scholarly journals Company Overview for 2017-2021: Apple vs Microsoft

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munisa Abdukarimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Company Stock ◽  
Software Market ◽  
Company Analysis

The paper is devoted to company analysis and company stock trend analysis for two giants in electronics hardware and software market: Apple Inc. and Microsoft Corp. All data was derived from the companies’ annual reports and some other referenced websites. Analysis has been plotted using Python including and excluding the most recent year due to data availability.

The Effects of Changes in State Tax Enforcement on Corporate Income Tax Collections

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Gupta ◽  
Daniel P. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Tax Policies ◽  
Tax Enforcement ◽  
Current Period ◽  
State Tax

ABSTRACT Using a new hand-collected database on state department of revenue (DOR) expenditures, this study examines the association between changes in state corporate tax enforcement expenditures and state-level tax collections during the 2000–2008 time period. The results, after addressing endogeneity concerns using a changes specification and state fixed effects, suggest a $1 increase (decrease) in current period corporate enforcement is associated with an $8 to $11 increase (decrease) in state tax collections two years into the future. The association appears to be attenuated in states with restrictive tax policies (i.e., unitary/combined reporting and related-party add-back provisions) suggesting that enforcement and restrictive tax policies could serve as substitutes. JEL Classifications: H26; H71; H72. Data Availability: Enforcement data were hand collected from state revenue department annual reports and by contacting state corporate income tax personnel. All annual reports are publicly available.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Cost Components in Select Pharmaceutical Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2289-2298
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Components

The purpose in this paper is to identify the cost components which are vital in consideration towards manufacturing especially in pharmaceutical companies. The manufacturing costs are significant in total expenses in pharmaceutical industry. In this study, a thorough investigation on the cost components and the trend in expenses and operating profit of pharma companies are studied, giving due regard to cost components to have understanding and to find out how they may differ among various types of pharma companies. The data published in the annual reports from 2009 to 2018 of top five pharmaceutical companies based on their annual revenues has been selected for further diagnosis. The analysis reveals that manufacturing costs are different for all the five companies. The study also reveals that there is a considerable indication that the companies are conscious on the much-needed health benefits to the society in the future at an affordable cost

scholarly journals A Evaluation on the Working Capital Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 736-739
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Working Capital Management ◽  
Restricted Region ◽  
Secondary Objective

This assignment deal with the “A Study on the Evaluation of Working Capital Management with reference to SHILLONG URBAN COOPERATIVE BANK.' Working Capital Management is concerned with the issues that occur in the attempt to handle present assets, present liabilities and the interrelationship between them. The goal of Working Capital Management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of the firm in such a way that the satisfactory level of Working Capital is mentioned. Current assets should be big enough to cover their present liabilities to guarantee a decent security margin. The primary goal of this research is to study the management of working capital and the efficiency of handling a working capital in a business. The secondary objective of this research is to study the optimum level of the company's current assets and current liabilitiesTo study the liquidity situation through different working capital associated ratios, to study economic performance using trend analysis instruments. The study of working capital management is important because, unless the working capital is managed effectively, effectively monitored, properly planned and periodically reviewed at regular intervals to remove bottlenecks, if any, the company can not gain. profits and increase its turnover. Working Capital research is based on instruments like Trend Analysis, Ratio Analysis, Operating Cycle, etc. Further the research is based on the Annual Reports of the last 5 years. And even factors such as the assessment of rivals, the assessment of the sector was not regarded during the preparation of this project. The secondary technique of information collection is used for this research. The purpose of the information compilation was to study the company's management of working capital. Working capital in the form of current assets is needed to cope with the issue resulting from the absence of instant realization of money against sold products. Therefore, adequate working capital is needed to maintain sales activity.Efficient management of working capital involves firms to work with a certain quantity of net working capital, the precise quantity varying from company to company and depending, among other things; on the nature of the firms. This research has some constraints such as restricted information, restricted period, restricted region, and the length of the research is very small.

scholarly journals Cost of Quality Analysis on Tailors’ Industry in Aceh

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-111
Author(s):  
Dinaroe Dinaroe ◽  
Syarifah Umaira ◽  
Fazli Syam BZ
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Managerial Accounting ◽  
Quality Cost ◽  
Cost Of Quality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Banda Aceh

Objective – This research aims to explore and find out the application of Cost of Quality in Managerial Accounting perspective on the Tailor’s businesses in Banda Aceh during the period of 2015 – 2017. In addition, the research purposes are to analyze the firms plan and control of the Cost of Quality and how the firms arrange the cost in order to improve the quality with minimum budget cost.Design/methodology – The study uses qualitative descriptive research approach and being conducted using data from the firms annual reports and additional in-depth interview with the owners. The technique of purposive sampling is used in this study with the data availability criteria. The population of the research are the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Banda Aceh, and the sample criteria among others are tailor industry factories in Banda Aceh that have already prepared financial report during the observed period. CV Kuta Alam Tailor and CV Aceh Moda Tailor have been selected as the samples and as the study case location. The researcher analyzed the data by analyzing and examining the costs incurred by the firms, at how much and what kind of it, related to the cost of quality and cost of goods sold before and after the cost of quality is being added. Results – The result shows that CV. Kuta Alam Tailor and CV. Aceh Moda Tailor in term of cost of quality is still above 2.5% of the sales, thus indicates that the cost extravagancy and there are big differences in the cost of the goods sold if the cost of quality is included into the cost of goods sold. In addition, it is also found that both firms do not make a quality cost report specifically.Research limitations/implications – The research is based on the qualitative approach and does not using empirical research tools, so then it can not be generalized for overall tailor industry in Aceh nor Indonesia, outside of the observed firms and location. Therefore, it is necessary for the future research to explore more this phenomenon by using quantitative approach in order to analyze the influence of quality cost and firm performance or budget efficiencies.Novelty/Originality – The research focuses on analyzing and examining the cost of Quality in manufactur industry, particularly in the Job-Process Industry, such as Tailor industry is still very novice and need to be nurtured. Thus, this study contributes to this area by examining the implementation and aplication of the cost of quality whether the cost information can produce managerial information through financial and managerial reporting that will improve the product quality toward cost effeciency.Keywords Cost of Quality, Prevention Cost, Appraisal Cost.

