EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHERN BAČKA AND SREM REGION

Salmonella causes local and systemic infections of poultry, which may lead to substantial direct and indirect economic losses, presenting also significant risk to human health. Th e aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of certain serotypes of Salmonella spp. isolated on poultry farmsin Southern Bačka and Srem regions in the period from 2010 to 2014, as recommended by the Book of rules of early detection, diagnostic, prevention of spreading and eradication of Salmonella spp. We analyzed the results obtained from the laboratory for clinical bacteriology to determine number of salmonella cases. From all samples that have been submitted for bacteriology analysis, salmonellas were isolated from 7.3% samples. Salmonella infantis was isolated from 50.3% of all salmonella-positive samples, mostly from materials supplied from broiler farms. Salmonella enteritidis was most frequently isolated in broiler chickens at the rate of 48.2%. Th ere is an increasing trend in the occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella infantis on poultry farms from year to year. Our research revealed the highest incidence of salmonella isolates in broilers that died during transportation or within the fi rst three days upon arrival of chickens. During the five-year research period, 65 samples from parent fl ocks (63 from broiler breeders and 2 from parent fl ocks of layers) were salmonella positive, which makes 8.03% of all positive isolates. It is most likely that salmonella infection occurs due to infection of parent flocks and young chickens are infected trough both vertical and horizontal transmission.

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Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry: A global overview

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.2070-2084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2070-2084

Author(s):

Rafael Enrique Castro-Vargas ◽

María Paula Herrera-Sánchez ◽

Roy Rodríguez-Hernández ◽

Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Human Medicine ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Production Chain ◽

First Choice ◽

The Impact

Salmonella enterica is the most important foodborne pathogen, and it is often associated with the contamination of poultry products. Annually, Salmonella causes around 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths worldwide. Antimicrobial therapy is the first choice of treatment for this bacterial infection; however, antimicrobial resistance has become a problem due to the misuse of antibiotics both in human medicine and animal production. It has been predicted that by 2050, antibiotic-resistant pathogens will cause around 10 million deaths worldwide, and the WHO has suggested the need to usher in the post-antibiotic era. The purpose of this review is to discuss and update the status of Salmonella antibiotic resistance, in particular, its prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance patterns in response to critical antimicrobials used in human medicine and the poultry industry. Based on our review, the median prevalence values of Salmonella in broiler chickens, raw chicken meat, and in eggs and egg-laying hens were 40.5% ( interquartile range [IQR] 11.5-58.2%), 30% (IQR 20-43.5%), and 40% (IQR 14.2-51.5%), respectively. The most common serotype was Salmonella Enteritidis, followed by Salmonella Typhimurium. The highest antibiotic resistance levels within the poultry production chain were found for nalidixic acid and ampicillin. These findings highlight the need for government entities, poultry researchers, and producers to find ways to reduce the impact of antibiotic use in poultry, focusing especially on active surveillance and finding alternatives to antibiotics.

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Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-020-01153-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danish Sharafat Rajput ◽

Dong Zeng ◽

Abdul Khalique ◽

Samia Sharafat Rajput ◽

Hesong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Production Systems ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Microbial Strains

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.

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Molecular mechanisms of growth depression in broiler chickens (Gallus Gallus domesticus) mediated by immune stress: a hepatic proteome study

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00591-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aijuan Zheng ◽

Anrong Zhang ◽

Zhimin Chen ◽

Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado ◽

Wenhuan Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Gallus Gallus ◽

Gallus Domesticus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽

Growth Depression ◽

Stress Group ◽

Immune Stress

Abstract Background Immunological stress decreases feed intake, suppresses growth and induces economic losses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Label-free liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomics techniques were employed to investigate effects of immune stress on the hepatic proteome changes of Arbor Acres broilers (Gallus Gallus domesticus) challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results Proteomic analysis indicated that 111 proteins were differentially expressed in the liver of broiler chickens from the immune stress group. Of these, 28 proteins were down-regulated, and 83 proteins were up-regulated in the immune stress group. Enrichment analysis showed that immune stress upregulated the expression of hepatic proteins involved in defense function, amino acid catabolism, ion transport, wound healing, and hormone secretion. Furthermore, immune stress increased valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathways. Conclusion The data suggests that growth depression of broiler chickens induced by immune stress is triggered by hepatic proteome alterations, and provides a new insight into the mechanism by which immune challenge impairs poultry production.

