scholarly journals Purification Potentials of Activated Carbon from Chrysophyllum albidum Seed Shells on Petroleum Fractions.

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Osabohien ◽  
C. Agbanashi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Odoriferous Substances ◽  
Before And After

This research work investigates the use of locally sourced activated carbon as adsorbent in removing impurities and odoriferous substances from some petroleum fractions. The activated carbon was prepared from Crysophyllum abidum (cherry) seed shells. The seed shells were cracked to remove the seeds, washed, dried and pulverized. The powder was carbonized in a furnace at 500 0C, cooled and screened with a 100μm sized sieve. The carbonized powder was impregnated with phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide in a mixture ratio of 2:1, stirred vigorously for activation and kept in an oven to dry at 110 0C for 2 h. The activated carbon was washed and dried to constant weight, and in comparison with the commercial type were characterized in terms of the moisture, ash, volatile matter contents, pH, bulk density, iodine adsorption number, silica content and percentage yield and gave 2.20%, 1.50%, 83.50%, 7.15, 0.45 g/cm3, 61.01 mg/g, 0.25% and 22.50% respectively. The activated carbon was applied in the purification of the petroleum fractions (dual purpose kerosene, DPK and premium motor spirit, PMS). The observed density, specific gravity (S.G), initial and final boiling points, flash point, ethanol content and research octane number (RON) of the petroleum fractions before and after the purification process were measured, the results showed that the treated DPK and PMS had improved properties due to the purification potentials of the activated carbons applied on them. The locally sourced activated carbon performed almost as well as the commercial type used, with slight inferiority in RON enhancement. Keywords: Chrysophyllum albidum seed shell, activated carbon, purification and petroleum fractions.

scholarly journals Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from albizia saman pod

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
G. D. Akpen ◽  
M. I. Aho ◽  
N. Baba
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Albizia Saman ◽  
Temperature Surface

Activated carbon was prepared from the pods of Albizia saman for the purpose of converting the waste to wealth. The pods were thoroughly washed with water to remove any dirt, air- dried and cut into sizes of 2-4 cm. The prepared pods were then carbonised in a muffle furnace at temperatures of 4000C, 5000C, 6000C ,7000C and 8000C for 30 minutes. The same procedure was repeated for 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes respectively. Activation was done using impregnationratios of 1:12, 1:6, 1:4, 1:3, and 1:2 respectively of ZnCl2 to carbonised Albizia saman pods by weight. The activated carbon was then dried in an oven at 1050C before crushing for sieve analysis. The following properties of the produced Albizia saman pod activated carbon (ASPAC) were determined: bulk density, carbon yield, surface area and ash, volatile matter and moisture contents. The highest surface area of 1479.29 m2/g was obtained at the optimum impregnation ratio, carbonization time and temperature of 1:6, 60 minutes and 5000C respectively. It was recommended that activated carbon should be prepared from Albizia saman pod with high potential for adsorption of pollutants given the high surface area obtained.Keywords: Albizia saman pod, activated carbon, carbonization, temperature, surface area

Effect of Activating Agent on the Preparation of Bamboo-Based High Surface Area Activated Carbon by Microwave Heating

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Xia ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
Chandrasekar Srinivasakannan ◽  
Jinhui Peng ◽  
Libo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Activating Agent

AbstractThe present work attempts to convert bamboo into a high surface area activated carbon via microwave heating. Different chemical activating agents such as KOH, NaOH, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 were utilized to identify a most suitable activating agent. Among the activating agents tested KOH was found to generate carbon with the highest porosity and surface area. The effect of KOH/C ratio on the porous nature of the activated carbon has been assessed. An optimal KOH/C ratio of 4 was identified, beyond which the surface area as well as the pore volume were found to decrease. At the optimized KOH/C ratio the surface area and the pore volume were estimated to be 3,441 m2/g and 2.093 ml/g, respectively, with the significant proportion of which being microporous (62.3%). Activated carbon prepared under the optimum conditions was further characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Activated carbons with so high surface area and pore volume are very rarely reported, which could be owed to the nature of the precursor and the optimal conditions of mixture ratio adopted in the present work.

