scholarly journals Evaluation of Sprinkler Irrigation Evaporation Losses in Ilaro, Ogun State, South Western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Samuel Dare OLUWAGBAYIDE ◽  
Olugbenga FASANU ◽  
Ajayi Johnson OLORUNTADE
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Evaporation Losses ◽  
Pressure Medium ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

Under the prevailing climate change the world is currently facing, efficient irrigation water management is essential to ensure food security, especially in countries with similar climate to Nigeria. Hence, this study was undertaken at the Research Farm of Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria to evaluate evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation between March and July 2019. Experiments were performed using 360 rotating sprinkler and single nozzle of diameter 3 mm, while due cognizance was taken of the prevailing climatic conditions. Three operating pressures, namely, 50 kPa, 100 kPa and 150 kPa, representing low pressure, medium pressure and high pressure, respectively, were used. The results showed that operating pressures influence droplet sizes, droplet heights and flow rate during the experiment. In addition, it was observed that at operating pressures of 50 kPa, 100 kPa and 150 kPa, mean percentage of evaporation losses were 8.88%, 13.21% and 16.46%, respectively, indicating that evaporation losses increased with increasing operating pressure. Further analysis showed that percentage evaporation losses increased at higher relative humidity, thereby emphasizing the predominance of air temperature and wind velocity as climatic variable influencing sprinkler evaporation losses. The relationship between wind velocity (Vw ) and air temperature (Ta) and to predict evaporation losses (E ) was a function of E = 7.968Vw + 0.393Ta – 19.977. Therefore, it was concluded that, both climatic factors and operating pressures influence the rate of evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation, adequate attention should be paid to variation of climatic variables since sprinklers are sold with their specified operating pressures.

A note on climate in relation to facial eczema outbreaks in sheep in East Gippsland from 1955 to 1964

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
E Fisher ◽  
AW Kellock ◽  
DE Hore ◽  
R Sinnott
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Facial Eczema ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Facial eczema outbreaks of unprecedented severity occurred in Gippsland during 1956 and 1959. With the object of defining the climatic factors associated with disease-outbreaks of this nature, the minimum air-temperature and rainfall recordings made at the R.A.A.F. base, East Sale, from 1955 to 1964 have been noted and critically analysed. The climatic conditions which appear to be necessary for the development of P. chartarum in amounts sufficient to cause facial eczema of sheep In epidemic proportions, are defined for non-irrigated areas.

scholarly journals Prediction of wind drift and evaporation losses of a sprinkler irrigation system using principal component analysis and artificial neural network technique

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3 July) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy A Marey ◽  
Mohamed SA El Marazky ◽  
Abdulwahed M Aboukarima
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Wind Drift ◽  
Evaporation Losses ◽  
Input Layer ◽  
Riser Height

Principal component analysis was merged with the artificial neural network (ANN) technique to predict wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) from a sprinkler irrigation system. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted to determine WDEL under different conditions. Data from field experiments and previous studies were used as sample data to train the ANN model. Three models were developed to predict WDEL. In the first model (ANN1), 9 neurons (riser height, main nozzle diameter, auxiliary nozzle diameter, discharge rate of the main nozzle, discharge rate of the auxiliary nozzle, operating pressure, wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity) were used as the input layer. In the second model (ANN2), 7 neurons (riser height, operating pressure, wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity, diameter ratio and discharge ratio) were used as the input layer. The third model (ANN3) used a multivariate technique (PC1, PC2, and PC3). Results revealed that the ANN3 model had the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.8349). The R2 values for the ANN1 and ANN2 models were 0.7792 and 0.4807, respectively. It can be concluded that the ANN3 model has the highest predictive capacity.

scholarly journals Effects of Climate Variability on Evaporation in Dongping Lake, China, during 2003–2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yuan Rong ◽  
Hongbo Su ◽  
Renhua Zhang ◽  
Zheng Duan
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Evaporation Ratio ◽  
Dongping Lake ◽  
Lake Evaporation ◽  
Annual Evaporation ◽  
Monteith Equation

