scholarly journals Influence of Variable Manganese and Silicon on the Nutrition, Sugar Production, and Enzyme Activity of Immature Sugarcane

1969 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
G. Samuels ◽  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Sugarcane Variety ◽  
Starch Phosphorylase ◽  
Sugarcane Plant ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Marked Suppression

Sugarcane variety M. 336 was grown in solution culture for 3 months under 3 Mn levels (0, 10, and 100 p.p.m.) and 3 Si levels (0, 50, and 500 p.p.m.) to study the influence of various levels of Mn and Si on growth, nutrient composition, and enzyme and sugar activity. The uptake of Mn by the immature sugarcane plant was definitely suppressed by increasing Si levels in the nutrient medium. As the Mn content of the plant dropped Si content increased. However, the converse did not hold, for when the cane plant was faced with an excessive supply of Mn, it attempted to compensate by increasing its Si uptake. High-Si X high-Mn treatment severely stunted growth, but yielded the maximum sucrose values recorded. Leaf-protein content was highest with all plants at the high Si level, but meristem protein reflected a reverse response. The greatly retarded growth caused by high Si and high Mn was accompanied by marked suppression of both starch phosphorylase and the phosphatases. Polyphenol oxidase showed a greater sensitivity to variable Mn and Si than any other enzyme assayed. Possible roles of Mn and Si in the mechanisms of auxin and protein synthesis are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Variable Diuron on the Sugar Production and Enzyme Activity of Sugarcane Grown on Clay and Sandy Loam Soils in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-139
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Enzyme Synthesis ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Starch Phosphorylase ◽  
Greenhouse Soil ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Soil Effects ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Sugarcane was grown on Diuron-treated clay and sandy loam soils over a period of 16 months. There were three objectives: 1, To evaluate Diuron effects upon sugar production; 2, to determine Diuron effects upon enzymes over a prolonged period; 3, to measure residual effects of Diuron on sugar production with variable soil types. The cane, grown in greenhouse soil-benches, was given water equivalent to about 75 inches per year. Diuron was applied to the soil as a pre-emergence spray at rates of 0, 2, 6, and 18 pounds per acre. The following results were obtained: 1. Diuron severely suppressed sugar production by 2-month-old plants. At 6 months the Diuron effect had lessened and it was no longer evident at 12 and 16 months. 2. Leaf analyses showed that Diuron absorption declined greatly after 2 months. By 16 months only traces of the herbicide were entering leaf tissues. 3. Diuron was far more readily absorbed from loam than from clay at 2 months. At 16 months there was no detectable Diuron in leaf samples from loam, indicating a total exhaustion of the applied herbicide. 4. High Diuron absorption from loam was accompanied by a greater suppression of sugar in loam-produced samples than was evident with those from clay. 5. Soil type greatly affected the behavior of phosphatase, ATP-ase, amylase, invertase, peroxidase, and starch phosphorylase. None of the enzyme changes were consistent throughout the study, suggesting that the soil effects were indirect. 6. Diuron caused abnormal enzyme behavior throughout the study, but again the changes were inconsistent. It is theorized that the response of plants to initial Diuron action includes abnormal enzyme synthesis and synthesis of substances which block the sites of the herbicide's activity. 7. Enzyme activity generally declined as the plants grew older. First ratoon samples, representing 4 months of new growth, did not reveal activity comparable to the original 4-month-old material.

scholarly journals Evaluation of glassy frits as micronutrient fertilizers. II. Manganese frits.