Microbial Assessment of Grey Water Samples Treated with Activated Carbon Forms of Selected Agro-wastes

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Nduka Chidimma Adamma ◽  
Okereke Josephat Nwabueze ◽  
Peter, Chukwudi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Fungi

This study evaluated the efficacy of activated carbon from rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk wastes in the reduction of microbial properties of grey water samples harvested from students’ hostels. Microscopic characterization, enumerations and identification of microbial isolates were carried out to determine the microbial community before and after the treatment with activated carbon.  Staphylococcus sp, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Salmonella sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp were observed to be present in the grey water. Before treatment, Total Heterotrophic Count (THC) was 1.2 x 1011cfu/ml, Total Coliform Count (TCC), 6.4 x 106cfu/ml and Total Fungi Count (TFC) 2.2 x 1010cfu/ml. THC after the treatment ranged from 1.69 x 109 - 7.6 x 1010cfu/ml; TCC, 2.2 x 105 - 7.3 x 108cfu/ml and TFC 1.0 x 108 - 1.2 x 109cfu/ml. Reduction in the microbial load after treatment revealed that activated carbons from rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk can be used singly or in combined states for the treatment of wastewater.

scholarly journals Effect of Chemical Activating Agents on Surface Area and Methylene Blue Uptake Capacity of Activated Carbons

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-264
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Activating Agent

Activated carbon from Acacia asak (Fabaceae) tree branches was prepared utilizing three-steps- process and H3P04, ZnCl2, H2S04, K2C03, Na0H and K0H as chemical activating agents. In addition to the elemental analysis of precursor materials, produced activated carbon (ATB-AC) was also analyzed for moisture content, ash content, pH value, bulk density, volatile matter, hardness, specific surface area (SBET), iodine number and pore volume. Results revealed that the quality of ATB-AC is well comparable to the available commercial activated carbon (CAC). The SBET was found to be in the order of ATB-AC1> ATB- AC2> ATB-AC4> ATB-AC6> ATB-AC3> ATB-AC5. All the produced ATB-AC demonstrated good MB (methylene blue) removal efficiency, whereas ATB-AC1 and ATB-AC2 (produced from H3P04, and ZnCl2) showed higher efficiency. It is concluded that the chemical activating agent has significant effect on produced AC keeping all other production parameters constant. Among the six studied chemicals, H3P04 and ZnCl2 produced AC exhibited high SBET surface area and MB uptake capacity.  

Preparation and Adsorption Property of Modified Activated Carbon for Purification of HCN in Closed Carbide Furnace Tail Gas

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 1862-1866
Author(s):  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Ping Ning ◽  
Zhong Hua Wang ◽  
Yang Wei Bai ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Adsorption Property ◽  
N2 Adsorption ◽  
Modified Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Temperature ◽  
Activated State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Modified Activated Carbons

For utilization of CO contained in tail gases of coal chemical industry, adsorption purification of HCN in closed carbide furnace tail gas was investigated on an activated carbon was modified with KOH (AC1) and the other activated carbon was modified with NaOH and sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine (AC2). The experiment results show that two kinds of modified activated carbons are proved to be effective adsorbents for HCN removal, but the HCN adsorption capacity for AC2 is 1.47 times that for AC1. For AC2 adsorbent, the purification efficiency increased with the increase of oxygen content and adsorption temperature. The results show that, 1.5% for optimum oxygen content and 90°C for optimum adsorption temperature. The specific surface and the pore structure properties of AC2 adsorbent before and after HCN adsorption were tested by N2 adsorption experiments. The N2 adsorption tests show that, the predominant adsorption of HCN occurs in the micropores in radius 7.4～16.6 Å. Deactivated AC2 adsorbent could be restored to the original activated state, even after several regenerations.

Dynamic Study of Adsorption for the Removal of Bismark Brown – Using Activated Carbons

2011 ◽  
Vol 671 ◽  
pp. 187-204
Author(s):  
A. Xavier ◽  
R Sathya ◽  
J. Gandhi Rajan ◽  
R. Nagarathnam
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Dye Adsorption ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion

Many industries use dyes and pigments to colorize their products. Large amount different types of dyes enter in to the environment. These dyes are invariably left in the industrial wastes. As a part of removal of Bismark Brown dye from textile and leather industrial wastes, using activated carbon as adsorbents namely, commercial activated carbon (CAC), rose apple carbon (RAC), coconut shell carbon (CSC) and saw dust carbon (SDC). The percentage removal of Bismark-Brown adsorbed increases with decrease in initial concentration and particle size of adsorbent and increased with increase in contact time, temperature and dose of adsorbent. The pH is highly sensitive for dye adsorption process. The adsorption process followed first order kinetics and the adsorption data with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The first kinetic equations like Natarajan Khalaf, Lagergren, Bhattacharya and Venkobhachar and intra-particle diffusion were found to be applicable. A comparative account of the adsorption capacity of various carbons has been made. These activated carbons are alternative to commercial AC for the removal dyes in General and Bismark-brown (BB) is particular. These results are reported highly efficient and effective and low cost adsorbent for the BB. The thermodynamics parameters are also studied and it obeys spontaneous process. The results are confirmed by before and after adsorption process with the help of the following instrumental techniques viz., FT-IR, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and SEM analyze.

