scholarly journals Language and Politics: Prose as a Medium of Societal Apartheid in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-74
Keyword(s):  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Class Discrimination ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Language And Politics ◽  
Aristotelian Rhetoric ◽  
At Home

This paper studies the use of prose in Julius Caesar as a tool of political and social apartheid and class discrimination. Usually, Shakespeare assigns blank verse to upper-class characters and prose to lower class ones. The study analyzes three occasions in which prose is used by two patricians and an eloquent cobbler. The paper means to explain the diversion of patricians to prose and add another voice to the already heaping interpretations given in criticism. It argues that the diversion of the two patricians to prose has two functions. Firstly, it shows that prose is indigenous to the poor and the patricians use it when they address the poor or talk about them. Secondly, Shakespeare shows that the diversion of the patricians to prose is a wrong choice and leads to moral depravity or failure of mission. In contrast, the cobbler uses prose effectively because it is indigenous to him and he feels at home using it. The study uses the contextual approach to analyze the three speeches. Keywords: Prose, blank verse, patricians, plebeians, Aristotelian rhetoric, republican politics.

scholarly journals Masterji’s Resistance in Aravind Adiga’s Last Man in Tower: An Embodiment of the Struggle of the Marginalized Class

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
Badiuzzaman Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
Last Man ◽  
The Rich

Aravind Adiga’s Last Man in Tower, published in 2011, is a trenchant critique on the effects of globalization, urbanization, privatization and capitalism in the post-colonial era in India. All these changes in the contemporary society have effectively bifurcated the entire country into two groups—the rich and the poor, the centre and the margin, the privileged upper class and the underprivileged lower class. In the novel Dharmen Shah, a real estate mogul represents the first group of people who are socio-politically and economically highly influential, whereas Yogesh A. Murthy, aka Masterji, is the embodiment of the marginalized class that are constantly dominated and exploited by the former group. My present paper aims to analyse in detail how far Masterji is able to resist the scabrous sufferings unleashed by the rich realtor Dharmen Shah, and how far Masterji’s resistance becomes an incarnation of the resilience of marginalized people in the contemporary society.

Are Democrats Really the Party of the Poor? Partisanship, Class, and Representation in the U.S. Senate

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Maks-Solomon ◽  
Elizabeth Rigby
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Policy Representation ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The U.S

Scholars have identified partisan differences in policy representation—with Republicans more often found to represent the rich, while Democrats align with the preferences of less affluent voters. This paper explores these partisan differences, questioning this simple conclusion on both theoretical and methodological grounds. Instead, we develop and test a theory in which elected officials of both parties represent their co-partisans, who agree with one another on many policy issues. Yet, on a subset of issues, upper class and lower class co-partisans have diverging policy preferences: rich and poor Democrats disagree on social issues while rich and poor Republicans disagree on economic issues. We analyze roll call voting in the U.S. Senate and find that, in these cases, senators of both parties better represent the preferences held by affluent members of their party. Our findings underscore the value in examining the content of policy debates and theorizing about different forms of representation.

scholarly journals A Critical Discourse Analysis of Powerlessness in Mohsin Hamid’s Novel “Moth Smoke”

sjesr ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramzan ◽  
Dr. Abdul Karim Khan
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Communicative Process

This paper is an attempt to explore powerlessness in the discourses of Mohsin Hamid’s novel Moth Smoke (2000)' from the perspective of Fairclough's Three Dimension Model (TDM).  The main issue of the paper is to examine the communicative process as to how and why the powerless are made to feel inferior. It is a common practice in today's society that in social gatherings a man always wants to show higher which in most of the cases is exercised through language. As analyzing texts through CDA carries objectivity, so the text understudy yielded the theme of powerlessness projected through the word choice of the writer. Through the analysis of the selected discourse, two-class have been found i.e. the upper class and the lower class. They are represented as powerful and powerless respectively. The elites enjoy a luxurious life but the poor often turn to be criminals. Because of this scenario, Fairclough's approach to CDA is quite an appropriate perspective to explore such social issues enacted in the society.