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
C.H. Henkens ◽  
K.W. Smilde
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Marsh Spot ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Better Than

In pot and field tests MnSO4 and the frits FTE Z 4 (13 % Mn), HZ 1 (15.9 % Mn) and HZ 17 (21 % Mn) increased reducible soil Mn for at least 1 1/2-2 years. Mn content of pasture increased four-fold in the first cut after application of 400 kg/ha MnSO4 but sharply decreased in later cuts and became negligible by the second year. 400 kg/ha HZ 17 did not affect pasture Mn. In peas 400 kg of soil- or foliar applied MnSO4 controlled marsh spot better than 800 kg HZ 1; spraying at the middle and again at the end of the blooming stage gave the best control. With sugar beet, soil dressings of MnSO4, HZ 1 and HZ 17 equally increased yield, sugar production and leaf Mn, and decreased incidence of Mn deficiency. When the rates of these fertilizers were increased from 100, 179 and 86 kg respectively to 400, 714 and 343 kg, sugar production was not significantly improved; leaf Mn and incidence of deficiency symptoms responded to the higher Mn rates. Soil application was rather better than foliar treatment. No treatment controlled Mn deficiency throughout the entire season. The % of Mn-deficient plants was related, negatively, to leaf and reducible soil Mn, but not to yield. Soil-applied Mn did not control gray spot in oats or increase yields but sprayed Mn did. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Interrelationships of Gibberellic Acid and Nitrate in Sugar Production and Enzyme Activity of Sugarcane

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Sucrose Synthesis ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Storage Tissue ◽  
Moderate Growth

Variable nitrate (NO3) and gibberellic acid (GA) were applied to sugarcane in order to clarify NO3-GA interrelationships which affect growth, sugar production, and enzyme activity. Since both low NO3 and foliar GA were known to increase sucrose synthesis as separate entities, their combination posed the following questions: 1, To what degree can NO3 be withheld before growth decline offsets sucrose gains? 2, To what extent will increasing NO3 supply offset the beneficial effects of GA application? 3, Is there a combination of high NO3 and GA which will permit both increased tonnage and increased sucrose synthesis as simultaneous effects? Healthy, 12-week-old plants grown in sand culture were treated for 5 weeks. Three levels each of NO3 (0, 5, and 30 meq./liter) and GA (0, 0.01-, and 0.10-percent solutions of foliar spray) were given in a 3 X 3 factorial combination. The following results were obtained: 1. Both NO3 and GA caused moderate growth increases as evidenced by fresh weights. A combination of high NO3 and medium GA gave the maximum yields recorded. Medium GA stimulated internode elongation while retaining stockiness of the cane. High GA caused excessive elongation plus weakening and occasional lodging of the plants. 2. High GA eliminated all NO3-induced growth increases. Withholding NO3 did not seriously curtail growth so long as GA was applied. Plants given GA without NO3 grew comparably to those receiving high NO3 without GA. 3. Withholding NO3 caused major sucrose increases in both leaf and immature storage tissues. Raising NO3 increased synthesis of total ketoses but caused striking decline of sucrose. GA caused significant sucrose increases in storage tissue when NO3 supply was low. However, GA-induced sucrose increases could not offset sucrose losses due to high NO3. 4. The most favorable treatment for growth and sugar production was a combination of low NO3 and medium GA. This induced moderate growth plus major sucrose increases. 5. Leaf phosphatase and ATP-ase were greatly stimulated by NO3. High GA alleviated the NO3 effects. 6. A strong NO3 X GA interaction affected both hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in immature storage tissue. Phosphatase, ATP-ase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were all involved. 7. NO3 greatly increased protein content of immature storage tissue, but GA had little effect. GA was able to stimulate both growth and sugar formation without the major protein changes characteristic of NO3 treatments. Practical usage of the NO3 and GA data are discussed. It is felt that GA treatment should be delayed after heavy nitrogen fertilization, and will not prove fully effective if given simultaneously with normal fertilizer programs.

Interactions of Ca, P, Zn, and Alkaline Phosphatase in the Chick. II. Effect of Dietary Ca Level

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. McCuaig ◽  
I. Motzok
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Duodenal Mucosa ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Mn Content

