scholarly journals CAE Modeling Rubber-metal Body Mounting of the Body-on-frame Car in Crash Simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Test ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rigid Connection ◽  
Metal Body ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crash Tests

The aim of the study was to research the behavior of the rubber-metal body mounting under various modeling options and to select the optimal, from the point of view of ensuring the accuracy of the results in the crash tests simulations. Body supports provide a link between the body and the car frame, and this has a critical effect on the impact test results of the car. The article discusses various options for modeling the body mounting by the degree of simplification from the simplest model with a rigid connection between the body and the frame to the model that takes into account the non-linearity of the stiffness characteristics of the supports, contact interaction between parts of the mounting and its surrounding parts, tension of the supports and failure. The results of virtual tests of a car with various options for modeling mountings were compared with the results of real tests. As a result of the study, a methodology for modeling the body supports was developed, which allows providing the necessary measurement error in virtual crash test modeling.

scholarly journals Gravelling Test for Rail Windshield

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Adam Bilar ◽  
Paweł Boguszewicz ◽  
Witold Perkowski
Keyword(s):  
Test Piece ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Impact Angle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Standard Concept

Abstract During preliminary tests of locomotive windshield resistance to gravelling, according to the applicable standard PN-EN 15152:2007, carried out in the Institute of Aviation, the problem of the projectile overturning after leaving the cannon barrel was detected. Three tests recorded with a high-speed camera are presented in this article. This problem was found to be due to the incorrect projectile geometry. In order to stabilise the trajectory of the projectile, four types of projectiles were made using military experience. All of them meet relevant test conditions from the point of view of the test piece (locomotive windshield). The best projectile modification was obtained in the tests with an average deviation of the expected impact angle of 11° compared to 75° for a projectile made exactly according to the guidelines of the standard. Each of 22 modified projectiles hit the test piece with the tip, while out of the 12 original projectiles only 4 hit the test piece with the tip. The impact test results confirm that it is possible to perform a gravelling test according to the standard concept, but it seems necessary to clarify the standard requirements and to modify the projectile shape. The article contains a proposal for the projectile modification and highlights inaccuracies in the standard concerning the gravelling test.

Analysis Method for Impact and Dispersion Behavior of Water-Filled Tank

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidekazu Takazawa ◽  
Kazuma Hirosaka ◽  
Katsumasa Miyazaki ◽  
Norihide Tohyama ◽  
Naomi Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Dispersion Pattern ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Cylindrical Tank ◽  
Dispersion Behavior ◽  
The Impact

A new Japanese nuclear regulation involves estimating the possible damage to plant structures due to intentional aircraft impact. The effect of aircraft impact needs to be considered in the existing nuclear power plants. The structural damage and fuel dispersion behavior after aircraft impact into plant structures can be evaluated using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA needs validated experimental data to determine the reliability of the results. In this study, an analysis method was validated using a simple model such as a cylindrical tank. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the impact and dispersion behavior of a water-filled cylindrical tank. The simulated results were compared with the test results of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT). The simulations were carried out using a multipurpose FEA code LS-DYNA®. The cylindrical tank was modeled using a shell element, and the tank water was modeled using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) elements. First, two analysis models were used to evaluate the effect of the number of SPH elements. One had about 300,000 SPH elements and the other had 37,000 SPH elements. The cylindrical tank ruptured in the longitudinal direction after crashing into a rigid wall, and the filled water dispersed. There were few differences in the simulated results when using different numbers of SPH elements. The VTT impact test was simulated with an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) element to consider the air drag. The analytical dispersion pattern and history of dispersion velocity ratio agreed well with the impact test results.