The Influence of Social Class on Activity Preferences of Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs) in the Archdiocese of São Paulo

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The Self ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Activity Preferences

A number of interpretations have recently emerged which attempt to explain the nature and sociopolitical implications of Roman Catholic base Christian communities (CEBs) in Brazil. Most studies have tended to describe these small, informal lay groups as a predominantly lower-class phenomenon which is facilitating the self-liberation of the poor from the weight of centuries-old political and economic oppression.

‘Tales of Wonder and Horror’: Coverage of insanity in the Leeds press, 1808-1840

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Evgeniya Kryssova
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
The North ◽  
The Press

<p>The press was at the centre of the reform of the meaning of insanity, during its evolution from an equivocal eighteenth-century concept of melancholia to a medicalised Victorian notion of ‘lunacy’. During the late Georgian era newspapers provided a public forum for the opinion of newly emerging psychiatric practitioners and fostered the fears and concerns about mental illness and its supposed increase. The press was also the main source of news on crime, providing readers with reports on criminal insanity and suicide. In the first half of the nineteenth century, newspaper contents included official legal reports, as well as editorial commentary and excerpts from other publications, and newspaper articles can rarely be traced to one single author. Historians of British insanity avoid consulting periodical literature, choosing to use asylum records and coroners’ reports, as these sources are more straightforward than newspapers. However, Rab Houston’s recent study of the coverage of suicide in the north of Britain shows that the provincial press has been unjustly overlooked and can offer the material for a unique social analysis. Asylum records and coroners’ records do not contain the same detail provided in the press. Newspaper commentary can arguably reveal contemporary attitudes towards insanity and, moreover, sources such as asylum records only deal with the lower-class patients, as the middle- and upper-class insane were usually privately detained.  This thesis examines the press coverage of insanity in Leeds newspapers, and expands on previous research by looking at the way insanity was portrayed in the two most popular publications in the industrial region of Yorkshire: the Leeds Intelligencer and the Leeds Mercury. Chapter one focuses on legal cases that featured a verdict of insanity and explores the language used by the press in the reports of, mainly, violent domestic crime. Chapter two looks at reports of suicide and considers how contemporary views on financial and moral despondency influenced the portrayal of self-murder. Chapter three considers editorial articles that cannot be described as either crime or suicide reports. This chapter uncovers the presence of surprisingly humorous and entertaining articles on insanity found in editorials and the ‘Miscellany’ sections of the newspapers. Ultimately, this thesis argues that the reportage of insanity in the Leeds press was sensational, moralistic and selectively sympathetic; furthermore, such portrayal of insanity was reinforced throughout the body of the paper. Leeds newspapers segregated the insane by adopting a moralising tone and by choosing to use class-specific language towards the insane of different social ranks.</p>

scholarly journals Symbolic Violence in Children’s Stories: Content Analysis in Bobo Magazine

Society ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 677-694
Author(s):  
Rahma Isnania ◽  
Nanang Martono ◽  
Tri Rini Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Children's Stories ◽  
Class Habitus

The upper-class dominates various social spaces in society, including children’s stories. Children’s stories as a means of socializing values also participate in socializing upper-class habitus in the storyline. This study aims to describe the children’s habitus as narrated in short stories published in Bobo magazine. The method used in this study is the quantitative content analysis method and critical discourse analysis. This study’s object is about 174 short stories published in Bobo magazine from January 2019 to August 2020, of which 110 stories were taken randomly as samples. The results show that most of the children’s habitus narrated in the stories were upper-class children’s habitus, reaching out to 87 or 79.1% of all stories. Meanwhile, lower-class children’s habitus was found in 30.9% of all stories. The habitus of upper-class children featured in the story consisting of go on an excursion, luxury living, own electronic goods, own expensive good, wearing nightgowns, reading, and writing. On the other side, the habitus of lower-class children habitus featured in the story consisting of playing traditional games, living in poverty, and doing lower-class work. In conclusion, the upper-class children’s habitus appears more dominantly within short stories in Bobo magazine. This study’s results are expected as recommend to parties related to children’s stories publication to present more balanced stories.

scholarly journals Analisis Kekerasan Simbolik dalam Buku Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Dasar

2020 ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Nur Ika Fatmawati ◽  
Aninditya Sri Nugraheni ◽  
Ahmad Sholikin
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
School Level ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Educational Strategy ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Media ◽  
Class Habitus

