Yield and weed suppression by pigeon pea cultivars in rotation with tomato and pepper

Two field experiments were conducted at the Lajas and Juana Díaz Agricultural Experiment Substations to evaluate seven pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] cultivars for yields, weed suppression, and the impact on the subsequent tomato [Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst, ex Farw] and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plantings. Trials started ¡n July 1993 and ended in June 1995. Treatments consisted of incorporation of plant stubble from seven different pigeon pea cultivars into the soil. Cultivars Kaki, 2B-Bushy, PR 147, Blanco de Yauco, Guerrero, Cortada, and Line 84 were grown from mid-July to late January of the following year. Tomato and pepper seedlings were transplanted into the plots six weeks after incorporation of whole plant stubble of pigeon pea. Pod yields of all cultivars, except Guerrero, were higher in Juana Díaz than those of Lajas. Compared with control plots, pigeon pea did not affect weed densities at Lajas, but at Juana Díaz all cultivars reduced weed densities in tomato and pepper grown in 1994 and 1995. The weed species suppressed by pigeon pea in the tomato planting at Juana Díaz were Amaranthus dubius Mart, ex Thell, Cyperus rotundus L., Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, and Trianthema portulacastrum L.

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The impact of horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.) infestation on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] productivity in northern irrigated plains of Pakistan

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0257083

Author(s):

Khuram Mubeen ◽

Muhammad Shehzad ◽

Naeem Sarwar ◽

Haseeb ur Rehman ◽

Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Frequency ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Study Data ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Weed Species ◽

Trianthema Portulacastrum ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Significant Yield ◽

The Impact

Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacstrum L.) is an important weed of soybean crop capable of causing significant yield reduction. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of horse purslane and other weeds’ infestation on the productivity of soybean. Ten treatments, i.e., weed-free throughout the growing season, horse purslane-free till 20, 40 and 60 days after emergence (DAE), all weeds-free till 20, 40 and 60 DAE, weedy-check (excluding horse purslane), weedy-check (horse purslane alone) and weedy-check (all weeds) were included in the study. Data relating to density and dry weight of recorded weed species, and yield and related traits of soybean were recorded. Overall, infestation percentage of horse purslane was 33.10 and 51%, whereas dry weight was 12 and 44 g m-2 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. The highest dry weight of all weed species was recorded at 45 DAE in weedy-check all weeds treatment during both years. The lowest relative density and frequency of horse purslane were recorded in the treatment where it was controlled until 20 DAE during 2018 at 30 DAE, whereas the same treatment recoded the lowest density of horse purslane at 45 DAE during 2019. The relative frequency of horse purslane was non-significant for weedy-check horse purslane and weedy-check all weeds treatments during 2018, whereas former treatment had higher relative frequency of horse purslane in weedy-check all weeds than the later during 2019. Yield and related traits significantly differed among different treatments used in the study. The treatment all weeds controlled until 40 DAE recorded higher number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and seed yield during both years. The yield reduction in weedy-check treatments was; weedy-check all weeds > weedy-check all weeds except horse purslane > weedy-check horse purslane only. It is concluded that horse purslane was not the sole weed interfering soybean fields and weed flora consisted of false amaranth [Digera muricata (L.) Mart.] and purple nut sedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). Hence, if the soybean fields in northern irrigated plains of Pakistan are infested with horse purslane or heavily infested with horse purslane or other weeds, these should be controlled in initial 40 DAE to improve soybean productivity.

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Effect of duration of weed competition and weed control on the yield of Indian spinach

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v33i4.2306 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 623-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MSA Khan ◽

MA Hossain ◽

M Nurul Islam ◽

SN Mahfuza ◽

MK Uddin

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Critical Period ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Weed Competition ◽

Weed Species ◽

Maximum Benefit ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

Crop Weed Competition

Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur during kharif-1 (March to July) seasons of 2005 and 2006 to identify the critical period of crop-weed competition for Indian spinach. Major weed species were Paspalurn commersoni, Echinochlaa crusgalli. Lie nv/nc india. Cyanotis axillaris and Cyperus rotundus. The lowest weed dry matter was 76.3 g m-2 in 2005 and l01.60 g m-2 in 2006 from the plots weeded up to 40 days after transplanting (DAT). The highest yields were obtained (74.82 t ha in 2005 and 48.48 t ha in 2006) from the weed free plots. The fresh yield of Indian spinach did not vary among no weeding upto 20, 30 and 40 DAT in 2006. But weeded plot upto 30 and 40 DAT produced identical yield in 2005. Maximum BCR (4.52) was obtained from weeded plots upto 30 DAT in 2005 but BCR (2.60) was same from weeded upto 30 and 40 DA F in 2006. On an average, highest BCR (3.55) was recorded from weeding upto 30 DAT. Results revealed that the critical period of crop weed competition lies between 20 and 30 DAT and two times hand weeding would be necessary within 30 DAT for maximum benefit. Key Words: Crop-weed competitions, critical period, weed management and Indian spinach. doi: 10.3329/bjar.v33i4.2306 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(4) : 623-629, December 2008

