CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF MOORVADI CHOORNAM IN POST CHEMOTHERAPY COMPLICATIONS

Cancer, a disease which has enormously multiplied over a last few decades, put to suffer tens of millions of people all over the world irrespective of gender, age or colour. The incidence of patients with cancer in India among males was 94.1 per 100,000 and among females 103.6 per 100,000 in the year 2020. 1 in 9 Indians develop cancer during their life time. Now days, the survival rate of cancer is much better due to vigorous interventions. Chemotherapy, is one of the main tool to kill the rapidly growing cancer cells. i.e., it shows its poisonous effect or simply they are poisons. The effect of chemo drugs on normal cells often causes many side effects. In fact the administration of chemo drugs results in the accumulation of poisons that shows symptoms like hair fall, mouth sores, fatigue, loss of appetite etc. Many complications develop after chemotherapy due to Dhatuagnimandya occurring as a result of the accumulation of Garavisha (artificial poison). Most of the complications noticed are similar to Garavisha lakshanas such as Pandu, Alpagni, Durbalatha etc. Acharya mentioned the yoga “Moorvadichoornam” with proper Anupana, which is specified for indigestion due to Garavisha consisting of drugs with many properties to compensate the side effect of chemotherapy. In this paper, a conceptual study is proposed to evaluate the effect of Moorvadi choornam in post chemotherapeutic complications. Signs of Agnimandya is very clear at the level of Dhatus and this drug combination is expected to act at Jadaragni and Dhatuagni level.

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Photogenerated-hole-induced rapid elimination of solid tumors by the supramolecular porphyrin photocatalyst

National Science Review ◽

10.1093/nsr/nwaa155 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zijian Zhang ◽

Li Wang ◽

Weixu Liu ◽

Zihe Yan ◽

Yongfa Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Solid Tumors ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Selection Effect ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Membrane Rupture ◽

Novel Treatment ◽

Photogenerated Hole

Abstract The rapid, complete, targeted and safe treatment for tumors remains a key issue in cancer therapy. A novel treatment of solid tumors by supramolecular photocatalyst Nano-SA-TCPP with the irradiation of 600–700 nm wavelength is established. Solid tumors (100 mm3) can be eliminated within 10 min. The 50-day mouse survival rate was increased from 0% to 100% after the photocatalytic therapy. The breakthrough was owing to the cell membrane rupture and the cytoplasmic loss caused by photogenerated holes inside cancer cells. The porphyrin-based photocatalysts can be internalized in a targeted manner by cancer cells due to the size selection effect, without entering the normal cells. The therapy has no toxicity or side effects for normal cells and organisms. Moreover, the photocatalytic therapy is effective for a variety of cancer cell lines. Because of its high efficiency, safety and universality, the photocatalytic therapy provides us with a new lancet to conquer the tumor.

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Molecular Studies on Novel Antitumor Bis 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives Against Lung Carcinoma and their Limited Side Effects on Normal Melanocytes

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520618666181019095007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 2156-2168 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Magda F. Mohamed ◽

Nada S. Ibrahim ◽

Ahmed H.M. Elwahy ◽

Ismail A. Abdelhamid

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Cell Line ◽

Lung Carcinoma ◽

Carcinoma Cell ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Lung Carcinoma Cell Line ◽

