key Words: Ruling elites, Center-Periphery Model, strong state tradition.

A GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW OF GREENHOUSE AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES IN ERDEMLİ

Located in the Mediterranean region, Erdemli district has been on its way to becoming a greenhouse production center in recent years, with the effect of favorable climatic conditions. In the study, it was aimed to determine the current situation in Erdemli, where greenhouse cultivation is carried out intensively, the characteristics of the greenhouses, the problems encountered in production and to develop suggestions for their solution. For this purpose, a questionnaire application prepared by the researcher was carried out in order to reveal the current situation of greenhouse operators in the district. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program and tables were created. Maps showing the location, topography and land use status of the region were produced with the ArcMap 10.4 package program. Face-to-face meetings were held with greenhouse operators, brokers and traders. As a result, it has been observed that especially greenhouse agricultural activities in the region are carried out with traditional agricultural methods in smaller scale family businesses, mostly plastic greenhouses are used to produce tomatoes and cucumbers, and they are negatively affected by natural disasters and cost increases. Solutions for the detected problems are presented. Key Words: Greenhouse Agriculture, Vegetable-Fruit Production, Erdemli, Mersin.

LIFE OF SAADET İKESUS ALTAN AND REVIEW OF "VOCAL EDUCATION" BOOK

Not much research has been done on Saadet Ikesus Altan, a successful artist who created firsts in the art life in opera in addition to being an educator who broke grounds in music education. For this reason, this research was carried out in order to introduce Altan, to pass on her achievements and the firsts she made throughout his life, to transfer them to future generations, and to reveal the results by examining the first book written in the field of vocal education. In the research, Altan's life was investigated using the literature review method and the book “Vocal Education and Conservation” was reviewed. As a result of the review, its strengths and weaknesses were revealed comparing it with today's vocal education books. The information obtained from the sources and the results obtained by the reviews are explained. Altan is one of the first Turkish female opera singers to perform in Europe. She is known as the "doyen of the educators" because she is the educator of many vocal artists and educators who have been trained until today. She is the first Turkish female voice instructor, opera director and author of the first book in the field of vocal education. With Altan's transfer of her knowledge, experience and education to her book in order to develop a technique suitable for the Turkish throat, it has been determined that the book is quite well equipped compared to the period when it was written and is incomparably powerful than the books written in this direction. It is also important to provide a basis for other books written in this field in Turkey. Altan sets a great example to the next generations, both as an artist and as an educator. Key Words: Saadet İkesus Altan, vocal education, book review

REGARDİNG THE USE OF LİTERATURE TYPES İN MİDDLE SCHOOL MATHEMATİCS LESSON AN ASSESSMENT: STUDENT VİEWS

The aim of this study is to examine students' views on mathematics lessons conducted with writing activities structured using stories, tales, poems, memoirs and letter types. The study was conducted with the participation of 32 middle school 7th grade students studying in a state school affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Ankara.The study is a case study, and an interview form consisting of 7 open-ended questions developed by the researcher-teacher was used as a data collection tool to determine students' views on the use of literary genres in mathematics lesson. Students' views were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. As a result of the research, it was seen that the students' opinions about the use of literary genres in mathematics lesson developed positively. It was concluded that the students' views that the mathematics lesson conducted by using literary genres provides meaningful learning, is fun and interesting, and increases memorability, supports the use of literary genres as a learning tool in mathematics teaching. Keywords: Mathematics teaching, types of literature, learning by writing.