A Sub-System Test Methodology for Simulating EEVC Side Impact

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishnakanth Aekbote ◽  
Srinivasan Sundararajan ◽  
Joseph A. Prater ◽  
Joe E. Abramczyk
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Supporting Frame ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crash Tests

Abstract A sled based test method for simulating full-scale EEVC (European) side impact crash test is described in this paper. Both the dummy (Eurosid-1) and vehicle structural responses were simulated, and validated with the full-scale crash tests. The effect of various structural configurations such as foam filled structures, material changes, rocker and b-pillar reinforcements, advanced door design concepts, on vehicle performance can be evaluated using this methodology at the early stages of design. In this approach, an actual EEVC honeycomb barrier and a vehicle body-in-white with doors were used. The under-hood components (engine, transmission, radiator, etc.), tires, and the front/rear suspensions were not included in the vehicle assembly, but they were replaced by lumped masses (by adding weight) in the front and rear of the vehicle, to maintain the overall vehicle weight. The vehicle was mounted on the sled by means of a supporting frame at the front/rear suspension attachments, and was allowed to translate in the impact direction only. At the start of the simulation, an instrumented Eurosid-1 dummy was seated inside the vehicle, while maintaining the same h-point location, chest angle, and door-to-dummy lateral distance, as in a full-scale crash test. The EEVC honeycomb barrier was mounted on another sled, and care was taken to ensure that weight, and the relative impact location to the vehicle, was maintained the same as in full-scale crash test. The Barrier impacted the stationary vehicle at an initial velocity of approx. 30 mph. The MDB and the vehicle were allowed to slide for about 20 inches from contact, before they were brought to rest. Accelerometers were mounted on the door inner sheet metal and b-pillar, rocker, seat cross-members, seats, and non-struck side rocker. The Barrier was instrumented with six load cells to monitor the impact force at different sections, and an accelerometer for deceleration measurement. The dummy, vehicle, and the Barrier responses showed good correlation when compared to full-scale crash tests. The test methodology was also used in assessing the performance/crashworthiness of various sub-system designs of the side structure (A-pillar, B-pillar, door, rocker, seat cross-members, etc.) of a passenger car. This paper concerns itself with the development and validation of the test methodology only, as the study of various side structure designs and evaluations are beyond the scope of this paper.

Cable and Wire Rope Barrier Design Considerations: Review

2003 ◽  
Vol 1851 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean C. Alberson ◽  
Roger P. Bligh ◽  
C. E. Buth ◽  
D. Lance Bullard
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wire Rope ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Initial Tension ◽  
Wire Ropes ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Horizontal Curvature ◽  
Crash Tests ◽  
Design Scenario

Cable or wire rope barrier was being used in the 1940s and maybe earlier for vehicle containment. Through the years the designs have changed, but engineers continue to see cable barrier as an inexpensive barrier for use in some roadside applications. Recently, cable or wire rope has gained popularity as a median barrier for the prevention of cross-median accidents. Cross-median accidents are typically violent collisions with a high probability of multiple serious injuries and deaths. Thus, the design trend is gravitating toward providing positive vehicle containment in wider medians for which barriers have not historically been warranted. Wire rope often provides a cost-effective solution for this design scenario. Field experience with cable or wire rope barriers has identified areas for design improvement. It is desirable that cables remain taut to improve interaction with the vehicle, reduce dynamic deflections, and minimize maintenance. Additionally, reduced design deflections result in more potential application sites. Recent research demonstrates that such improvements are practical and cost-effective. Besides the initial tension in the wire ropes, other factors that can have a significant influence on dynamic deflections include post spacing and horizontal curvature. Computer simulations with cable barriers with various post spacings and horizontal curvatures were used to develop guidelines for expected design deflections. Finally, full-scale crash tests were completed with a new, cost-effective cable terminal system, and a brief review of the design and crash test results is included.

scholarly journals Repeatability of Full-Scale Crash Tests and Criteria for Validating Simulation Results

1996 ◽  
Vol 1528 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm H. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Acceleration Time Histories ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Crash Tests

A method of comparing two acceleration time histories to determine whether they describe similar physical events is described. The method can be used to assess the repeatability of full-scale crash tests and it can also be used as a criterion for assessing how well a finite-element analysis of a collision event simulates a corresponding full-scale crash test. The method is used to compare a series of six identical crash tests and then is used to compare several finite-element analyses with full-scale crash test results.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMPONENT IMPACT TEST METHOD FOR THE SIDE IMPACT INJURY ASSESSMENT OF THE DOOR TRIM

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (09n11) ◽  
pp. 1766-1773
Author(s):  
YOUNGHAN YOUN ◽  
JEONG-SEO KOO
Keyword(s):  
Impact Test ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Absorption Energy ◽  
The Impact