Chicks were fed a semi-purified diet, containing 0.75% Ca, 0.5% inorganic phosphate (Pi), and 50 p.p.m. Zn, to 2 weeks of age. They were then divided into groups and fed the same diet with 0, 0.75, 1.50, 2.25, or 3.00% Ca, for 4 or 7 days before being killed. Plasma was analyzed for Ca, Pi, and Zn, and duodenal mucosa for Ca, Pi, Zn, Mn, and alkaline phosphatase (AP). The low Ca treatment decreased plasma and mucosa Ca and increased mucosa Zn, whereas the high Ca diets increased mucosa Ca and decreased mucosa Zn, plasma Pi, and mucosa AP activity. There was an overall positive correlation of AP with plasma and mucosa Zn, and plasma and mucosa Pi, and a negative overall correlation of AP with plasma and mucosa Ca. Mucosa Mn content did not seem to be related to the enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Proline improves switchgrass growth and development by reduced lignin biosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Guan ◽  
Hui-Fang Cen ◽  
Xin Cui ◽  
Dan-Yang Tian ◽  
Dimiru Tadesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Group Ii

AbstractTransgenic switchgrass overexpressing Lolium perenne L. delta1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthase (LpP5CS) in group I (TG4 and TG6 line) and group II (TG1 and TG2 line) had significant P5CS and ProDH enzyme activities, with group I plants (TG4 and TG6) having higher P5CS and lower ProDH enzyme activity, while group II plants had higher ProDH and lower P5CS enzyme activity. We found group II transgenic plants showed stunted growth, and the changed proline content in overexpressing transgenic plants may influence the growth and development in switchgrass. RNA-seq analysis showed that KEGG enrichment included phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway among group I, group II and WT plants, and the expression levels of genes related to lignin biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in group II. We also found that lignin content in group II transgenic plants was higher than that in group I and WT plants, suggesting that increased lignin content may suppress switchgrass growth and development. This study uncover that proline can appropriately reduce lignin biosynthesis to improve switchgrass growth and development. Therefore, appropriate reduction in lignin content and increase in biomass are important for bioenergy crop to lower processing costs for biomass fermentation-derived fuels.

3rd Generation AHSS by Thin Slab Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 941 ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Klinkenberg ◽  
Akhil Varghese ◽  
Christoph Heering ◽  
Olga Lamukhina ◽  
Uwe Grafe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Rolling ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hot Forming ◽  
Thin Slab ◽  
Complex Phase ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Few Data

Modern steel making and hot rolling processes like CSP® thin slab technology require precise data on casting and rolling behavior of the produced steel grades. Up today only few data is available for the latest generations of advanced high strength steel (AHSS) grades. AHSS have developed by 3 generations [1, 2]. 1st Generation AHSS as dual phase (DP), complex phase (CP), martensitic (MS) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel grades are currently applied in automotive industry. 2nd and 3rd Generation AHSS typically have elevated Mn-content as well as Al and Si content. High Mn-content of up to 30% seriously affects casting and forming properties of 2nd Generation AHSS. In particular, the large solidification range of more than 100 K prevents commercial production of these steel grades by continuous casting [3]. 3rd Generation AHSS with reduced Mn-content up to about 12% are currently under development [1-4]. Investigations have been carried out to assess the CSP® thin slab process for the production of such grades. To this purpose solidification and hot forming properties of different alloys having Mn-content up to 10% have been examined by thermodynamic calculations and laboratory testing by hot forming dilatometry. The achieved flow curves match figures achieved on a hot rolling mill.

scholarly journals Enzyme activity in soybean seeds produced under foliar application of manganese

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everson Reis Carvalho ◽  
João Almir Oliveira ◽  
Édila Vilela de Resende Von Pinho ◽  
Jaime Costa Neto
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Enzyme Activation ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Different Doses

Several factors affect the quality of soybean seeds, including the mineral nutrition of plants. Manganese (Mn) is an important nutrient because it has as one of its functions the enzyme activation. The aim of this study was to evaluate enzyme activity in seeds of soybean cultivars produced with foliar application of different doses of Mn. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) (Federal University of Lavras) in randomized blocks with three replications and 4 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of four soybean cultivars, two conventional and its genetically modified RR derived (BRS Celeste and BRS Baliza RR; BRSGO Jataí and BRS Silvânia RR), four doses of Mn via foliar application (0; 200; 400 and 600 g Mn ha-1) and two stages of application (R1 or R3). In the seeds, the expressions of the enzymes esterase (EST), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (PRX) and isocitratelyase (ICL) were determined. For evaluation of physiological quality, the germination test and emergence speed index (ESI) were performed. The Mn content in the seeds was also determined. The expression of the enzymes EST, SOD, PRX and ICL in soybean seeds are affected by foliar application of Mn, regardless of the stages of application. In the seeds of the cultivars that showed better physiological quality, Celeste and Baliza RR, greater expressions of the enzymes ADH and ICL and lower expressions of MDH and of PRX were observed.

