scholarly journals Looking for a Bookstore in Town: Intellectual Readers and the Death of “Gutenberg Galaxy”

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-67
Author(s):  
Maksym W. Kyrchanoff
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Reading Strategies ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Imagined Communities ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Mass Literature ◽  
On Line

The author analyses the problems of erosion of the book culture and the role of bookishness in the contemporary Western and Russian identities. While analysing the processes of disappearance and displacement of bookshops, the author presumes that culture of bookstores and communication subcultures in them cannot compete with networks and e-commerce. It is assumed that the logic of capitalism favours the progress of on-line bookstores, specialising in the serial and mass literature while independent bookstores prefer to sell intellectual, non-fiction, and academic books that are not interesting to consumer readers of mass culture. The author tries to analyse causes of private non-mass bookstores crisis. The author believes that intellectuals of 2000s were optimistic in their prognosis for the development of bookstores as spaces of cultural initiatives. By the end of 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic, the number of independent bookstores decreased significantly when on-line bookstores occupied their place. It is assumed that the cultures of reading, book collections, personal libraries lost the positions they held in the 20th century and even in the first decade of the 21st century. The author presumes that independent bookstores became cultural ghettos and intellectual reservations, when net bookstores became successful actors of the mass culture. In general, it is predicted that heterogeneous, regionally localised minority book cultures and reading strategies of the New Medievalism may replace the “mass” book as a cultural institution of a modern political imagined communities as elements of the dying Gutenberg Galaxy with its heterogeneous national identities.

The role of science in the study of and response to space threats

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 777-799
Author(s):  
B. M. Shustov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Space Debris ◽  
The Sun ◽  
National Program ◽  
Biological Hazard ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Space Activities

During the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, space hazards multiplied, the most urgent of which is space debris. Professionals working in space are exposed to this hazard daily and are aware of it as a problem. Furthermore, increasing attention is being paid to the unpredictable behavior of the Sun, which produces the so-called space weather. The asteroid-comet hazard is considered as potentially having the most catastrophic consequences. No manifestations of biological hazard have yet been observed, although as space activities develop, it is becoming increasingly important. The appropriate time scale for astrophysical hazards is many millions of years, so from a practical perspective, they have no importance. This article briefly describes the main types of space hazards. The author analyzes the results of research and practical work in the field, both worldwide and specifically in Russia. Comparative analysis leads to the clear conclusion that a national program must be developed for the study of space hazards and to respond to space threats. This article is based on a report made by the author at the meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) on January 15, 2019.

The Bacterial Clients of Modern Architecture

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Beatriz Colomina ◽  
Mark Wigley
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Contemporary Research

The human is an unstable idea; simultaneously an all-powerful creature – capable of transforming the whole ecology of the planet – yet extremely fragile, a murky ghost. Contemporary research into our microbiome portrays the human itself as a mobile ecology constructed by the endless flux of interactions between thousands of different species of bacteria – some of which are millions of years old and others joined us just a few months ago. This challenges conventional understandings of architecture. What does it mean to house the human when we no longer think that the human organism is securely contained within its skin? What is the role of architecture when the humans occupying it are understood to be suspended in clouds of bacteria shared, generated and mobilized by other macro-organisms (pets, plants, insects…) and the building itself; when the human is not a clearly defined organism or in any sense independent; when the architectural client is a massive set of ever-changing trans-species alliances that make the apparent complexity of even the largest of cities seem quaintly uncomplicated. What kind of care do architects offer if we think of ourselves as alliances between bacteria within the apparent limits of the body and throughout the spaces we occupy? What faces 21st century architects in comparison to 20th century architects?

From grand banking hall to the art and design school library of the 21st century

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Terry
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
21St Century ◽  
School Library ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Building Program

With a detailed but not site-specific building program, the librarians at Rhode Island School of Design made the case for a new library three times the size of the existing facility. The site became specific with the donation of an early 20th-century grand banking hall. This paper addresses the role of the librarian in the design and construction process and includes an analysis of the way the new library meets the program objectives. In the early 1990’s after several early attempts to resolve the library’s space constraint at Rhode Island School of Design, the librarian was given a useful bit of advice: Stop trying to find the space. You must focus first on the program. What is it that you really need?

scholarly journals “HOW DO WE WRITE”, OR THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
M.A. Chernyak ◽  
◽  
M.A. Sargsyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Aesthetic Taste ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Literary Process

Statement of the problem. The interest of modern literary criticism to the problem of literature reflection is carried out mainly on the material of various metatexts, especially vividly represented in the turn of the century. The purpose of the article is to reveal author’s identity and artistic self-reflection in non-fiction texts. In this regard, the collection of articles entitled “How Do We Write”, compiled in 2018 by St. Petersburg writers Pavel Krusanov and Aleksander Etoev, is of particular interest. This book was written in reply to the book “How Do We Write” in 1930. The literary process of the 1920s, like, in many respects, literature of the new 21st century, was a period of renewal of various types and genres of artistic creativity, a period of the birth of new forms. Research results. Comparison of the two books, in which writers from different literary eras reflect on the nature of creativity, on the technology of literary work, on relationships with a reader, gives grounds to talk about the contours of a new textual criticism of the 21st century. Deformation of the canon, destruction of the boundaries of literature and aesthetic taste, and new forms of communication influenced the content and form of texts. Conclusions. With emergence of Internet reality, new sources of textual criticism appeared. The new literary reality dictates its own laws and creates new conditions for the development of publish- ing, writing, and reading relationships. Modern literature, like the literature of past years, reacts to cultural and historical events and to the development of the literary process, reflecting on the creation of the text and on the role of a writer here and now.

scholarly journals Mental Illness and Psychiatry: The 20th and Early 21st Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p57
Author(s):  
Paulann Grech ◽  
Reuben Grech
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Insight Into

The aim of this paper is to present the opposing views and tensions that characterised the evolution of psychiatry and understandings of mental health during the 20th century and the early decades of the 21st century. To this extent, the principal figures and entities that occupied the main fronts during these debates are presented during a description of the journey undertaken by psychiatry during the aforementioned years. Quotes from various original texts or their translations have been included in an attempt to recreate the spirit of the periods under study. This historical exploration provides further insight into the multifaceted world of mental health, its illnesses, treatments and the role of a number of influencing bodies that were crucial into shaping this discipline across the centuries.

