Investigating Nigeria Local Clay for its Marsh Funnel Viscosity and Gel Strength: A Study of Irhodo Bentonite

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
FE Otitigbe
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Local Clay ◽  
Content Development ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Marsh Funnel ◽  
Oil Fuel

Due to the daily increasing demand for crude oil fuel for its various capacities of energy production and utilizations, a twin respond of exploration for more hydrocarbon reserves and drilling activities was accompanied. As a result, rate and cost of importing drilling clay (Wyoming Bentonite), a major raw material in drilling mud becomes so high that hundreds of millions of dollar is incurred on company budget (Arinkoola, et al., 2020). Thus, the Federal Government of the federal republic of Nigeria, on sensing the benefits of local content development, then clamour for its use as drilling mud. This therefore becomes the bed-rock which this paper is belt on to investigate local clay for some its properties, like viscosity-gel strength. This paper also reviews the formulation of an equivalent one barrel of a laboratory drilling mud using Irhodo bentonite. This paper report two methods and devices used to determine viscosities; the marsh funnel viscosity method using Marsh Funnel and Fann Viscosity-Gel method using the Rheometer. The result of the experiment for the determination of viscosity using marsh funnel apparatus, for both local and bentonite drilling mud, and show 27.12 and 37.17sec/qt (seconds per quart). And when additives, CMC and guar-gum were added, 27.23sec/qt, 29.47sec/qt and 23.19sec/qt and 29.47sec/qt respectively obtained.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN GUAR GUM PADA PEMBUATAN KERTAS ARSIP DARI PULP COTTON LINTER (The Effectiveness of The Use of Guar Gum In Archival Papermaking from Cotton Linter Pulp)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Masriani ◽  
Susi Sugesty ◽  
Taufan Hidayat ◽  
Teddy Kardiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cotton Linter ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Optimum Dosage ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Folding Endurance

The Indonesian Government has set the regulations regarding guidelines for the use of archival paper or permanent document. The paper must meet the specifications of SNI ISO 11108. The problem of archival paper production in Indonesia is difficulty in meeting the quality requirements of permanence and durability. Paper producers in Indonesia have tried to make an archival paper using cotton linter as raw material but it still did not meet the quality requirements of permanence, especially for pH and alkaline reserve parameters. The laboratory archival papermaking experiments using guar gum and high dosage of CaCO3 has been carried out. The scope of experiments: the determination of the characteristics of cotton linter; the determination of optimum freeness of cotton linter, optimum dosage of CaCO3, and optimum dosage of guar gum; the observation of cotton linter pulp and guar gum interaction; the quality testing of archival paper from cotton linter pulp. The results showed that guar gum is effective to improve the folding endurance of paper containing high CaCO3, at least 7.5%. Archival paper produced meets the quality requirements of SNI ISO 11108.Keywords: Archival paper, CaCO3, cotton linter pulp, guar gum   ABSTRAK Pemerintah telah menetapkan peraturan mengenai pedoman penggunaan kertas untuk arsip atau dokumen permanen. Kertas arsip harus memenuhi spesifikasi SNI ISO 11108. Permasalahan produksi kertas arsip di Indonesia adalah kesulitan memenuhi syarat mutu permanensi dan durabilitas. Produsen kertas di Indonesia sudah ada yang mencoba membuat kertas arsip dari bahan baku cotton linter, namun belum memenuhi syarat mutu permanensi, yaitu pH dan cadangan alkali. Penelitian pembuatan kertas arsip menggunakan CaCO3 dosis tinggi dan guar gum telah dilakukan. Tahapan penelitian ini yaitu: pengujian karakteristik pulp cotton linter; penentuan freeness optimum, penambahan kadar CaCO3 optimum dan kadar guar gum optimum; pengamatan interaksi pulp cotton linter dan guar gum; pengujian mutu kertas arsip dari pulp cotton linter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan guar gum efektif untuk meningkatkan parameter ketahanan lipat kertas arsip yang mengandung kadar CaCO3 minimal 7,5%. Kertas arsip yang dihasilkan memenuhi syarat mutu SNI ISO 11108.Kata kunci: kertas arsip, CaCO3, pulp cotton linter, guar gum

scholarly journals Studi Komparasi Penentuan Viskositas Lumpur Pemboran Menggunakan Marsh Funnel dan Viscosimeter Berbasis Video Berbantuan Software Tracker