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Incidence of Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in Poultry Carcasses and Different Types of Poultry Products for Sale on the Belgian Retail Market

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-62.7.735 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 735-740 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

M. UYTTENDAELE ◽

P. DE TROY ◽

J. DEBEVERE

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Contamination Rate ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Retail Market ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Poultry Products

From January 1997 to May 1998, 772 samples of poultry carcasses and poultry products for sale on the retail market in Belgium were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes per 100 cm2 or 25 g. Poultry samples were contaminated with Salmonella (36.5%), C. jejuni and C. coli (28.5%), and L. monocytogenes (38.2%). In about 12.3% of the poultry samples, the L. monocytogenes contamination level exceeded 1 CFU per g or cm2. Significant differences in pathogen contamination rates of poultry products were noticed between the poultry products originating from Belgian, French, and U.K. abattoirs. Poultry products derived from broiler chickens running free in pine woods until slaughtering age (12 to 13 weeks) had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower contamination rate of Salmonella than poultry products from enclosed broilers slaughtered at the age of 6 to 8 weeks. A significantly (P < 0.05) lower pathogen contamination rate was noted for Salmonella, C. jejuni, and C. coli for poultry cuts without skin compared to poultry cuts with skin on. An increase in pathogen contamination rate was noticed during cutting and further processing. To diminish C. jejuni, C. coli, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes contamination rates, hygienic rules of slaughter and meat processing must be rigorously observed. At the moment, zero tolerance for these pathogens is not feasible, and there is a need to establish criteria allowing these pathogens to be present at reasonable levels in the examined poultry samples.

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The Simultaneous Administration of a Probiotic or Prebiotic with Live Salmonella Vaccine Improves Growth Performance and Reduces Fecal Shedding of the Bacterium in Salmonella-Challenged Broilers

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10010070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 70 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nahed A. El-Shall ◽

Ashraf M. Awad ◽

Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack ◽

Mohammed A. E. Naiel ◽

Sarah I. Othman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Good Practice ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Comparative Efficacy ◽

Fecal Shedding ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Clinical Protection ◽

Negative Effect

Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases in poultry, causing heavy economic losses, increased mortality and reduced production. The aim of this study was the comparative efficacy of a commercial probiotic and/or prebiotic with a live attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) vaccine on the protection of broiler chickens from SE challenge. The efficacy of probiotic or prebiotic products, as well as a live Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) vaccine at the 7th day of age, administered via drinking water, were evaluated for clinical protection and effects on growth performance of broiler chickens experimentally challenged with SE at the 28th day of age. The use of probiotic or prebiotic simultaneously with the live Salmonella vaccine can diminish the negative effect of live vaccine growth performance, reducing mortality rate, fecal shedding, and re-isolation of SE from liver, spleen, heart and cecum. The use of probiotic or prebiotic simultaneously with the application of the live Salmonella vaccine is a good practice to diminish the negative effect of the harmful bacteria and improve the growth performance of broilers. Thus, further studies may be carried out with layers and breeders.

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Pathomorphological changes in the organs of chickens infected spontaneously by the species Salmonella pullorum on private farms in Chernivtsi region

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/022184 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 614-619

Author(s):

O. Shchebentovska ◽

A. Kostynuk ◽

S. Zaika ◽

L. Kovalova ◽

L. Yevtukh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Coagulation Necrosis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Sharp Change ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Small Farms ◽

