Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water from Households of Sarvodaya Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: In the current scenario, the urbanization is happening at a faster pace and the economy is not able to match at par with urbanization, this In turn is causing problems of unavailability of safe and potable water along with proper sewage system, despecially in urban slums. As a result of the scenario many urban slums are still using poor quality pit latrines and even drawing water from nearby wells, water taps which are not complying with government norms. Space is also a big problem which is being faced by these slums, due to which there is a lack of enough spaces in the houses and nearby areas, therby causing overcrowding. Due to overcrowding, the space between houses, pit latrines, wells, taps and water bodies has decreased and thus the potential of contamination of water bodies by fecal microorganisms has increased drastically. Given the above knowledge, a study is much needed to estimate the presumptive and differential coliform count of water samples from the urban slum area in Lucknow. Subjects & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of January to June 2019. Samples were collected from all the taps, hand pumps that were currently in use, along with potable water stored in households of Sarvodaya Nagar (an urban slum area), Lucknow and were processed in the Microbiology department of IIMS&R, Lucknow. Results: A total of 53(63%) samples were taken from Public supply, out of which 36(67. 9%) were found unsatisfactory and 17(32.0%) were intermediate, were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas sp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella Spp. Citrobacter, Enterococcus and Pseudornonas Spp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella respectively. In the study more than half of the samples were taken from the Public water supply. Out of these about seventy percent were unsatisfactory and were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas. Conclusion: The proper sanitation, regular treatment, supervision of water sources, arid regular bacteriological assessment of all water sources for drinking should be planned and conducted.

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Psychosocial Health of Adolescent living in Urban Slum Nigeria

Review of Economics and Development Studies ◽

10.26710/reads.v1i1.111 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adenike E. Idowu ◽

Emmanuel O. Amoo ◽

Idowu I. Chiazor ◽

Olujide Adekeye

Keyword(s):

Academic Performance ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Performance Rating ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Neighborhood Characteristics ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

The paper examines association of neighborhood characteristics with psychosocial statues of adolescent living in urban slums. Data for the study were obtained from a cross sectional survey among adolescent age 15-19, living in urban slums in Lagos State. Adopted a measuring scale for adverse environment and psychosocial attributes, data were analyzed using univariate and binary logistic regression analysis. Results revealed that neighborhood characteristics were associated with low self-academic performance rating. Both parental process and neighborhood factors such social disorganization was able to predict psychosocial wellbeing such subjective academic performance rating. The findings revealed among others that adverse neighborhood characteristics in urban slum were associated with unhealthy subjective wellbeing which reflects wide personal and social contexts and have implications for public health and social wellbeing. This paper calls for programmes that are tailor to addressing rapidly developing slum settlements in low income area, to secure the future generation.

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Smokeless tobacco and its dependence among the urban-slum population of Jodhpur city

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210797 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1186

Author(s):

Vibha Joshi ◽

Sourabh Chakraborty ◽

Nitin Kumar Joshi ◽

Komal Bajaj ◽

Bhawana Sati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Sampling Strategy ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Slum Population

Background: Socio-economic status can be an important determinant for patterns of tobacco consumption and its related health risks. Easy availability and affordable price may lead to the indulgence of smokeless tobacco; this deprived the section of society towards addiction of smokeless tobacco. Therefore, this study was conducted to ascertain smokeless tobacco use and its dependence in urban slum population of Jodhpur city.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the urban-slum population of Jodhpur in 2019. A cluster sampling strategy was used to collect data from 1200 participants in different slums of Jodhpur city. The semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on tobacco usage and willingness to quit.Results: Out of surveyed 1200 participants, 48.5% were males and 51.4% were females. 65.7% of the tobacco users reported in study population. Among tobacco user’s majority were using smokeless tobacco (75.4%), followed by 14.8% dual tobacco users and 9.8% were smoking tobacco. Out of female and male tobacco users, 95% females and 86.3% males were using smokeless forms of tobacco respectively. The frequency of daily tobacco use, time of tobacco chewing, duration of tobacco use was significantly associated with gender. No significant association was found between willingness to quit and gender.Conclusions: Smokeless tobacco was prevalent as compared to smoking form in urban-slums of Jodhpur city. Younger population and women were more attracted towards smokeless tobacco and willingness to quit tobacco was equally prevalent among males and females. An effective health education strategy for tobacco cessation should be designed according to age and gender of urban-slums.