Molecular Studies ◽

Dihydropyridine Derivatives

Background: Cancer is a complex genetic disease which is characterized by an abnormal cell growth, invasion and spreading to other parts of the body. There are several factors that lead to cancer by causing DNA damage and the impairment of its repair. Treatment of cancer using the chemotherapeutic drugs have adverse side effects such as toxicity as they lose their specificity toward cancer cells and affect also normal cells. Moreover, the cancer cells can resist the chemotherapeutic agents and make them ineffective. For these reasons, much attentions have been paid to develop new drugs with limited side effects on normal cells and to diminish cancer resistance to drug chemotherapy. Recently, some 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were reported to act as Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) modulators that inhibit p-glycoprotein which is responsible for the inability of drugs to enter the cancer cells. Also 1,4-DHPs have antimutagenic properties against chemicals via modulating DNA repair when studied on drosophila. Objective: The objective of this study is the synthesis of bis 1,4-DHPs incorporating ester as well as ether linkages and evaluate the anticancer activity of new compounds for synergistic purpose. Different genetic tools were used in an attempt to know the mechanism of action of this compound against lung cancer. Method: An efficient one pot synthesis of bis 1,4-DHPs using 3-aminocrotononitrile and bis(aldehydes) has been developed. The cytotoxic effect against human cell lines MCF7, and A549 cell lines was evaluated. Results: All compounds exhibited better cytotoxicity toward lung carcinoma cells than breast cancer cells. With respect to lung carcinoma cell line (A549), compound 10 was the most active compound and the three other compounds 7, 8, and 9 showed comparable IC50 values. In case of breast cancer cell line (MCF7), the most active one was compound 7, while compound 8 recorded the least activity. Conclusion: we have developed an efficient method for the synthesis of novel bis 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives incorporating ester or ether linkage. All compounds showed better cytotoxicity results against A549 than MCF7, so that lung carcinoma cell line was chosen to perform the molecular studies on it. The results showed that all compounds (7, 8, 9 and 10) caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. The molecular docking study on CDK2 confirmed the results of cell cycle assay which showed good binding energy between the compounds and the active site of enzyme indicating the inhibition of the enzyme.

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Natural-Derived Molecules as a Potential Adjuvant in Chemotherapy: Normal Cell Protectors and Cancer Cell Sensitizers

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520621666210623104227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Rajib Hossain ◽

Muhammad Torequl Islam ◽

Mohammad S. Mubarak ◽

Divya Jain ◽

Rasel Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽

Polyphenolic Compounds ◽

Anticancer Effect ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Global Threat

Background: Cancer is a global threat to humans and a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer treatment includes, among other things, the use of chemotherapeutic agents, compounds that are vital for treating and preventing cancer. However, chemotherapeutic agents produce oxidative stress along with other side effects that would affect the human body. Objective: To reduce the oxidative stress of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer and normal cells by naturally derived compounds with anti-cancer properties, and protect normal cells from the oxidation process. Therefore, the need to develop more potent chemotherapeutics with fewer side effects has become increasingly important. Method: Recent literature dealing with the antioxidant and anticancer activities of the naturally naturally-derived compounds: morin, myricetin, malvidin, naringin, eriodictyol, isovitexin, daidzein, naringenin, chrysin, and fisetin has been surveyed and examined in this review. For this, data were gathered from different search engines, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scifinder, among others. Additionally, several patient offices such as WIPO, CIPO, and USPTO were consulted to obtain published articles related to these compounds. Result: Numerous plants contain flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds such as morin, myricetin, malvidin, naringin, eriodictyol, isovitexin, daidzein, naringenin, chrysin, and fisetin, which exhibit ‎antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic actions via several mechanisms. These compounds show sensitizers of cancer cells and protectors of healthy cells. Moreover, these compounds can reduce oxidative stress, which is accelerated by chemotherapeutics and exhibit a potent anticancer effect on cancer cells. Conclusions: Based on these findings, more research is recommended to explore and evaluate such flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds.

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Immunotoxins Immunotherapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Prospect

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13100719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 719

Author(s):

Mohammad Heiat ◽

Hamid Hashemi Yeganeh ◽

Seyed Moayed Alavian ◽

Ehsan Rezaie

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Side Effects ◽

Liver Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Treatment Strategy ◽

High Efficiency ◽

The Other ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Chemotherapy Drugs ◽

The World

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Therefore, fighting against such cancer is reasonable. Chemotherapy drugs are sometimes inefficient and often accompanied by undesirable side effects for patients. On the other hand, the emergence of chemoresistant HCC emphasizes the need for a new high-efficiency treatment strategy. Immunotoxins are armed and rigorous targeting agents that can purposefully kill cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapeutics, immunotoxins because of targeted toxicity, insignificant cross-resistance, easy production, and other favorable properties can be ideal candidates against HCC. In this review, the characteristics of proper HCC-specific biomarkers for immunotoxin targeting were dissected. After that, the first to last immunotoxins developed for the treatment of liver cancer were discussed. So, by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these immunotoxins, we attempted to provide keynotes for designing an optimal immunotoxin against HCC.