This research explains about symbolic violence in Islamic religious education books is rarely done. It also checks whether or not the books used so far contain symbolic violence, because there should be no difference in religious education between upper-class and lower-class. The formulation of the problems in this study are; how the mechanism of symbolic violence in Islamic religious education textbooks in elementary schools, and how the proportion of upper-class habitus and lower-class habitus in Islamic religious education textbooks in elementary schools. This research is a qualitative study with the type of literature study. The results showed that symbolic violence still occurred in elementary schools. The mechanism that runs is through an educational strategy by hiding the process of symbolic violence in the curriculum or what we know as the hidden curriculum. One of the media used to perpetrate violence is a textbook. In Islamic Religious Education textbooks for elementary school level), there is an element of upper-class domination over the lower class. The dominance of the upper-class over the lower-classes can be seen from the proportion of habitus presented in the textbook, the number of upper-class habitus presented through sentences and pictures illustrated is far greater than the lower-class habitus.

scholarly journals Partner Commitment in Close Relationships Mitigates Social Class Differences in Subjective Well-Being

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinth Jia Xin Tan ◽  
Michael W. Kraus ◽  
Emily Impett ◽  
Dacher Keltner
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Relationship

Close relationships can be a source of positive subjective well-being for lower-class individuals, but stresses of lower-class environments tend to negatively impact those relationships. The present research demonstrates that a partner’s commitment in close relationships buffers against the negative impact of lower-class environments on relationships, mitigating social class differences in subjective well-being. In two samples of close relationship dyads, we found that when partners reported low commitment to the relationship, relatively lower-class individuals experienced poorer well-being than their upper-class counterparts, assessed as life satisfaction among romantic couples (Study 1) and negative affect linked to depression among ethnically diverse close friendships (Study 2). Conversely, when partners reported high commitment to the relationship, deficits in the well-being of lower-class relative to upper-class individuals were attenuated. Implications of these findings for upending the class divide in subjective well-being are discussed.

The Trustee Savings Banks, 1817–1861

1961 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Fishlow
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Practical Proposal ◽  
The Masses

The economic historian is well aware of the philanthropic origins of savings banks. Both in Western Europe and the United States they were initially established by public spirited individuals as a depository for the funds of small savers. It is not so widely appreciated that such banks were encouraged officially as a part of social policy in England during the nineteenth century. In an age in which self-help and individual thrift were conceived as the only solutions for lower-class poverty and distress, a means of spreading such virtues was sure not to go unnoticed. Brought forward in those critical years at the end of the Napoleonic wars, “here was the first constructive and practical proposal for counteracting the growing pauperization of the community, restoring independence to the masses, stopping the growth of the poor rate, and giving the ordinary man and woman some interest in the financial stability of the country.”

A VICTORIAN CHILD AND THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL (1881)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-868
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Poor Child ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Wide Difference ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Divine Order ◽  
Brothers And Sisters ◽  
At Home

The following description of life in a children's hospital appeared in The Children's Sunday Album, published in London in 1881.1 The wide difference between the rich and the poor child was usually accepted in the Victorian era as part of the Divine order of things. Look at this picture well, you little, bright, happy children, who are well and strong, or even any afflicted like these, and be grateful for the cheerful homes, the loving friends, the comforts which surround you! Good generous people, pitying and loving little children, have sent enough money to support them, and have them taught trades to enable them to lead useful lives, though they are cripples. See how busily at work this big girl is at the end of the form; but her crutches lying beside her tell only too plainly of her misfortune. Bad nursing in their babyhood, joyless unchildlike lives in crowded dirty streets, cause the children of the London poor to be wretched sufferers; and it is a piteous, touching sight to visit the hospitals which have been built for these poor little creatures. Everything is done for them that skill and kindness can do; but it is not like you at home in your beautiful nurseries, with your toys and books, your loving mother, and healthy little brothers and sisters making merry round. In each little bed is some poor, suffering child, tended by kind nurses certainly, but no mothers. Think of this, little ones, when inclined to be fractious and cross, and troublesome, and bless God who has made your lot so bright.

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