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Winter Annual Weed Suppression in Rye–Vetch Cover Crop Mixtures

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-12-00084.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 818-825 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Zachary D. Hayden ◽

Daniel C. Brainard ◽

Ben Henshaw ◽

Mathieu Ngouajio

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Weed Species ◽

Cereal Rye ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Winter Annual Weeds ◽

Annual Weeds

Winter annual weeds can interfere directly with crops and serve as alternative hosts for important pests, particularly in reduced tillage systems. Field experiments were conducted on loamy sand soils at two sites in Holt, MI, between 2008 and 2011 to evaluate the relative effects of cereal rye, hairy vetch, and rye–vetch mixture cover crops on the biomass and density of winter annual weed communities. All cover crop treatments significantly reduced total weed biomass compared with a no-cover-crop control, with suppression ranging from 71 to 91% for vetch to 95 to 98% for rye. In all trials, the density of nonmustard family broadleaf weeds was either not suppressed or suppressed equally by all cover crop treatments. In contrast, the density of mustard family weed species was suppressed more by rye and rye–vetch mixtures than by vetch. Cover crops were more consistently suppressive of weed dry weight per plant than of weed density, with rye-containing cover crops generally more suppressive than vetch. Overall, rye was most effective at suppressing winter annual weeds; however, rye–vetch mixtures can match the level of control achieved by rye, in addition to providing a potential source of fixed nitrogen for subsequent cash crops.

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Weed supression by smother crops and selective herbicides

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162004000100004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 21-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Francisco José Severino ◽

Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Weed Management ◽

Green Manure ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Cropping System ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Weed Species ◽

Arachis Pintoi

Using a smother crop is thought to suppress weed density and to add other beneficial effects in sustainable agricultural systems. Weed suppression ought to be considered an essential component of integrated weed management. However, very little is known about the effects of green manure plants on weeds. This study evaluated the influence of three green manure species on weed suppression and selectivity of herbicides. A field experiment was designed to determine the effect of the green manure species Crotalaria juncea, Arachis pintoi and pigeon pea on the weeds Brachiaria decumbens, guineagrass and hairy beggarticks, and on the natural weed infestation in the inter rows area of an avocado orchard. The weed species were suppressed differently by each green manure species. Soil samples collected from the field experiment presented a residual effect, of at least 30 d, in suppressing weed seed bank recruitment; this residual effect was caused by the residues of the green manure present in the soil. When the green manure was incorporated into the top 5 cm of soil or left on the surface, in a greenhouse experiment, the emergence of weed seeds was significantly inhibited, depending on the species, and on the amount and depth of green manure incorporation. Greenhouse experiments indicate that pre-emergence herbicides cause lower phytotoxicity than post-emergence Arachis pintoi. Smother crops using green manure species, when well established in an area, provide additional weed control to the cropping system and are effective and valuable tools in integrated weed management.

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Effects of Water on Recovery of Weed Seedlings Following Burial

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00130.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 285-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Charles L. Mohler ◽

Javaid Iqbal ◽

Jianying Shen ◽

Antonio DiTommaso

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Management Problem ◽

Weed Species ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Organic Weed Management ◽

The Impact ◽

Better Than

Recovery of common agricultural weeds after burial by soil was studied in four greenhouse and three field experiments. Species studied included velvetleaf, Powell amaranth, common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, and giant foxtail. Seedlings were bent over before burial to simulate the effect of the impact of soil thrown by a cultivator. Altogether, more than 35,000 seedlings were marked and observed for recovery. No seedlings recovered from 4 cm of burial. Recovery from complete burial under 2 cm of soil ranged from 0 to 24% depending on the experiment, species, and watering treatment, but recovery greater than 5% was rare. Large-seeded species tended to recover from complete burial under 2 cm of soil better than small-seeded species. The study did not reveal a difference in recovery of grasses relative to broadleaf weeds. Overall, seedlings tended to recover best when water was applied daily after burial, worst when water was applied once on the day of burial, and to an intermediate extent when no water was applied. However, difference in recovery between the no-water and watering-once treatments were usually small. Also, many experiment by species combinations showed no significant differences among watering treatments. When even a small portion of the seedling was left exposed, recovery generally exceeded 50%. Organic weed management systems commonly use burial of weed seedlings with tine weeders and soil thrown by sweeps and hilling disks to control weeds in crop rows. Recovery from burial could pose a substantial weed management problem in some circumstances, particularly for large-seeded weed species. Maximizing burial depth is important for limiting recovery. Recovery from burial can be minimized by withholding irrigation for several days after hilling-up operations.