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Overview on the Side Effects of Doxorubicin

10.5772/intechopen.94896 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chittipolu Ajaykumar

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Cancer Cell ◽

Cell Apoptosis ◽

Cytotoxic Effect ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Preventive Strategies ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Dna Strand

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic extracted from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius. Its cytotoxic effect produced by intercalating with DNA causing breakdown of DNA strand which causes cancer cell apoptosis. Despite being an effective anticancer agent it causes several crucial side effects like carditoxicity, neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, alopecia, typhlitis, myelosuppression, neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, and diarrhoea were caused mainly due to the inability to distinguish between cancer cells and normal cells. This chapter mainly focuses on doxorubicin’s side effects, current understanding of the molecular mechanisms, and management and preventive strategies of doxorubicin’s cardiotoxicity during the treatment of various type of cancer.

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The Selectivity of Ethanolic Extract of Buah Makassar (Brucea javanica) on Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells

Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences ◽

10.19184/ams.v2i1.2422 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Ika Rahmawati Sutejo ◽

Herwandhani Putri ◽

Edy Meiyanto

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Mtt Assay ◽

Metastatic Breast ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Selectivity Index ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Brucea Javanica

Treatment of cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy has many side effects. Chemopreventive agent is needed to reduce the side effect and increase the effectivity of therapy. The discovery of cochemopreventive agent should consider on its selectivity to reduce side effects. The selective cochemopreventive agents work effectively in cancer cells and safe for normal cells. Buah Makassar (Brucea javanica) is a natural product that is empirically used for anti-inflammatory and antitumor. The purpose of this study is to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic extract of buah Makassar against 4T1, MCF7, HeLa, and Vero cell lines. The cytotoxic test is performed by MTT assay. The parameter obtained from the cytotoxic test was IC50. Selectivity index is determined from IC50 ratio of cancer cells to normal cells. The results showed that ethanolic extract of buah Makassar has a cytotoxic activity on 4T1, MCF7, HeLa, and Vero cells with IC50 were 49,9±0,83 μg/mL; 107,6±8,14 μg/mL; 228,9±4,16 μg/mL and 395,5± 4,21 μg/mL respectively. It also has high selectivity on 4T1 metastatic breast cancer cell with selectivity index of 7,93. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of buah Makassar has potential to be delevoped as cochemopreventive agent especially on metastatic breast cancer. Keywords: Brucea javanica, MTT assay, selectivity index, 4T1, MCF7, HeLa, Vero

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Imatinib Mesylate (Gleevec)

Top Drugs ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199362585.003.0010 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jie Jack Li

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Childhood Leukemia ◽

Kinase Inhibitors ◽

Protein Kinase Inhibitors ◽

Follicle Cells ◽

Type I ◽

Breast Cancers ◽

Normal Cells

Great strides had been made in the war against cancer with chemotherapy even before the emergence of protein kinase inhibitors. For instance, prior to vinblastine (1, Velban) became available in 1964 for the treatment of lymphoma, the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s disease (a cancer of the lymph nodes) was virtually a death sentence. Today there is a 90% chance of survival with the treatment by vinca alkaloids such as 1 and other chemotherapies. Similarly, when Sidney Farber discovered the effects of methotrexate (2, Trexall) on leukemia, it marked the beginning of the triumph over childhood leukemia. Following Barnett Rosenberg’s discovery of cisplatin (3, Platinol)’s effects on tumor cells in 1967, cisplatin and its analogs such as carboplatin (4, Paraplatin) and oxaliplatin (5, Eloxatin) contributed significantly in boosting the survival rate of patients with metastatic testicular cancer, ovarian tumors, and bladder cancer. Most significantly, breast cancer, a malady striking one in eight women, has been effectively managed via a plethora of treatments including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapies. The arsenal of chemotherapeutics for treating breast cancer includes SERMs such as tamoxifen (6) and raloxifene (7, Evista). Type I, II, and III aromatase inhibitors have now also been widely prescribed to combat breast cancers (more details may be found in chap. 4). Today, breast cancer is sometimes viewed as a chronic disease that can be managed, rather than a lethal disease. Despite the efficacy of the aforementioned chemotherapeutics, they kill cancer cells and normal cells with equal ferocity. (Some have compared chemotherapy to a “carpet bombing” strategy.) However, the reason these chemotherapies are effective is that cancer cells divide at much faster rate than normal cells; therefore, chemotherapies kill more malignant cells than healthy cells. Chemotherapies invariably come with significant side effects rooted. For example, hair follicle cells have a physiologically high mitosis rate; therefore, chemotherapies kill them faster than other healthy cells. In the same vein, other common side effects of chemotherapy include diarrhea (because ephithelial renewal is inhibited), bone marrow suppression (because granulopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, cytopoiesis, and erythropoiesis are inhibited), and lymph node damage (because of lymphocyte multiplication inhibition causes immune weakness).