scholarly journals Response of Poinsettia to Different Nitrogen Forms

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 858A-858
Author(s):  
Holly L. Scoggins-Mantero ◽  
Harry A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Nitrogen Forms ◽  
Ammonium Toxicity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
N Source ◽  
Elemental Uptake ◽  
Form Effect

`Freedom' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Kl.) were grown to flowering in solution culture for 11 weeks. Treatments consisted of five ammonium: nitrate nitrogen ratios: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1 with a total N concentration of 150 mg N/liter. The balance of essential nutrients was supplied with a modified Hoagland's solution. Fresh weight, dry weight, and macro- and micronutrient content of bracts, leaves, petioles, stems, and roots were determined at the end of the study. Leaf and bract area also was measured. Maximum bract size was achieved with 100% nitrate (0:1) treatment. Leaves were largest with the 1:3 ratio. Plants receiving ammonium as the sole N source exhibited severe ammonium toxicity symptoms: stunted growth, foliar chlorosis and necrosis, premature leaf abscission, stunted and clubby roots, and delayed or nonexistent bract coloring. Dry weights for bracts, leaves, stems, and roots increased as the ratio of nitrate increased. Elemental uptake was monitored weekly. Nitrogen-form effect on the uptake, concentration, and partitioning of other nutrients also was evaluated.

Effect of Si and Mn Addition on Fluidity, Mechanical Property and Casting Crack in Die Casting

2020 ◽  
Vol 1007 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Fuse ◽  
Shinichiro Imamura ◽  
Toshio Haga
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Crack Resistance ◽  
Die Casting ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Die Cast ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Si Content

The effects Si and Mn addition on the fluidity length, mechanical properties, and casting cracks of a die-cast Al-4.5%Mg alloy were investigated. The Si content was 1, 2, or 3 mass% and the Mn content was 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9 mass%. Both Si and Mn did not affect fluidity. Si content of more than 1 mass% improved casting crack resistance. The effect of Mn on casting cracks was weaker than that of Si. When Si content was 2 mass%, both tensile stress and elongation were good. Mn did not affect the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Suppressive Effect of Silicon Nutrient on Phomopsis Stem Blight Development in Asparagus

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Lu ◽  
Wenlei Jian ◽  
Jiajing Zhang ◽  
Yijing Zhou ◽  
Jiashu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Defense Responses ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Catalase Peroxidase ◽  
Nutrient Solution Culture ◽  
Phomopsis Asparagi ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Silicon Nutrition ◽  
Related Proteins

The effects of silicon nutrition on the resistance to stem blight caused by Phomopsis asparagi was assessed in two asparagus cultivars, UC157 and Gynlim, and the activation of defense responses in inoculated plants was measured in a greenhouse with nutrient solution culture. The supply of silicon (Si) significantly suppressed stem blight development in inoculated plants. The disease index was significantly reduced in Si-supplied plants compared with Si-deprived plants in both cultivars. Supplement with Si enhanced Si accumulation in asparagus root and shoot. Si content was significantly higher in Si-treated plants when compared with control plants, but it was not significantly different between the two cultivars. Interestingly, inoculation with P. asparagi increased Si content in shoots in the cultivar UC157. Root-applied Si significantly enhanced the activities of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) such as catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and β-1, 3-glucanase in inoculated plants. However, Si treatment mostly failed to change significantly the activity of PRs in plants without fungal attack. So continuous feeding of Si to the plant is probably important for enhancing the resistance to infection by P. asparagi in asparagus.

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