Based on two long-term, hourly (10:30–11:30 and 13:10–14:10) meteorological over-lake observations and data from Shenxian meteorological station, nearby Dongping Lake, the Penman-Monteith equation and reference evaporation ratio algorithm were used to calculate lake evaporation in Dongping Lake, China, from 2003 to 2010. The variation trend of evaporation of Dongping Lake was analyzed, and the influences that caused changes in lake evaporation were also discussed. The results show that (1) the total annual evaporation in Dongping Lake increased at 18.24 mm/a during 2003–2010. The major climatic factors accounting for this increase are the rising net radiation and the rising air temperature; (2) the total annual evaporation in a particular hour (13:10–14:10) in Dongping Lake increased at 4.55 mm/a during 2003–2010—the major climate factors that accounted for this increase are rising net radiation, followed by air temperature, wind velocity, and air humidity; (3) against the background of global warming, the climate of Dongping Lake tended to be dry during 2003–2010; the largest contribution to this comes from air temperature, followed by wind velocity and relative humidity; and (4) the monthly evaporation in Dongping Lake has seasonal variability.

scholarly journals Climatic modification effects on the association between PM1 and lung cancer incidence in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huagui Guo ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Weifeng Li ◽  
Jiansheng Wu ◽  
Siying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses

Abstract Background Nationwide studies that examine climatic modification effects on the association between air pollution and health outcome are limited in developing countries. Moreover, few studies focus on PM1 pollution despite its greater health effect. Objectives This study aims to determine the modification effects of climatic factors on the associations between PM1 and the incidence rates of lung cancer for males and females in China. Methods We conducted a nationwide analysis in 345 Chinese counties (districts) from 2014 to 2015. Mean air temperature and relative humidity over the study period were used as the proxies of climatic conditions. In terms of the multivariable linear regression model, we examined climatic modification effects in the stratified and combined datasets according to the three-category and binary divisions of climatic factors. Moreover, we performed three sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of climatic modification effects. Results We found a stronger association between PM1 and the incidence rate of male lung cancer in counties with high levels of air temperature or relative humidity. If there is a 10 μg/m3 shift in PM1, then the change in male incidence rate relative to its mean was higher by 4.39% (95% CI: 2.19, 6.58%) and 8.37% (95% CI: 5.18, 11.56%) in the middle and high temperature groups than in the low temperature group, respectively. The findings of climatic modification effects were robust in the three sensitivity analyses. No significant modification effect was discovered for female incidence rate. Conclusions Male residents in high temperature or humidity counties suffer from a larger effect of PM1 on the incidence rate of lung cancer in China. Future research on air pollution-related health impact assessment should consider the differential air pollution effects across different climatic conditions.

scholarly journals The influence of surface characteristics, topography, and continentality on mountain permafrost in British Columbia

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 4779-4822 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hasler ◽  
M. Geertsema ◽  
V. Foord ◽  
S. Gruber ◽  
J. Noetzli
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cover Thickness

Abstract. Thermal offset and surface offset are terms that describe the deviation of the mean annual ground temperature from the mean annual air temperature. These offsets are controlled by surface characteristics and topo-climatic factors on a micro- and meso-scales. Macro-climatic conditions may, however, influence the effectiveness of the responsible processes. Existing knowledge on surface- and topography-specific offsets is not easily transferable and limits the applicability of empirical permafrost distribution models over large areas with macro-climatic gradients. In this paper we describe surface and thermal offsets derived from distributed measurements at seven field sites in British Columbia. Key findings are (i) a surprisingly small variation of the surface offsets between different surface types and small thermal offsets in general (excluding wetlands and peat), (ii) a clear influence of the micro-topography at wind exposed sites (snow cover erosion), (iii) a north–south difference of the surface offset of 4 °C in near-vertical bedrock and of 1.5–3 °C on open (no canopy) gentle slopes, (iv) only small macro-climatic differences caused by the reverse influence of snow cover thickness and annual air temperature amplitude. These findings suggest, that empirical permafrost models based on topo-climatic variables may be applicable across regions with significant macro-climatic differences.