Performance of Activated Carbon Made from Gigantochloa verticillata Bamboo for Biogas Purification

2020 ◽  
Vol 1013 ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
I Putu Hari Wangsa ◽  
Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia ◽  
Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra Negara ◽  
I Wayan Surata
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Biogas Purification

Biogas is known to contain mainly methane (CH4), and other gas impurities such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Biogas should be purified to remove gas impurities prior to be used as a fuel. Activated carbon is a famous biogas purifier. Commercial activated carbons are found expensive due to high cost during production. New routes for low cost production of activated carbon are still in progress. Many natural sources were explored for production of low cost and good quality activated carbon. One of the natural sources of raw material of activated carbon is bamboo. The bamboo from species of Gigantochloa verticillata from the tropical source of Indonesia was prepared for this purpose. The bamboo was cut from the tree, dried under the sun and cut to small pieces. The dried small pieces of bamboo cut were carbonized at 700 °C for 1.5 hours in air-tight chamber made from steel. The sample then was crushed and screen in 3 different particle sizes, namely: 150-250 mesh, 250-350 mesh and 350-450 mesh. About 100 gram of carbonized bamboo from these three variations were activated at 750°C for 1 hour in around 5100 cm3 steel chamber with nitrogen gas (N2) was flowed with rate 350 ml/minute. The result of activated carbon were analyzed by using TGA (thermo gravimetric analyses) for moisture, volatile, ash and fixed carbon composition test. The activated carbon then was set in acrylic tube for biogas purification. Around 200 liters of raw biogas were collected in PVC bag. The biogas was flowed with flow rate 500 mL/minute. The biogas composition before and after passing the activated carbon was measured in three time repetitions. The results indicate that the activated carbon made from Gigantochloa verticillata bamboo developed in this work is promising biogas purifier.

The potential application of activated carbon from sewage sludge to organic dyes removal

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Graham ◽  
X. G. Chen ◽  
S. Jayaseelan
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Peanut Shell

The objective of this research work was to study the potential application of activated carbon from sewage sludge to organic dye removal. Methylene blue and crystal violet were the two dyes investigated in the present study. Three activated carbons were produced from the exclusive sewage sludge (referred to as DS), the sludge with the additive of coconut husk (DC) and sludge with the additive of peanut shell (DP) respectively. They were characterized by their surface area and porosity and their surface chemistry structure. Adsorption studies were performed by the batch technique to obtain kinetic and equilibrium data. The results show that the three sludge-derived activated carbons had a developed porosity and marked content of surface functional groups. They exhibited a rapid three-stage adsorption process for both methylene blue and crystal violet. Their adsorption capacities for the two dyes were high, the carbon DP performed best in the adsorption whereas the carbon DC performed worst. It is therefore concluded that the activated carbons made from sewage sludge and its mixtures are promising for dye removal from aqueous streams.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Activated Carbons from African Teak (Iroko) Wood and Coconut Shell in Palm Oil Bleaching

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davidson C Onwumelu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Fuller’S Earth ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

This study compares the effectiveness of activated carbons from the African Teak/Iroko wood (Milicia excelsia) and coconut shell as adsorbents in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) bleaching. This was done in order to source for local agro-waste substitutes for the imported Fuller’s earth. The materials were activated using analytical grade CaCl2 in 25% solution at a temperature of 109OC in a laboratory hot air oven. The obtained activated carbon samples were subjected to proximate analysis to ascertain their percentage ash, moisture, volatile matter and fixed carbon contents. The CPO to be analysed was degummed, neutralized and further bleached using 2g, 4g, 6g, 8g, 10g, 12g and 14g of the adsorbent samples at a temperature of 130OC after which the obtained oils were analysed and results plotted. It was observed that the bleached oil samples generally had reduced specific gravity, opacity, colour, and free fatty acid (FFA) compared to the CPO. It was also observed that the opacity, colour, and FFA reduced as the adsorbent dosage increased. Conversely, the percentage colour reduction and the percentage FFA reduction increased with adsorbent dosage. Overall, the oil samples bleached by activated carbon from the African Teak/Iroko wood exhibited more desirable properties than the ones bleached by the coconut shell activated carbon.

Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption to Durian Shell Activated Carbon

2013 ◽  
Vol 594-595 ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erny Haslina Abd Latib ◽  
Melissa Suraya Mustfha ◽  
Suriati Sufian ◽  
Ku Zilati Ku Shaari
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Dye Adsorption ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Methylene Blue Dye ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A low cost adsorbent for waste water treatment can be achieved by producing an activated carbon from agriculture waste. In this research work, the activated carbons were prepared from durian shell using the physical and chemical activation at different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide followed by carbonization at high temperature under the flow of nitrogen gas. The produced activated carbon was characterized to obtain the physical and chemical properties. The adsorption of methylene blue dye has been studied in this experiment and the results showed that the efficiency of dye removal was increased for the treated durian shell as compare to the untreated one. It is found that 99% of methylene blue has been removed using durian shell activated carbon (DShAC) that treated at the conditions 0.6M H2O2at 700°C for 30 minutes.

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