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Lia Yunita
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Petroleum Engineering ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Marsh Funnel ◽  
Geothermal Drilling

<p class="Default">Lumpur pemboran merupakan salah satu penunjang yang penting dalam suatu operasi pemboran minyak, gas dan panas bumi. Fungsi Lumpur pemboran  ditentukan oleh komposisi kimia dan sifat fisik lumpur.  Kesalahan dalam mengontrol sifat-sifat fisik lumpur akan menyebabkan kegagalan yang dapat menimbulkan hambatan pemboran (<em>hole problem</em>) dan akhirnya mengakibatkan kerugian yang sangat besar. Viskositas merupakan bagian yang pokok dalam sifat-sifat rheologi fluida pemboran. Pengukuran sifat-sifat rheologi fluida pemboran penting mengingat efektivitas pengangkatan <em>cutting</em> merupakan fungsi langsung dari viskositas. Di laborotorium teknik perminyakan penentuan viskositas lumpur pemboran biasa dilakukan dengan menggunakan Marsh Funnel.Penelitian bertujuan membandingkan hasil penentuan viskositas menggunakan marsh funnel dan viscosimeter berbasis video berbantuan <em>software tracker</em>.  Sampel dalam penelitian adalah  lumpur pemboran berbahan dasar aquadest dan bentonite dengan tambahan additive. Percobaan dilakukan sebanyak lima kali dengan komposisi lumpur pemboran yang berbeda. Sampel I berbahan dasar bentonite ditambah aditive spersene 0,5 gram. Sampel II  berbahan dasar bentonite ditambah aditive spersene 1 gram, Sampel III  berbahan dasar bentonite ditambah aditive CMC 0,5 gram. Sampel IV berbahan dasar berbahan dasar bentonite ditambah aditive CMC 1 gram dan sampel V berbahan dasar bentonite tanpa aditiveHasil analisa menggunakan Marsh Funnel dalam penentuan viskositas lumpur pemboran dimana dari hasil analisa laboratorium apabila lumpur dasar ditambahkan  spersene  maka viskositas kinematik akan berkurang dari 29,3 detik menjadi 28,3 detik dan apabila lumpur dasar ditambahkan CMC maka viskositas kinematik akan bertambah dari 36,5 detik menjadi 38,3 detikPenggunaan viscosimeter berbasis video berbantuan software tracker dalam penentuan viskositas lumper pemboran dengan penambahan spersene 0,5 gram diperoleh nilai viskositas 0,065 ±0.02 poise, penambahan spersene 1 gram diperoleh nilai viskositas 0,052 ±0.02 poise, penambahan CMC 0,5 gram diperoleh nilai viskositas 0,087 ±0.01 poise, penambahan CMC 1  gram diperoleh nilai viskositas 0,092 ±0.03 poise. </p><p class="Default"><em>Drilling mud is one of the important supports in an oil, gas and geothermal drilling operation. The function of drilling mud is determined by the chemical composition and physical properties of the mud. Errors in controlling the physical properties of mud will cause failure which can lead to drilling problems (hole problems) and ultimately result in huge losses. Viscosity is an essential part of the rheological properties of drilling fluids. Measurement of the rheological properties of drilling fluids is important considering the effectiveness of cutting removal is a direct function of viscosity. In the petroleum engineering laboratory the determination of viscosity of drilling mud is usually done using Marsh Funnel. The research aims to compare the results of the determination of viscosity using marsh funnel and video-based viscosimeter assisted by software tracker. The sample in this study was drilling mud made from aquadest and bentonite with additives added. The experiment was carried out five times with different drilling mud compositions. Sample I made from bentonite plus 0.5 gram additive spersene. Sample II made from bentonite plus spersene aditive 1 gram, Sample III made from bentonite plus aditive CMC 0.5 gram. Sample IV made from bentonite based added CMC aditive 1 gram and sample V made from bentonite without additive The results of analysis using Marsh Funnel in determining the viscosity of drilling mud where from the results of laboratory analysis if base mud was added with spersene the kinematic viscosity would decrease from 29.3 seconds to 28.3 seconds and if the base mud is added CMC then kinematic viscosity will increase from 36.5 seconds to 38.3 seconds. The use of video-based viscosimeter assisted by tracker software in determining the viscosity of drilling jumpers by adding 0.5 grams of spersene obtained a viscosity value of 0.065 ± 0.02 poise , the addition of 1 gram of spersene obtained a viscosity value of 0.052 ± 0.02 poise, the addition of 0.5 gram CMC obtained a viscosity value of 0.087 ± 0.01 poise, the addition of 1 gram CMC obtained a viscosity value of 0.092 ± 0.03 poise.</em></p>