scholarly journals Modeling wind drift and evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation in arid areas (case of Touggourt - Algeria)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiane Gheriani ◽  
Noureddine MEZA ◽  
Djamel BOUTOUTAOU
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Wind Drift ◽  
Evaporation Losses ◽  
Complex Indicators

Abstract In recent years, agriculture development in South-eastern Algeria progressed rapidly which increased the demand for agricultural products. Given that this region is characterized by hard agro-climatic conditions, irrigation seems to be a necessary factor for ensuring optimal development and high agricultural production. Like many irrigation technics widely used, sprinkler irrigation performance was considerably affected by these conditions, mainly evaporation, which causes water losses. This study aims to propose an adequate mathematical model predicting wind drift and evaporation losses under different weather conditions resume by the complex indicator of climatic intensity (ɸ). Results showed that complex indicators of climatic intensity, were significant factors affecting the wind drift and evaporation losses, puissance relationship between wind drift and evaporation losses, and complex indicators of climatic intensity, obtained model are adopted can be useful tools in the determination of the overall losses in terms of environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed). Totally 25 measure samples were used for training the model, and 15 measure samples for testing and validation of the model. The developed model for the WDEL modeling shows high good performance with a coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.808, mean squared error (RMSE) = 3.39%, and Mean Absolute Error MAE = 8.41%.

The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongyle nematodes: I. The vertical distribution of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in relation to their habitat

Parasitology ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Crofton
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
King's College ◽  
Graduate Research ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
June July ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

1. The number of third stage larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis on different portions of herbage was studied. Three plant-types were used: Festuca sp., Clover, and Carex sp.2. On Festuca spp., 5·5 in. in height, 90% of the total number of larvae occurred on the lower 3 in. of the blades; 50% occurred on the basal 1·5 in. On the same species, 3 in. high, 90% were found on the lower inch. This showed that the distribution on the blades was not limited by the total distance the larvae were able to travel. Nor was it limited by the rate of movement, because the form of the distribution was not altered after 3 days.3. Larvae were found to be evenly distributed vertically over the stems and leaves of clover.4. On Carex vulgaris 10 in. high the larvae were limited to the lower 2 in.5. The distribution of larvae in the soil, ‘mat’ and herbage was recorded monthly throughout the year. During the warmer months of June, July and August the majority of larvae were found on the grass blades, and more larvae occurred in the soil than in the ‘mat’. During September, October, April and May more larvae were found in the ‘mat’ and fewer were found on the blades and in the soil. From November to March nearly all the larvae occurred in the ‘mat’. From December to January no larvae were found on the grass blades or in the soil.6. Climatic conditions in the herbage were studied.7. It was shown that the temperature below the top of grass blades may differ considerably from the air temperature. Differences of 10° F. were recorded between the tips and bases of grass blades. In general, there was a gradient of temperature established between the upper and lower parts of the grass.8. High humidities occurred in the lower parts of the grass, even when atmospheric humidity was low. The relative humidity at the tips was never higher than that at the base of the blades.9. The rate of evaporation decreased towards the base of the blades.10. The light intensity decreased towards the soil. Midway between the top of the grass and the soil the light intensity fell rapidly.11. The height, density and type of herbage modified the effect of the climatic factors.12. It was concluded that the vertical distribution of larvae could be explained without reference to geotropism and that most of the larvae occurred in that portion of the herbage in which there was least climatic change.The writer wishes to thank Prof. A. D. Hobson for advice and criticism and Mr W. Lyle Stewart, M.R.C.V.S., for encouragement and the provision of facilities, and Dr G. Lapage for helpful criticism and advice in the preparation of the MS. Thanks are also due to King's College, University of Durham, for a grant from the College Post-Graduate Research Fund.