The Fragmentary Condition of Aesthetics at the Turn of 21st Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-172
Author(s):  
Kamil Lipiński
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Cultural Education ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Critical Aesthetics ◽  
Point Of Departure

The ‘fragmentary condition’ relates to Jena Romanticism as the point of departure to discuss how the idea of the fragment moves from classical, literary studies to contemporary art and becomes part of a broader interpretation of the 20th century fin de siècle aesthetics. The article builds on Jean-Luc Nancy’s and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe’s theoretical insights into Jena Romanticism in order to examine the unification of all genres separated from poetry to touch poetry, philosophy, rhetoric through the anecdotal and witty articulation, as well as ars combinatoria. For Romantics, the basic imperative was to educate, form their existence, that is, Bildung, in Hegelian terms, cultural education, formation, development. This literary foundation is defined by Jean-Luc Nancy as a fragmentary existence which he identifies with the fraction, fractal essence, inherent separation, disengaging. Nancy was intent on examining the emergence of various contemporary works expressing their essence in terms of breaks, incompleteness, and an autonomous role of the fragment. This classical conceptual foundation provides these key conceptual and methodological perspectives and allows for discussing the implications of the critical aesthetics of the fin de siècle for the practices of fraction, ex-peau-sition, spacing, and division in the contemporary research in art.

Vesnice jako spontánně vzniklá biocentra a zásobníky biodiverzity v současné české zemědělské krajině

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pondělíček ◽  
Vladimíra Šilhánková
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Treasure Trove ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Further Development

Villages and their functions in the landscape have changed significantly, and the 21st century has brought with it a number of problems in the functioning of village settlements and the rural landscape. The aim of the paper is to analyze the role of the current village in the landscape and biodiversity in the landscape and to outline the possibilities of its functioning in this system and its further development. The work is processed mainly by means of the method of terrain and local surveys. The analysis shows that throughout the 20th century the possibilities of animal and plant move in the landscape decreased and diversity in the form of gardens, cemeteries, parks and other green formations was concentrated in settlements and their immediate vicinity. Contemporary villages and smaller towns have already had a relatively stabilized strip of greenery around them, which was created together with ensuring a quality environment (e.g., soundproofing or sun elimination). This, on the other hand, allowed animals that had not been common in settlements to move into villages. To our surprise, the villages become a treasure trove of biodiversity and the preservation of fragments of important habitats from previous stages of development. The care of intra-settlement greenery thus faces a new, as yet unknown, task - how to maintain and further develop this newly created biodiversity.

scholarly journals Waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 20th and 21st Century

ICR Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-367
Author(s):  
Jasmin Omercic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Banking And Finance ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Development

This paper investigates the socio-economic role of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 20th century to date. Bosnia and Herzegovina waqf endured through various political fortunes and improved the social and economic circumstances of Muslims. A contemporary challenge is to reconstruct this waqf. A new development is the emergence of Islamic Economics. Since 1995, the Waqf Directorate of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (WD-ICBIH), the main authority over waqf, initiated reforms to revive the socio-economic role of waqf and integrate it into Bosnia and Herzegovina development. The study identifies the challenges facing the Waqf Directorate and the development of Islamic Economics in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The emergence of Islamic Economics and Islamic Banking and Finance, in cooperation with the Bosnia Bank International, presents opportunities to the Waqf Directorate to achieve its vision and mission. Some avenues for waqf integration into Bosnia and Herzegovina development qualify as commendable efforts of reform, indicate a feasible future for the Waqf Directorate, and gradually address various challenges. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations.

Sport and National Identity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilwyn Porter
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Imagined Communities ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the role of sport in the construction of national identity. It focuses initially on sport as a cultural practice possessing the demonstrable capacity to generate events and experiences through which imagined communities are made real. The governments of nation-states or other political agencies might intervene directly in this process, using sport as a form of propaganda to achieve this effect. More often, however, the relationship between sport and national identity is reproduced in everyday life, flagged daily by the mass media as an expression of banal nationalism. Particular attention is given to the role of sports that are indigenous to particular nations and also to sports engaged in competitively between nations. These have contributed in different ways to the making of national identities.

scholarly journals THE INSTITUTION OF ACCOUNTING NORMALISATION IN ROMANIA – HISTORY AND PRESENT

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristita Rotila
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
National Level ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Large Series ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Way

The institution of accounting normalization at a national level can essentially be as public, private and mixed. On its nature depend the way of accepting/imposing the accounting norms and also the character of these norms, character which can be more or less restrictive. The present article is a study regarding the institution of normalization of accounting in Romania from the beginning (when the process of normalizing the Romanian accounting began) to present, following its changes through two stages which have marked the evolution of our country in the second half of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century: the stage of socialism, having a centralized economy, and the stage of transition to a market economy, which started right after the 1989 Revolution. Within post-revolutionary stage, under the Ministry of Finances, the institution of accounting normalization in Romania, a mixed organism was created, which sums up a large series of “actors” interested in the accounting information and has the role of allowing those actors to involve into the process of normalization, which would let the Romanian accounting normalization pass from an exclusively public approach to a mixed one.

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