scholarly journals Analysis of Effects of Foreign Clay and Local Clay Additives on Viscosity of Water Based Drilling Mud

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Cyprian Obinna Azinta ◽  
Gordian Onyebuchi Mbah ◽  
Monday Omotioma
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Local Clay ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Kaolinitic Clay

This research compared the viscosity and other allied rheological properties of formulated water based drilling mud using local clay (that is modified with cheap and available additives) and foreign clay. These additives (such as xanthum gum, high viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC-R), modified natural polyanionic cellulose (PAC-L), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and barite) are added to enhance/control the rheological properties (such as density, viscosity, yield point and gel strength) of the drilling mud. In this work, the viscosity and other allied rheological properties of water based mud were improved by the use of locally sourced clay from Awgu in Enugu State. The local clay was beneficiated/treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and characterized using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The results of the characterization revealed that the local clay is more of silica which is typical of a kaolinitic clay. Local clay was examined as a possible replacement for foreign bentonite by comparing the rheological properties of water based mud (WBM) with bentonite and WBM with clay. Plastic viscosities (PV) of WBM with bentonite and WBM with clay were found to be 11.7 and 12.3 cP respectively. Other allied properties such as yield point, gel   strength, pH   and   mud   weight   of   WBM   with bentonite   and   WBM   with   clay    adequately   compared   closely.   Laboratory analyses   on the effects of three process variables (such as temperature, aging time and dosage of clay/bentonite) on the viscosity of the formulated muds were investigated. The laboratory results show that the readily available additives added to the local clay improved its viscosity and other allied rheological properties for effective drilling of oil and gas well when compared with foreign bentonite.

DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS COMPONENTS COMPOSITION IN THYMUS X CIRIODORUS VAR. «SILVER QUEEN» HERBAL RAW MATERIAL

Fitoterapia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
J. M. Steshenko ◽  
◽  
O. V. Мazulin ◽  
G. P. Smoylovska ◽  
G. V. Mazulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Material

pH Dependent Release Potential of Natural Polymers in Sustained Release of Ornidazole From Colon Targeted Delivery System)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharma Pankaj ◽  
Tailang Mukul
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Curve Determination ◽  
Preformulation Studies

The aim of present work was to prepare colon specific delivery system of Ornidazole using different ratio of shellac, zein and guar gum. From study of various literature it revealed that shellac, zein and guar gum released drug from dosage form at the pH of 6.9, 11.5, 7-9 respectively. The main problem associated with colon targeted drug delivery system is degradation of drug in the acidic environment of stomach to circumvent the present problem different combinations of shellac, zein and guar gum were employed in the formulation of colon targeted tablet. Several preformulation parameters were determined such as melting point, FTIR spectroscopy, preparation of calibration curve, determination of λmax and partition coefficient. After the preformulation studies, next steps were preparation of core tablets, evaluation of core of tablets and coating of tablets. The data obtained from preformulation study seven formulations were developed and evaluated for various parameters. Based on evaluated parameter such as weight variation, friability, dissolution study, invitro drug release etc. the F7 formulation show better results colon targeted tablets. Drug content in F7 formulation was 95% and drug release after 6 hrs was 96%. Formulation containing combination of shellac, zein and guar gum released least amount of drug in the acidic environment of stomach and released most of the drug in colon. It is evide