scholarly journals Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Koffi Djaman ◽  
Curtis Owen ◽  
Margaret M. West ◽  
Samuel Allen ◽  
Komlan Koudahe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Climate Conditions

The highly variable weather under changing climate conditions affects the establishment and the cutoff of crop growing season and exposes crops to failure if producers choose non-adapted relative maturity that matches the characteristics of the crop growing season. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maize hybrid relative maturity and the grain yield and determine the relative maturity range that will sustain maize production in northwest New Mexico (NM). Different relative maturity maize hybrids were grown at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington ((Latitude 36.69° North, Longitude 108.31° West, elevation 1720 m) from 2003 to 2019 under sprinkler irrigation. A total of 343 hybrids were grouped as early and full season hybrids according to their relative maturity that ranged from 93 to 119 and 64 hybrids with unknown relative maturity. The crops were grown under optimal management condition with no stress of any kind. The results showed non-significant increase in grain yield in early season hybrids and non-significant decrease in grain yield with relative maturity in full season hybrids. The relative maturity range of 100–110 obtained reasonable high grain yields and could be considered under the northwestern New Mexico climatic conditions. However, more research should target the evaluation of different planting date coupled with plant population density to determine the planting window for the early season and full season hybrids for the production optimization and sustainability.

scholarly journals Radial Growth Response of European Larch Provenances to Interannual Climate Variation in Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Norbert Szymański ◽  
Sławomir Wilczyński
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Provenance Trials ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Climatic Elements

The present study identified the similarities and differences in the radial growth responses of 20 provenances of 51-year-old European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) trees from Poland to the climatic conditions at three provenance trials situated in the Polish lowlands (Siemianice), uplands (Bliżyn) and mountains (Krynica). A chronology of radial growth indices was developed for each of 60 European larch populations, which highlighted the interannual variations in the climate-mediated radial growth of their trees. With the aid of principal component, correlation and multiple regression analysis, supra-regional climatic elements were identified to which all the larch provenances reacted similarly at all three provenance trials. They increased the radial growth in years with a short, warm and precipitation-rich winter; a cool and humid summer and when high precipitation in late autumn of the previous year was noted. Moreover, other climatic elements were identified to which two groups of the larch provenances reacted differently at each provenance trial. In the lowland climate, the provenances reacted differently to temperature in November to December of the previous year and July and to precipitation in September. In the upland climate, the provenances differed in growth sensitivity to precipitation in October of the previous year and June–September. In the mountain climate, the provenances responded differently to temperature and precipitation in September of the previous year and to precipitation in February, June and September of the year of tree ring formation. The results imply that both climatic factors and origin (genotype), i.e., the genetic factor, mediate the climate–growth relationships of larch provenances.

scholarly journals Seasonal Climate Impacts on Vocal Activity in Two Neotropical Nonpasserines

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Cristian Pérez-Granados ◽  
Karl-L. Schuchmann
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Calling Behavior ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Focal Species ◽  
Calling Activity ◽  
Vocal Activity

Climatic conditions represent one of the main constraints that influence avian calling behavior. Here, we monitored the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) and the Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) during the dry and wet seasons in the Brazilian Pantanal. We aimed to assess the effects of climate predictors on the vocal activity of these focal species and evaluate whether these effects may vary among seasons. Air temperature was positively associated with the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season. However, the vocal activity of both species was unrelated to air temperature during the wet season, when higher temperatures occur. Daily rainfall was positively related to the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season, when rainfall events are scarce and seem to act as a trigger for breeding phenology of the focal species. Nonetheless, air temperature was negatively associated with the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou during the wet season, when rainfall was abundant. This study improves our understanding of the vocal behavior of tropical birds and their relationships with climate, but further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the associations found in our study.

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