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A Cross-sectional Epidemiological Survey on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene amongst Residents of Bamboutos Division, West Region Cameroon: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i1630359 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

R. Lontuo- Fogang ◽

V. Khan Payne ◽

Saah Fokou Cedric ◽

H. Ntangmo Tsafack ◽

R. Bamou

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Potable Water ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Household Survey ◽

Water Sources ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Poor Knowledge ◽

Drinking Purposes

Background: Although Cameroon is the second country in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo in terms of water availability, access to good drinking water constitutes an every day’s struggle. A household survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and hygiene practices among households during collection, storage and preservation of potable water and evaluate some general hygiene/sanitation practices employed at the household level on daily basis in Bamboutos Division. Methods: A community-based descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in April 2019 in two Sub-Divisions of the Bamboutos Division. Respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: Out of the 460 households interviewed, 85.09% (n=371) could cite only one waterborne diseases with typhoid taking the lead (n=331; 89.22%); followed by cholera (n=191; 51.48%) and dysenteries (n=154; 41.51%). Most residents (n=361; 79%) had poor knowledge and practices on waterborne diseases when classified in to good/poor. Several water sources were declared by residents for drinking purposes with the springs (50%), wells (35%) and boreholes (30%) as their main sources while others (35%) mentioned rain water during the rainy season. Knowledge and practices in the prevention of WBD were found to be associated to education level while water source was found to predispose people to suffer from WBD. Most participants (n=452; 98.26%) said they washed their hands before and after eating (98.26%) and after visiting the toilets (n=358; 77.82%) with water and soap (n=403; 87.60%). Conclusion: The study indicated poor knowledge on WBD and poor practices in their prevention in Bamboutos Division. The use of a variety of water sources for drinking purposes implies that access to good quality water is a nightmare for the population of Bamboutos. Hence measures have to be put in place for the assessment of water quality and ensure the availability of potable water to everyone.

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COPD awareness in the urban slums and rural areas around Pune city in India

npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine ◽

10.1038/s41533-021-00220-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Deesha Deepak Ghorpade ◽

Anchala Raghupathy ◽

Jyoti Deepak Londhe ◽

Sapna Jitendra Madas ◽

Nisha Vijay Kale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Smoking ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Total Population ◽

Health Workers ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural Villages ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years

AbstractCOPD is the second leading cause of death and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in India, yet, it remains poorly recognized. We aimed to study the level of awareness of COPD in urban slums of Pune city in India and its neighboring rural areas. All male and female subjects above the age of 30 years residing in 13 randomly selected slums of Pune city (total population of 3000) and 7 randomly selected neighboring rural villages (total population of 3000) were invited to participate in this cross-sectional community survey. After obtaining written informed consent, 13 trained community health workers (CHWs) administered a questionnaire that captured their level of awareness of COPD. Of the 6000 subjects approached, 5420 residents (mean age ± SD = 48.0 ± 13.5 years; 38% males) consented and answered all questions. The number of people who had ever heard the word COPD was 49/5420 [0.9% (0.6–1.1%); 0.7% (0.5–1.3%) of the urban slum dwellers and 1.15% (0.5–1.3%) of rural residents]. Among those who had never heard the word COPD (n = 5371), when asked what was the name of the disease caused by long-term tobacco smoking, 38% said cancer, 16.7% said asthma, and 4.4% said TB. Among those who had heard the word COPD (n = 49), 6.1% said it was a disease of the heart, and 61% attributed COPD to smoke and dust pollution and 20% to tobacco smoking. The level of awareness of COPD in the Indian community is extremely low, highlighting the need to have nationwide mass awareness programs in India.

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Take-out food frequency was associated with energy intake among mothers of young children in urban slum area in North Jakarta

World Nutrition Journal ◽

10.25220/wnj.v05.i1.0010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Fitya Safira Birahmatika ◽

Dian Novita Chandra ◽

Luh Ade Ari Wiradnyani

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Health Concern ◽

Slum Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition

Introduction: Inadequate energy intake was prevalent among women of reproductive age, which may contribute to poor diet. Having great concern towards health and nutrition may play a role in shaping eating habit and food-related behavior to achieve a healthy diet. This study aims to examine the association between health concern and energy intake, while considering other factors such as cooking frequency and having food away from home.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban slum area in Jakarta, involving 233 mothers of young children through consecutive sampling. Data was collected through interview using structured questionnaire, including 2x24-hour dietary recall. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 20.Results: Energy intake of most subjects did not meet the recommendation. There was no significant correlation between health concern measured by General Health Interest Scale and energy intake. The frequency of having take-out food was a significant predictor of the energy intake. Additionally, a significant negative correlation between health concern and having take-out food was found.Conclusion: Having take-out food was associated with energy intake. Provision of health and nutrition information in the food stores might help to increase health concern to shape a healthier diet. Thus, a collaborative effort targeting both food sellers and customers is essential.