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Weed shift in a maize ( Zea mays L.) — Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) cropping system

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.57.2009.2.2 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 111-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Subbulakshmi ◽

P. Subbian ◽

N. Saravanan ◽

N. Prabakaran

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays L ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Cropping System ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽

Weed Species ◽

Cropping Season ◽

Dactyloctenium Aegyptium ◽

Trianthema Portulacastrum ◽

Panicum Repens

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif (June–September) and rabi (October–January) seasons of 2005–2006 to study the effect of a maize — sunflower cropping system on the weed flora shift. The results revealed a change in weed species, i.e. the appearance of new species and the elimination of certain weed species due to the cropping system. The density of Dinebra retroflexa was high during the 1 st year maize cropping period, but Panicum repens became dominant when sunflower was grown after maize. Cyperus rotundus , originally the dominant sedge, was smothered by Cynodon dactylon due to zero tillage. Dactyloctenium aegyptium was the dominant weed species in maize, while Parthenium hysterophorus was the dominant weed species in sunflower. The proportions of Datura fastuosa, Parthenium hysterophorus, Trianthema portulacastrum, Amaranthus viridis, Amaranthus polygamus, Flaveria austerlagica, Gynandropsis pentaphylla and Portulaca quadrifida were higher during the 1 st year maize cropping season, while later their density was gradually reduced due to the inclusion of sunflower in the system.

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PRE- and POST-applied herbicide options for alfalfa interseeded with corn silage

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2020.104 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

William R. Osterholz ◽

José Luiz C. S. Dias ◽

John H. Grabber ◽

Mark J. Renz

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Weed Species ◽

Site Specific ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Alfalfa Varieties ◽

Herbicide Programs

Abstract Establishment of alfalfa by interseeding it with corn planted for silage can enhance crop productivity but weed management is a challenge to adoption of the practice. Although a simple and effective approach to weed management would be to apply a glyphosate-based herbicide, concerns about herbicide resistance and limitations in available alfalfa varieties exist. Field experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy and selectivity of PRE, POST, and PRE followed by POST herbicide programs to a glyphosate-only strategy when interseeding alfalfa with corn. Experiment 1 compared PRE applications of acetochlor, mesotrione, S-metalochlor, metribuzin, and flumetsulam. Results indicate that acetochlor and metribuzin, and S-metalochlor used at a rate of 1.1 kg ai ha−1 were the most effective and selective PRE herbicides 4 wk after treatment (WAT), but each resulted in greater overall weed cover than glyphosate by 8 WAT. Experiment 2 evaluated applications of bentazon, bromoxynil, 2,4-DB, and mesotrione at early and late POST times. Several herbicides used POST exhibited similar effectiveness and selectivity as glyphosate, including early applications of bromoxynil (0.14 kg ai ha−1) and 2,4-DB (0.84 or 1.68 kg ai ha−1), as well as late applications of bromoxynil (0.42 kg ai ha−1), 2,4-DB (0.84 kg ai ha−1), and mesotrione (0.05 or 0.11 kg ai ha−1). A third experiment compared applications of acetochlor PRE, bromoxynil POST, and a combination of acetochlor PRE with bromoxynil POST. All treatments were effective and safe for use in this interseeded system, although interseeded alfalfa provided 65% to 70% weed suppression in corn planted for silage without any herbicide. Herbicide treatments had no observable impacts on corn and alfalfa yields, so weed management was likely of limited economic importance. However, weed competitiveness can vary based on several different factors including weed species, density, and site-specific factors, and so further investigations under different environments and conditions are needed.