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Amiodarone Hydrochloride and Related Compounds in Raw Materials and Tablets

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1447-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline M Lacrok ◽  
Norman M Curran ◽  
Wing-Wah Sy ◽  
Dennis K J Goreck ◽  
Pierre Thibault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Amiodarone Hydrochloride ◽  
Related Compounds

Abstract A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amiodarone hydrochloride and 10 related compounds in drug raw material and for assay of drug in tablets was developed. The method specifies a 3 jxm Hypersil nitrile column (150 × 4.6 mm), a mobile phase of 1 + 1 acetonitrile–ammonium acetate buffer (0.1 M adjusted to pH 6.0 with 0.1 M acetic acid), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and detection at 240 nm. The lower limit of quantitation of the related compounds is 0.02% or less. Drug contents in 2 raw material samples were 100.1 and 99.9% and ranged from 98.2 to 99.4% in 3 tablet formulations. Impurity levels in 2 samples of raw material from different manufacturers were ca 0.4%. The presence of 3 of the known related compounds in these samples was confirmed by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The method applied to raw materials was evaluated by a second laboratory and found to be satisfactory.

Determination of main raw material source in bar soaps using mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with classification tools

2021 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 106029
Author(s):  
Diego Maciel Gerônimo ◽  
Sheila Catarina de Oliveira ◽  
Frederico Luis Felipe Soares ◽  
Patricio Peralta-Zamora ◽  
Noemi Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Mid Infrared Spectroscopy

scholarly journals Characterization and Evaluation of Salvia hispanica L. and Salvia columbariae Benth. Varieties for Their Cultivation in Southwestern Germany

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2012
Author(s):  
Samantha Jo Grimes ◽  
Filippo Capezzone ◽  
Peteh Mehdi Nkebiwe ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Salvia Hispanica ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Chia Seed ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Salvia Hispanica L ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Seed Yields

Rising consumer attraction towards superfoods and the steadily increasing demand for healthy, environmentally sustainable, and regionally produced food products has sharpened the demand for chia. Over the course of 4 years, two early flowering chia varieties belonging to Salvia hispanica L., and Salvia columbariae Benth. Species were identified to complete their phenological development and, therefore, able to reach maturity under a photoperiod >12 h, thus enabling the cultivation of chia in central Europe—more specifically, in southwestern Germany—consistently for the first time. Results obtained by the conducted field trial in 2018 showed that chia seed yields and thousand-seed mass ranged from 284.13 to 643.99 kg ha−1 and 0.92 to 1.36 g, respectively. Further, the statistical analyses showed that the protein content of the cultivated chia varieties ranged from 22.14 to 27.78%, the mucilage content varied from 10.35 to 20.66%, and the crude oil content amounted up to 28.00 and 31.73%. Fatty acid profiles were similar to previously reported data with α-Linolenic acid being the most prominent one, ranging from 60.40 to 65.87%, and we obtained ω6:ω3 ratios between 0.2 and 0.3. In conclusion, chia could represent a promising raw material from a nutritional point of view, while being able to diversify the local food basis of southwestern Germany.

Firm Characteristics and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Firms

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lopamudra D. Satpathy ◽  
Bani Chatterjee ◽  
Jitendra Mahakud
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Size Of Firms ◽  
Specific Factors

Measurement of the productivity of firms is an important research issue in productivity literature. Over the years, various methods have been developed to measure firm productivity across the globe. But there is no unanimity on the use of methods, and research on the identification of factors which determine productivity has been neglected. In view of these gaps, this study aims to measure total factor productivity (TFP) and tries to identify firm-specific factors which determine productivity of Indian manufacturing companies. The study is based on data of 616 firms from 1998–99 to 2012–13. To measure TFP, the Levinsohn–Petrin (L-P) method has been employed, and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method has been used to identify factors that affect TFP. The results reveal that embodied and disembodied technology plays a crucial role in the determination of productivity overall in manufacturing and other sub-industries. Similarly, the size of firms and intensity of raw material imports are also important for the determination of productivity across the sub-industries. JEL Classification: C14, C33, D24, L60

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