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Spatial characteristics of open park spaces and perceived warmness in a tropical city

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20262/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Noor Rosly Hanif ◽

Chng Saun Fong ◽

Logaraj Ramakreshnan ◽

Wan Nor Azriyati Wan Abd Aziz ◽

Ainoriza Mohd Aini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Preliminary Investigation ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Kuala Lumpur ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Metropolitan City ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Animal Populations

Abstract Background: Rapid urbanization in Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan City (KLMC) has resulted in urban heat island (UHI) effect that deteriorated public health of the urban dwellers. In a motive of identifying the heat sources, this study reported the perceived warmness and the characteristics of Open Park Spaces (OPS) that induce the reported warmness of the surrounding environment in Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan City (KLMC), a tropical city of Malaysia.Methods: A cross sectional survey using structured questionnaires is conducted on randomly clustered respondents in selected localities of KLMC from January to May, 2018. Pearson correlation is performed to examine the relationship between perceived characteristics of OPS and perceived warmness of the surrounding environment according to three time slots of a day.Results: The outcomes demonstrated that respondents felt warm during nights (89%) compared to morning (75%) and afternoon (87%). Meanwhile, the existing OPS are reported to be equipped with a mix of biodiversity such as birds, rodents and insects (89%), a mix of natural plants and animal populations (88%), water bodies (88%), variety of plants (86%), well-maintained grass surfaces (80%), ornamental flowers (79%) as well as wooded pasture (78%) in their neighbourhood. As the maximum warming sensation is reported to be felt at nights, especially in the presence of water bodies (r= 0.318, p<0.01) and wooded pasture (r= 0.222, p<0.01) in the vicinity, the integration of heat ameliorators across the existing water bodies and wood pasture deemed essential to reduce the surrounding heat impacts.Conclusion: The findings of this preliminary investigation are useful for urban designers and policy makers to make tacit evidence-based decisions.

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Measuring Food Security through Dietary Diversity: Insights from a Field Survey in Rural Uttar Pradesh, India

The Indian Economic Journal ◽

10.1177/0019466220922386 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (3-4) ◽

pp. 347-364

Author(s):

Abha Gupta ◽

Deepak K. Mishra

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Policy ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Food Products ◽

Subjective Assessment ◽

Security Level ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

The discourse on food security in India has concentrated upon availability and accessibility of cereals, neglecting the nutritional significance of fruits, vegetables and meat food products. This article attempts to assess the food security level both quantitatively and qualitatively, and level of dietary diversity among socio-economic groups. A cross sectional survey covering 304 households selected through stratified and proportional random sampling methods was conducted in six villages of Uttar Pradesh, India in 2013–2014. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and Dietary Diversity approach were used to indicate food security. Subjective assessment highlights that despite sufficient availability of food, most of the households were unable to eat the quality of food they preferred. Findings also show predominant concentration of diet towards cereals, milk, root and tuber food products. Muslims, scheduled caste, labourers and households with lower wealth index consumed a less diversified diet, which is statistically significant. This article provides important insights into the strength and limitations of food policy measures and underlines the need to move beyond the dominant cereal-based interventions for food security in emerging economies like India. JEL Code: Q18

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Delaying first pregnancy in reducing burden of unintended pregnancy among married adolescents in urban slums of Bangladesh

Journal of Health Research ◽

10.1108/jhr-05-2018-034 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 298-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fauzia Akhter Huda ◽

Anisuddin Ahmed ◽

Hassan R. Mahmood ◽

Faisal Ahmmed ◽

Alessio Panza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Unintended Pregnancy ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Educational Status ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Age Difference ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Content Type ◽

One Year

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of delaying first pregnancy in reducing burden of unintended pregnancy (UP) among married adolescent girls in urban slums of Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 783 married adolescents in five urban slums of Bangladesh during January 2013–January 2014. Findings Half of the respondents’ first pregnancy was reported as unintended. Of the respondents, 58 percent with no school education had experienced UP which was 38 percent among respondents with eight year’s education. Respondents who did not willingly agreed to their marriage experienced more UP (61 percent) than those who were agreed/got married by their own choice (51 percent). Respondents having five years of age difference with their husbands experienced more UP (58 percent) than those with ten years of age difference (46 percent). Respondents aged 14 years at first conception experienced 63 percent UP, while the respondents aged 18 years had 35 percent UP experience. Of the respondents, 66 percent who became pregnant within one year of marriage reported their pregnancy as unintended which was 29 percent among those who delayed their first pregnancy for three years. Originality/value Significant association was observed between pregnancy intention with respondents’ educational status (p=0.03), age difference with husbands (p=0.02), age at first conception (p<0.01) and delaying first pregnancy (p<0.001).