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Selective Killing Natural Products and Drugs in Oral Cancer Treatments

Dental Research and Management ◽

10.33805/2572-6978.e101 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Hsueh-Wei Chang

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Drug Discovery ◽

Side Effects ◽

Oral Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Anticancer Drugs ◽

Cancer Treatments ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Killing Effect ◽

Anticancer Drug Discovery

Most cancer drugs are effective to kill cancer cells but also harm normal cells. Drugs and natural products with the selective killing effect may be helpful to solve this problem. The side effects of many anticancer drugs are partly derived from its damage to both cancer and normal cells without selection. This problem raises the need of anticancer drug discovery with the selective killing effect.

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Functional polyesters enable selective siRNA delivery to lung cancer over matched normal cells

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1606886113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (39) ◽

pp. E5702-E5710 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Yunfeng Yan ◽

Li Liu ◽

Hu Xiong ◽

Jason B. Miller ◽

Kejin Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Sirna Delivery ◽

Normal Lung ◽

Cancer Therapies ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Dividing Cells

Conventional chemotherapeutics nonselectively kill all rapidly dividing cells, which produces numerous side effects. To address this challenge, we report the discovery of functional polyesters that are capable of delivering siRNA drugs selectively to lung cancer cells and not to normal lung cells. Selective polyplex nanoparticles (NPs) were identified by high-throughput library screening on a unique pair of matched cancer/normal cell lines obtained from a single patient. Selective NPs promoted rapid endocytosis into HCC4017 cancer cells, but were arrested at the membrane of HBEC30-KT normal cells during the initial transfection period. When injected into tumor xenografts in mice, cancer-selective NPs were retained in tumors for over 1 wk, whereas nonselective NPs were cleared within hours. This translated to improved siRNA-mediated cancer cell apoptosis and significant suppression of tumor growth. Selective NPs were also able to mediate gene silencing in xenograft and orthotopic tumors via i.v. injection or aerosol inhalation, respectively. Importantly, this work highlights that different cells respond differentially to the same drug carrier, an important factor that should be considered in the design and evaluation of all NP carriers. Because no targeting ligands are required, these functional polyester NPs provide an exciting alternative approach for selective drug delivery to tumor cells that may improve efficacy and reduce adverse side effects of cancer therapies.

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Glucose Transporters as a Target for Anticancer Therapy

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13164184 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 4184

Author(s):

Monika Pliszka ◽

Leszek Szablewski

Keyword(s):

Cancer Cells ◽

Cancer Metabolism ◽

Radioiodine Therapy ◽

Hypoxic Condition ◽

Glucose Transporters ◽

Anticancer Therapy ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Patients With Cancer ◽

Oxidative Breakdown

Tumor growth causes cancer cells to become hypoxic. A hypoxic condition is a hallmark of cancer. Metabolism of cancer cells differs from metabolism of normal cells. Cancer cells prefer the process of glycolysis as a source of ATP. Process of glycolysis generates only two molecules of ATP per one molecule of glucose, whereas the complete oxidative breakdown of one molecule of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP. Therefore, cancer cells need more molecules of glucose in comparison with normal cells. Increased uptake of glucose by these cells is due to overexpression of glucose transporters, especially GLUT1 and GLUT3, that are hypoxia responsive, as well as other glucose transport proteins. Increased expression of these carrier proteins may be used in anticancer therapy. This phenomenon is used in diagnostic techniques such as FDG-PET. It is also suggested, and there are observations, that therapeutic inhibition of glucose transporters may be a method in treatment of cancer patients. On the other hand, there are described cases, in which upregulation of glucose transporters, as, for example, NIS, which is used in radioiodine therapy, can help patients with cancer. The aim of this review is the presentation of possibilities, and how glucose transporters can be used in anticancer therapy.

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