scholarly journals The New Manifestations of External Debt in Developing Countries From 2000 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Thi Kim Hanh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
External Debt ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Caribbean

The paper analyzes the new manifestations of external debt in developing countries from 2000 to 2019, author uses the analytical qualitative and quantitative method, the findings are (1) the external debt is trended by groups of country, (2) external debt stocks of PPG long term debt, PNG long term debt rose between 2000 and 2019, (3) The percentage of GDP of External debt stocks decreased, PNG long term debt and short term debt slightly went up between 2000 and 2019, (4) East and South-East Asia and Oceania and Latin America and the Caribbean have exchange the top and second position of highest amount in both 2018 and 2000, (5) Debt service on long-term external PPG of SIDS is helds the biggest amount of debt between 2000 and 2019, (6) The redemption schedules of both High-income countries and Low- and middle-income countries both increased the amount of redemption which is from around 2 to 2.32 tril USD and 0.67 to 1.07 tril USD in 2000 and 2021, respectively. This shows us that at least they have solution how to get resolved their external debt.

scholarly journals Tracing Long- and Short-term Migrants for Participation in Demographic and Epidemiological Studies: Evidence from Senegal

Field Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-57
Author(s):  
Mufaro Kanyangarara ◽  
Laetitia Douillot ◽  
Gilles Pison ◽  
Cheikh Tidiane Ndiaye ◽  
Valerie Delaunay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Contact Information

Migration of participants in demographic and epidemiological studies results in missing data. One approach to reduce resulting losses in statistical power and potential biases is to follow up migrants at their new residence. We describe the follow-up of migrants who were eligible for participation in a trial of a new questionnaire to measure adult mortality in Niakhar, Senegal. We conducted a short inquiry in the migrant’s last known household to obtain contact information and then attempted to contact and interview 661 migrants who resided in Dakar, Mbour, and rural areas close to Niakhar. About two-thirds of migrants were successfully enrolled in the study. Having a contact phone number and knowing the name of the head of compound at destination increased the likelihood of successful enrollment. Following up migrants in demographic studies is feasible in low- and middle-income countries, including long-term migrants who have not been contacted for extended periods of time.

An Introduction and Preview

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Robert E.B. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
New Evidence

This introductory chapter outlines the scope of the book and sets out its central objectives, namely, examining the magnitude, nature, causes, and consequences of population movements between the rural and urban sectors of developing countries, and emphasizing the reasons for addressing these issues. Two broad components in approaching these topics are distinguished: first, a review of the existing literature on each aspect, though some key limitations of these cumulative contributions are noted; and second, an introduction of extensive new evidence, derived from a database assembled for present purposes. These data encompass seventy-five low- and middle-income countries in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The volume covers a wide set of facets and implications of migration across the rural-urban divide, and this initial chapter also incorporates a brief preview of these data in summarizing the content of each ensuing chapter.

Formal Social Protection for Older People in Developing Countries: Three Different Approaches

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER LLOYD-SHERLOCK
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Older People ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Means Testing ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Provision Of Care

The paper examines social protection for older people in three middle-income countries: Argentina, Thailand and South Africa. It focuses on income support, health services and the provision of care, as well as considering the effects of these policies on social exclusion. The paper locates each country's different social protection programmes within a broader welfare regime model. It finds an interesting variety of approaches to pension and health provision, which range from generous universalism to minimal means-testing. However, it finds much less innovation in areas such as long-term care and intermediary services. The paper challenges generalisations about old age social protection in developing countries, and argues that the different experiences of these three countries could provide useful lessons for social protection in many parts of the world.

scholarly journals Short-term, medium-term and long-term effects of early parenting interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e004067
Author(s):  
Joshua Jeong ◽  
Helen O Pitchik ◽  
Günther Fink
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Interventions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Over Time

IntroductionParenting interventions during early childhood are known to improve various child development outcomes immediately following programme implementation. However, less is known about whether these initial benefits are sustained over time.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review of parenting interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that were delivered during the first 3 years of life and had completed a follow-up evaluation of the intervention cohort at least 1 year after the primary postintervention endpoint. We summarized intervention effects over time by child-level and parent-level outcomes as well as by timing of follow-up rounds in the short-term (1–3 years after programme completion), medium-term (4–9 years), and long-term (10+ years). We also conducted exploratory meta-analyses to compare effects on children’s cognitive and behavioral development by these subgroups of follow-up rounds.ResultsWe identified 24 articles reporting on seven randomised controlled trials of parenting interventions delivered during early childhood that had at least one follow-up study in seven LMICs. The majority of follow-up studies were in the short-term. Three trials conducted a medium-term follow-up evaluation, and only two trials conducted a long-term follow-up evaluation. Although trials consistently supported wide-ranging benefits on early child development outcomes immediately after programme completion, results revealed a general fading of effects on children’s outcomes over time. Short-term effects were mixed, and medium-term and long-term effects were largely inconclusive. The exploratory meta-analysis on cognitive development found that pooled effects were significant at postintervention and in the short-term (albeit smaller in magnitude), but the effects were not significant in the medium-term and long-term. For behavioural development, the effects were consistently null over time.ConclusionsThere have been few longer-term follow-up studies of early parenting interventions in LMICs. Greater investments in longitudinal intervention cohorts are needed in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of parenting interventions over the life course and to improve the design of future interventions so they can have greater potential for achieving and sustaining programme benefits over time.

scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on Middle-income Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110238
Author(s):  
Sukti Dasgupta ◽  
Mauricio Dierckxsens ◽  
Sher Verick
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Coming on top of long-term employment challenges, the COVID-19 crisis has severely impacted economies around the world. Due to the nature of their labour markets, middle-income countries (MICs), including India, have experienced greater employment declines than advanced economies. Some sectors have been hit harder than others, while certain groups—including women, youth, migrants and those in the informal economy—have felt the brunt of the crisis even more strongly. The crisis has raised unemployment and, even more, has also pushed many out of the labour force, raising inactivity. Overall, the crisis has exacerbated existing inequalities in countries and across countries. The major challenge for MICs is to finance the continuing efforts to battle the crisis while shifting to a job-rich and inclusive recovery. Key lessons have already emerged, which are relevant for India and other developing countries, including the importance of building a more resilient and inclusive labour market through strong institutions and policies. JEL Codes: E24, E60, G01, J08, J60

Development and Distribution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
North East ◽  
Major Transformation

Since the Second World War, surprisingly few developing countries have experienced a truly sustained episode of economic and social convergence towards the structural characteristics of the advanced nations. The region of the world that has gone the furthest in that convergence is East Asia. Much has been written on comparative industrialization and development in North East Asia but relatively less on South East Asia. This book focuses on the latter and, more specifically on Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. These three nations have all undergone a major transformation—in a way never anticipated—from being poor, agrarian countries to middle-income countries that have developed an industrial and manufacturing base. The ‘puzzle’ that flows from that achievement is as follows: how did MIT achieve such a transformation, and how did they achieve the transformation with a form of economic growth that was driven by structural transformation, but that was also ‘inclusive’? Given that historically it has been thought that structural transformation tends to push up inequality, whilst inclusive growth necessitates static or even falling inequality, this last point is particularly salient to developing countries. Understanding how the transformation was possible in a relatively short space of time, the extent to which it was inclusive, and the caveats and prospects for South East Asia is thus an area of enquiry significant to all developing countries as they seek economic and social transformation.

scholarly journals Dietary intakes of women during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1340-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Eun Lee ◽  
Sameera A Talegawkar ◽  
Mario Merialdi ◽  
Laura E Caulfield
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
South America ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Central South ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a better understanding of dietary intakes of pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries.DesignSystematic review was performed to identify relevant studies which reported nutrient intakes or food consumption of pregnant women in developing countries. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were compared by region and the FAO/WHO Estimated Average Requirements. Food consumption was summarized by region.SettingDeveloping countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean and Central/South America.SubjectsPregnant women in the second or third trimester of their pregnancies.ResultsFrom a total of 1499 retrieved articles, sixty-two relevant studies were analysed. The ranges of mean/median intakes of energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate were relatively higher in women residing in the Caribbean and Central/South America than in Africa and Asia. Percentages of energy from carbohydrate and fat varied inversely across studies in all regions, whereas percentage of energy from protein was relatively stable. Among selected micronutrients, folate and Fe intakes were most frequently below the Estimated Average Requirements, followed by Ca and Zn. Usual dietary patterns were heavily cereal based across regions.ConclusionsImbalanced macronutrients, inadequate micronutrient intakes and predominantly plant-based diets were common features of the diet of pregnant women in developing countries. Cohesive public health efforts involving improving access to nutrient-rich local foods, micronutrient supplementation and fortification are needed to improve the nutrition of pregnant women in developing countries.

Privatizing water and wastewater in developing countries: assessing the 1990s' experiments

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okke Braadbaart
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Low And Middle Income

In the 1990s, low and middle-income countries experimented extensively with public–private partnerships (PPPs) in water and wastewater. Concession-based contracts were the favored form of PPP. Although these experiments produced promising managerial innovations, they suffered from high rates of failure. These stemmed from the ambitious scope and hasty design of many concessions, which made them susceptible to macroeconomic shocks and political opportunism. A key lesson from the 1990s' experiments is that PPP contracts combining long-term financing and exploitation should be avoided in country settings combining weak governance with a volatile economy.

Investment and Debt

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layna Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Financial Integration ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Financial Openness ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Political Determinants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: This article examines the political determinants and economic consequences of financial openness in low- and middle-income countries, with emphasis on government autonomy rather than on other important outcomes such as economic growth and development. After sketching trends in financial openness in developing countries, the article illustrates how the effects of financial integration are intertwined with the type of capital flow (e.g., short-term versus long-term investment) and with a nation’s domestic interests and institutions. It then considers the possibility that BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) will emerge as alternative financial leaders at a regional or global level. It also assesses the impact of capital flows on government-policy decisions and outcomes before reflecting on the politics of investment and debt.

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