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Cropping System Redesign for Improved Weed Management: A Modeling Approach Illustrated with Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10020262 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 262

Author(s):

Matt Liebman ◽

Virginia A. Nichols

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Cropping System ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Primary Control ◽

Weed Species ◽

Crop Species ◽

Additional Species ◽

Ambrosia Trifida ◽

Giant Ragweed ◽

Organic Farmers

Weeds present important challenges to both conventional farmers who rely on herbicides and organic farmers who rely on cultivation. Data from field experiments indicate that diversifying crop sequences with additional species can improve weed suppression when either herbicides or cultivation serve as primary control tactics. Here, we report the results of modeling analyses that investigated how cropping system diversification would affect the population dynamics of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.), an annual dicotyledonous species that is problematic in the central U.S. for both conventional and organic farmers. We found that to prevent an increase in giant ragweed density, the minimum control efficacy needed from herbicides or cultivation used in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) would be 99.0% in a 2-year corn–soybean system, but 91.4% in a 5-year corn–soybean–rye (Secale cereale L.)–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) system. Thus, the diversified rotation would be better buffered against less-than-perfect weed control during corn and soybean phases. Further modeling analyses indicated that the weed suppression effect associated with greater rotation length was attributable not only to increased crop species richness but also to greater temporal variation in planting dates. A planting interval variation index (PIVI), calculated as the coefficient of variation in months between planting activities, was strongly associated with the weed suppressive ability of the rotations we modeled and may be a useful metric for designing other cropping systems. Overall, our results indicate that diversified rotation systems that include both annual and perennial crops are likely to be valuable for managing problematic weed species.

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INFLUENCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOIL PREPARATION METHODS ON THE PEA YIELD

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2018/2/16-20 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 16-20

Author(s):

А. М. Grebennikov ◽

А. S. Frid ◽

V. P. Belobrov ◽

V. А. Isaev ◽

V. М. Garmashоv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

First Year ◽

Zero Tillage ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Soil Preparation ◽

Multifactor Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Central Chernozem

The article assesses the relationships between the morphological properties of agrochernozems and yield of peas on the plots, experience with different methods of basic treatment (moldboard plowing at the depth of 20 - 22, 25 - 27 and 14 - 16 cm, moldboard plowing to a depth of 14 - 16 cm, combined midwater moldboard, mid-water subsurface, surface to a depth of 6 - 8 cm and zero tillage) is inherent in V.V. Dokuchaev Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Black Earth strip, in the fall of 2014. The research was conducted in 2015 - 2016, with the application of mineral fertilizers (N60Р60К60) and unfertilized background. The highest pea yields in the fertilized as the background, and without the use of fertilizers was observed in dumping plowing and especially in the variant with deep moldboard plowing, which creates in comparison with other ways of handling the best conditions for the growth and development of peas. The lowest yield of pea was obtained with zero processing. Apparently legalistic migrational-mizelial agrochernozems the Central Chernozem zone of minimum tillage in the cultivation of peas are not effective, what is evident already in the first year after the laying of experience with different basic treatments. As shown by the results of applying multifactor analysis of variance studied the mapping properties of the soil can have the same significant impact on the yield of agricultural crops, as options for the field experiments aimed at assessing the impact of various treatments on yield.

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Flat-cutting loosening in the system of fallow cultivation of chernozem soil and weediness of crops

Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" ◽

10.31073/zem.92.78-84 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (92) ◽

pp. 78-84

Author(s):

G. Koval ◽

M. Kaliyevskiy ◽

V. Yeshchenko ◽

I. Martyniuk ◽

N. Martyniuk

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Early Spring ◽

Weed Species ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Spring Crop ◽

White Campion ◽

Investigation Methods ◽

Top Soil

The article presents the results of field experiments, where on the basis of podsolized heavy loamy chernozem the influence of replacement of mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation over top soil weediness, weediness at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetation and weed species composition before harve sting were studied. Investigation methods of main fall ploughing under spring crops of five-course rotation: soybeans–rape–wheat–flax–barley at the depths of 15-17, 20-22, 25-27 cm were conducted after post-harvest field tillage. Analysis of data on contamination of the top soil with weed seeds have shown that with the replacement of fall main mouldboard ploughing gwith nonmouldboard cultivation the figure before sowing of all crops withdifferent tillage depthat crop rotation average increased by 131-132%. It caused the increase of actual weed infestation of all crops and at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetationafter different depths of fall nonmouldboard cultivation compared with ploughing at crop rotation average it was 120–132 and 123-138%respectively. Species composition of weeds afterthe replacement of main fall mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation remained mainlyunchanged; although in rape plantings the proportion of white campion and early spring weed sincreased, in wheat plantings– wild mustard andscentless mayweed, insoybean plantings– late spring weeds, in flax plantings– white campion, and in barley plantings– scarlet pimpernel.

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