Salmonella Pullorum

Commercial poultry production growth and the increase in the number of small farms specializing in raising broiler chickens, laying hens, quails, and other poultry contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Non-compliance with the principles of biosafety during incubation and breeding results in mass deaths of poultry and, consequently, significant economic losses for farmers. Salmonellosis is one of the most dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases of poultry, which is most often registered in private farms. Age analysis of the poultry salmonellosis in the EU countries indicates the infection of adult laying hens most often, young poultry to a lesser extent, and chickens aged up to 10 days less frequently. Although the program for the prevention and elimination of poultry salmonellosis has been approved at the legislative level in Ukraine, monitoring studies are not carefully conducted. This is especially true for private homesteads and small farms, which greatly complicates the epizootiological situation in some regions of the country. The article describes the pathological and histological changes in the liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. The changes were detected in chickens aged 10 and 14 days infected with microorganisms of the species Salmonella pullorum. Eggs for incubation were obtained from different family flocks, and incubation was performed in a single incubator. The initial clinical signs of the disease appeared in chickens aged 7 days and included diarrhea, increased water consumption, lameness, mass concentration of chickens near heat sources, nervous phenomena in the form of circle walking, and partial blindness in some cases. The pathological autopsy revealed hepatomegaly with sharp change in the organ colour, diapedetic hemorrhage under Glisson’s capsule, and diffuse miliary necrosis. Greyish-white nodular lesions of the lungs and heart, dystrophic changes in the kidneys, and deposition of uric acid salts in the ureters were also characteristic features. Diffuse coagulation necrosis, massive perivascular infiltration by heterophilic lymphocytes and stasis were observed in the liver. Changes in the heart were characterized by significant infiltration by mononuclear cells and heterophiles, which led to atrophy, necrosis, and replacement of cardiomyocytes by connective tissue cellular elements. Delymphatization and necrosis of the lymph nodes were pronounced in the spleen.

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BACTERIOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL MONITORING OF PARATHYPHOID INFECTION ON BROILER FARMS

Archives of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.46784/e-avm.v2i1.206 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 11-19

Author(s):

Dušan Orlić ◽

Jovo Đekić ◽

Vladimir Bursać ◽

Vladica Adamov ◽

Miloš Kapetanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Important Place ◽

Economic Problems ◽

Serological Examination ◽

Broiler Flock ◽

Major Pathogens ◽

Significant Health

Salmonellosis causes significant health and economic problems in poultry industry, but it may also occur in extensive poultry production with higher or lower prevalence. Since salmonellosis is a zoonosis, it plays an important place among other major pathogens in poultry. The most important Salmonellae, present both in animals and humans, are Salmonella enteritidis i Salmonella typhimurium. The aim of this research was to determine if there is a correlation between positive bacteriology and serology examinations carried out by ELISA test immediately after the slaughter. From the obtained results it may be concluded that there is a correlation between positive bacteriologcial findings and serological examination. Serological monitoring successfully detected infected flocks even when bacteriological findings were negative. A possibility of transmission from the parental flock to broiler chickens, as well as spreading the infection within the broiler flock, is considerably higher in non-vaccinated comparing to the vaccinated flocks.

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Impact of feed-borne mycotoxins on avian cell-mediated and humoral immune responses

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2008.1015 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 105-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

C. Girish ◽

T. Smith

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Lymphocyte Proliferation Response

Mycotoxins of economic importance in poultry production are mainly produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium fungi. The important mycotoxins in poultry production are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. Mycotoxins exert their immunotoxic effects through various mechanisms which are manifested as reduced response of the immune system. Mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression in poultry may be manifested as decreased antibody production to antigens (e.g. sheep red blood cells) and impaired delayed hypersensitivity response (e.g. dinitrochlorobenzene), reduction in systemic bacterial clearance (e.g. Salmonella, Brucella, Listeria and Escherichia), lymphocyte proliferation (response to mitogens), macrophage phagocytotic ability, and alterations in CD4+/CD8+ ratio, immune organ weights (spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius), and histological changes (lymphocyte depletion, degeneration and necrosis). Mycotoxins, especially fumonisin B1 have been shown to down regulate proinflammatory cytokine levels including those of interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-2 in broiler chickens. Fusarium mycotoxins exert part of their toxic effects by altering cytokine production in poultry. Mycotoxins adversely affect intestinal barrier functions by reducing the intestinal epithelial integrity and removing tight junction proteins. Apoptosis, increased colonisation of pathogenic microorganisms, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, inhibition of protein synthesis and lipid peroxidation are characteristic of the toxic effects of mycotoxins on intestinal epithelium. These directly or indirectly affect host immune responses. Such immunotoxic effects of mycotoxins render poultry susceptible to many infectious diseases. The avian immune system is sensitive to most mycotoxins. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity may be adversely affected after feeding mycotoxins to poultry. The avian immune system may be more sensitive to naturally contaminated feedstuffs because of the presence of multiple mycotoxins and the complex interactions between them which can cause severe adverse effects. Adverse effects of mycotoxins on the immune system reduce production and performance resulting in economic losses to poultry industries. Caution must be exercised while feeding grains contaminated with mycotoxins.

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