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Soluble Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Urban Asian North Indians: Relationships with Anthropometric and Metabolic Covariates

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2002/843537 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 111-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Astha Sethi ◽

Anoop Misra ◽

Ravindra Mohan Pandey ◽

Kalpana Luthra ◽

J. Rama Devi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Adhesion Molecule ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Slum Area ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cellular Adhesion Molecule ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Background:High prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemias in people belonging to poor socio-economic strata in urban slums of northern India has been recorded recently. To assess whether this population has high levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), a cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we investigated subjects belonging to poor socio-economic strata in urban slums and compared them to healthy control subjects from non-slum urban areas of New Delhi.Design:Cross-sectional study.Methods:Subjects from a previously carried out cross-sectional study, Delhi Urban Slum Project (DUSP) were divided into two groups: Group-1 (n= 56) included subjects dwelling in slum area, having at least one risk factor (hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia), while group-2 (n= 60) consisted of subjects without any risk factor dwelling in the slum area. A third group (n= 29) of non-obese subjects without any risk factor living in non-slum urban area was included for comparison. Measurements included; body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (W-HR), four skinfolds, percentage body fat, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum lipids, and serum levels of sICAM-1.Results:Though statistically not significant, mean level of sICAM-1 was higher in group-1 (718.5 ± 232.8 ng/ml) as compared to the other groups. Of note, 35% of subjects in group-1 (p< 0.05 as compared to other two groups), and 25.3% of all subjects had levels of sICAM-1 in uppermost quartile (>850 ng/ml). Partial correlation coefficients (R) of sICAM-1 levels with various parameters adjusted for age were statistically significant for BMI (R= 0.27,p< 0.05) in group-1; W-HR (R= 0.26,p< 0.05) and BMI (R= 0.19,p< 0.05) for group-2; and FPG (R= 0.17,p< 0.05) for all the subjects considered together. For females, the levels of sICAM-1 were significantly higher in the following: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2(p= 0.04) and FPG >7 mmol/l (p< 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis suggests that an increment in BMI by one kg/m2would correspond to an increase in the levels of sICAM-1 by 8.5 units controlling for the influence of age and W-HR in the pooled data of all subjects.Conclusions:High percentage of subjects had levels of sICAM-1 in the upper quartile in the study, particularly those dwelling in the slum area and having coronary risk factor (s). The levels of sICAM-1 strongly correlated to the anthropometric and metabolic parameters, particularly in females. These observations are of potential importance for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in this population, though further studies are needed to predict those prone to the complications of atherosclerosis, based on sICAM-1 levels, as has been observed in other ethnic groups.

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A Cross-sectional Investigation of Latrine and Pure Water Coverage and Related Factors Among Residence of Negele town, Arsi zone, Southeast Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-59656/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Diriba Temesgen Dagaga ◽

Girma Deboch Geleta

Keyword(s):

Survey Design ◽

Pure Water ◽

Water Sources ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Arsi Zone ◽

Southeast Ethiopia ◽

The Town ◽

Pipe Lines

Abstract BackgroundAccess to safe water and improved sanitation contributes to the human heath and socio-economic development of a country. This study was conducted to assess the latrine and pure water coverage and related factors among dwellers of Negele town, Arsi zone, southeast EthiopiaMethodTwo kebeles (administrative units) were randomly selected from each zone of the town to collect data via questionnaires from randomly selected households (380), via interview from purposely selected key informants (40) and via personal observation employing a cross-sectional survey design from April-May 2018. Data were analyzed using microsoft Excel program and the results were expressed using table as frequencie and percentages . ResultLatrine coverage of the town was low (45%) mainly due to shortage of land and fund. Among the available latrines, 75% were closer than recommended distance (6m) to kitchens, 52.3% lacked roofs, 53% lacked doors, and 100% lacked hole cover and water to clean. Latrine lacking households defecate in various sites of the environment with problems on environmental sanitation, personal safety and health issues. Similarly, pure water coverage was very low (7.6%) as a result of deficient water sources and non-functioning pipe lines forcing the people to use unprotected water source or expend much time in fetching water from private taps.Conclusion Latrine and pure water coverage of Negele town was far less than the national Millennium Development Goal (MDG) which targetted 100% improved hygiene and sanitation coverage by 2015. The big gap demonstrated by this study may intiate the admistration of the town to provide land, arrange loan or search for aids for the construction of standardized private and public toilets. Searching additional water sources like underground water and maintaining non-functional and/or constructing new pipe lines may also be promoted as a result of this study to improve the pure water coverage of the town. Public participatory plans may also be designed to solve shortage of latrine and water coverage of the town via continuous awareness creation.

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