The complete evaluation of the side vehicle structure and the occupant protection is only possible by means of the full scale side impact crash test. But, auto part manufacturers such as door trim makers can not conduct the test especially when the vehicle is under the developing process. The main objective of this study is to obtain the design guidelines by a simple component level impact test. The relationship between the target absorption energy and impactor speed were examined using the energy absorbed by the door trim. Since each different vehicle type required different energy levels on the door trim. A simple impact test method was developed to estimate abdominal injury by measuring reaction force of the impactor. The reaction force will be converted to a certain level of the energy by the proposed formula. The target of absorption energy for door trim only and the impact speed of simple impactor are derived theoretically based on the conservation of energy. With calculated speed of dummy and the effective mass of abdomen, the energy allocated in the abdomen area of door trim was calculated. The impactor speed can be calculated based on the equivalent energy of door trim absorbed during the full crash test. With the proposed design procedure for the door trim by a simple impact test method was demonstrated to evaluate the abdominal injury. This paper describes a study that was conducted to determine sensitivity of several design factors for reducing abdominal injury values using the matrix of orthogonal array method. In conclusion, with theoretical considerations and empirical test data, the main objective, standardization of door trim design using the simple impact test method was established.

scholarly journals Comparative Characteristics of Dances in China and Ukraine from the Point of View of Historical, Genre, Target, Methodological and Socio-Political Aspects: a Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
G. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Dance Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Education In China

Purpose: to compare target, style, methodological, historical and socio-political features and determine the possibilities of mutual application of various approaches to the development of dance education in China and Ukraine. Material and methods. The review included articles on the peculiarities of historical development, methodological aspects, the dance influence on health of people of different ages and different social status. The review also included articles on the peculiarities of the social and political aspects of dance art in China and Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources was carried out by working with scientific articles that are presented in the databases "Web of Science", "Scopus", "Pub Med" and others. Results. The features of Chinese dances that can be applied in Ukraine have been identified: 1 - the practice of mass dances on the streets and squares of cities; 2 - the inner orientation of the dance art towards unity with nature, towards the self-expression of people of their feelings, emotions, experiences, towards achieving harmony through movement; 3 - increased attention to the psychological preparation of dancers; 4 - high attention of researchers to the influence of dancing on the mental and cardiological health of people of different ages; 5 - high number of articles, published in rating journals. The features of Ukrainian dances, which can be applied in China, have been determined: 1 - the development of speed-power qualities of dancers; 2 - implementation of an individual approach, which is currently beginning to develop in Ukraine. Conclusions. The combination of Ukrainian speed-power dance and Chinese inner focus on harmony of body and soul, on unity with nature will create a qualitatively new approach to the development of dance art in general and to the process of teaching dance. This study is the first from the point of view of a comparative analysis of the process of teaching dance in China and Ukraine in terms of historical, socio-political, methodological, substantive aspects, as well as the impact of dancing on the body of the practitioners.

scholarly journals Impact, Hardness and Fracture Morphology of Aluminium Alloy (Al-Si) filled Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles at Various Stir Casting Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Mardy Suhandani ◽  
Poppy Puspitasari ◽  
Jeefferie Abd Razak
Keyword(s):  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coo Nanoparticles

The automotive and aviation fields require engineering materials that can save and optimise fuel consumption. Unique characteristics of lightweight, higher strength to weight ratio, good corrosion resistance, and good castability are indispensable for castable metal such as Silicon Aluminium (Al-Si). The mechanical properties of Al-Si could be further improved through the addition of Cobalt Oxide (CoO) nanoparticles during the casting process. The importance and purpose of this study were to determine the impact toughness, hardness and fracture morphology of Al-Si metal alloy filled with 0.015 wt.% CoO nanofiller at the various melting temperature of 750 °C, 800 °C and 850 °C. The stir casting method was utilised considering the most appropriate method for mixing nanoparticles powder into the Al-Si matrix. Three test specimens were prepared for each temperature variation. Impact testing using the Charpy method (ASTM E23-56 T) and hardness testing using Rockwell Superficial HR15T and fracture morphology obtained from impact testing fractures were performed accordingly. The impact test results showed that the Al-Si added with 0.015% CoO at 800 °C of melting temperature possessed the highest impact toughness value of 25.111 x 10-3 Joule mm-2 than the other variations. The hardness test results showed that Al-Si added 0.015% CoO with a melting temperature of 850 °C had the highest hardness value of 79.52 HR15T. The fracture morphology of the impact test in all specimens shows uniform brittle fracture characteristics. It is found that the melting temperature during the stir-casting process of Al-Si has played a significant role in influencing the resulted properties of Al-Si filled CoO nanoparticles metal matrix composites. The selection of an accurate melting temperature for the stir casting process will affect the resulted properties of produced metal composites.

Locomotive Crash Energy Management Vehicle-to-Vehicle Impact Test Results

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Llana ◽  
Karina Jacobsen ◽  
Richard Stringfellow
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Vehicle Impact ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Research to develop new technologies for increasing the safety of passengers and crew in rail equipment is being directed by the Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA’s) Office of Research, Development, and Technology. Two crash energy management (CEM) components that can be integrated into the end structure of a locomotive have been developed: a push-back coupler (PBC) and a deformable anti-climber (DAC). These components are designed to inhibit override in the event of a collision. The results of vehicle-to-vehicle override, where the strong underframe of one vehicle, typically a locomotive, impacts the weaker superstructure of the other vehicle, can be devastating and compromise the occupied space. The objective of this research program is to demonstrate the feasibility of these components in improving crashworthiness for equipped locomotives in a wide range of potential collisions, including collisions with conventional locomotives, conventional cab cars, and freight equipment. Concerns have been raised in discussions with industry that push-back couplers may trigger prematurely, or may require replacement due to unintentional activation as a result of loads experienced during service and coupling. PBCs are designed with trigger loads which exceed the expected maximum service and coupling loads experienced by conventional couplers. Analytical models are typically used to determine these trigger loads. Two sets of coupling tests have been conducted that validate these models, one with a conventional locomotive equipped with conventional draft gear and coupler, and another with a conventional locomotive retrofit with a PBC. These tests provide a basis for comparing the coupling performance of a CEM-equipped locomotive with that of a conventional locomotive, as well as confirmation that the PBC triggers at a speed well above typical coupling speeds and at the designed force level. In addition to the two sets of coupling tests, two vehicle-to-vehicle collision tests where one of the vehicles is a CEM-equipped locomotive and a train-to-train collision test are planned. This arrangement of tests allows for evaluation of CEM-equipped locomotive performance, and enables comparison of actual collision behavior with predictions from computer models in a range of collision scenarios. This paper describes the results of the most recent test in the research program: the first vehicle-to-vehicle impact test. In this test, a CEM-equipped locomotive impacted a stationary conventional locomotive. The primary objective of the test was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the components of the CEM system in working together to absorb impact energy and to prevent override in a vehicle-to-vehicle collision scenario. The target impact speed was 21 mph. The actual speed of the test was 19.3 mph. Despite the lower test speed, the CEM system worked exactly as designed, successfully absorbing energy and keeping the vehicles in-line, with no derailment and no signs of override. The damage sustained during the collision is described. Prior to the tests, a finite element model was developed to predict the behavior of the CEM components and test vehicles during the impact. The test results are compared to pre-test model predictions. The model was updated with the conditions from the test, resulting in good agreement between the updated model and the test results. Plans for future full-scale collision tests are discussed.

Computer Simulation of a Transportation Package Impacting Concrete and Soil Targets

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Huang ◽  
S. S. Shiraga ◽  
L. M. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hypothetical Accident ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Accident Conditions ◽  
The Impact

This paper compares transportation mockup cask impact test results onto real surfaces with FEA numerical simulation results. The impact test results are from a series of cask impact tests that were conducted by Sandia National Laboratories (Gonzales 1987). The Sandia tests were conducted with a half-scale instrumented cask mockup impacting an essentially unyielding surface, in-situ soil, concrete runways, and concrete highways. The cask numerical simulations with these same surfaces are conducted with ABAQUS/Explicit, Version 5.8, The results are then compared and evaluated to access the viability of using numerical simulation to predict the impact behavior of transportation casks under hypothetical accident conditions.

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