Enhancing and Structuring the MD&A to Aid Investors when Using Interactive Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve G. Sutton ◽  
Vicky Arnold ◽  
Jean C. Bedard ◽  
Jillian R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Nonprofessional Investors ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
Interactive Data

ABSTRACT In 2008, the SEC issued a mandate requiring the use of interactive tagged data (i.e., eXtensible Business Reporting Language, or XBRL) for all public companies' filings of their annual financial statements. However, the SEC put the mandates in place only for the financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC specifically excluded the use of interactive tagged data for most narrative aspects of annual reports, including Management's Discussion and Analysis (MD&A), deeming current taxonomies for interactive data tagging inadequate. This study leverages upon the efforts of the Enhanced Business Reporting Consortium (EBRC) to develop a more robust taxonomy for the MD&A. The EBRC effort consists of two parts: (1) expanding the scope of qualitative disclosures, and (2) integrating all of the interactive data tags used by companies during the voluntary disclosure period predating the SEC mandate into a comprehensive set of tags for existing MD&A disclosures. Of particular interest in this research is the first aspect of the EBRC effort—an analysis of professional and nonprofessional investors' perspectives on the value of proposed qualitative disclosures and areas in which such investors would desire additional disclosures. We conducted nine focus groups with professional and nonprofessional investors to elicit their information preferences, applying procedures consistent with the “information requirements definition” phase of systems design. Results show that participants are supportive of the EBRC's proposed 31 categories of qualitative disclosures, but also identify 15 additional categories as useful. We augment the focus groups with a survey of 286 investors to assess the relative value of the combined 46 categories. All 46 items appear to be desirable across investor participants. The results have implications for ongoing efforts to expand taxonomies for qualitative data disclosure and for standard-setters considering extensions to MD&A reporting requirements. Data Availability: Contact the corresponding author.

The Failure to Remediate Previously Disclosed Material Weaknesses in Internal Controls

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline S. Hammersley ◽  
Linda A. Myers ◽  
Jian Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Credit Rating ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Material Weaknesses

SUMMARY In this paper, we study a sample of companies that fail to remediate previously disclosed material weaknesses (MWs) in their internal control systems and, thus, disclose the same MWs in two consecutive annual reports. Their failure to remediate is surprising given that regulators, credit rating agencies, and academics contend that the remediation of MWs is important. We form a control sample of companies that initially disclosed MWs in their internal control systems, but subsequently remediated these weaknesses, and investigate the characteristics of the remediated and unremediated MWs, the characteristics of remediating versus non-remediating companies, and the consequences to non-remediating companies. Regarding the characteristics of companies failing to remediate, we find that companies are less likely to remediate previously disclosed MWs when the weaknesses are more pervasive (i.e., when they are described as at the entity level, when there are more individual weaknesses) and when their operations are more complex (i.e., they have more segments and have foreign operations). In addition, companies with smaller audit committees are less likely to remediate. Regarding the consequences, we find that companies failing to remediate MWs experience larger increases in audit fees and a higher likelihood of auditor resignation as the number of MWs increases. We also find that non-remediating companies are more likely to receive modified audit opinions and going-concern opinions. Finally, we find that companies failing to remediate are more likely to miss filing deadlines and experience increased cost of debt capital (i.e., they receive poorer credit ratings when entity level MWs are present, and are charged higher interest rates). Data Availability: Data are publicly available from sources identified in the text.

Increasing sustainable tourism through social entrepreneurship

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1977-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah de Lange ◽  
Rachel Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Hospitality And Tourism

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between social entrepreneurship and sustainable tourism and to examine the Canadian context in this regard. Design/methodology/approach The methodology entails a case study approach that includes a thorough review of the related literature and of any existing Canadian sources of hospitality and tourism social entrepreneurship/intrapreneurship projects to determine the state of the Canadian industry with respect to sustainability. Findings Findings show that there are limited showcased hospitality and tourism social entrepreneurship projects in Canada. Two main assumptions related to the Canadian context can be drawn from this search: (1) There is a lack of hospitality and tourism social entrepreneurship projects and/or, (2) hospitality and tourism social entrepreneurship projects and/or businesses are not recognized and/or there is a lack of awareness of them. Research limitations/implications This study assessed the situation in Canada and although it was comprehensive under conditions of limited data availability, it cannot speak to social entrepreneurship in sustainable hospitality and tourism globally, which is a future research opportunity. Practical implications The design of a national incentive program would encourage industry sustainability through tax breaks. This voluntary system would require that firms provide standardized annual reports with their tax filings so that reliable industry data could be collected for analysis and understanding of the sustainability of the industry. Participating firms would be distinguished on a public list. Originality/value This research has theorized on the connection of social entrepreneurship to sustainable hospitality and tourism such that social entrepreneurship drives sustainable industry growth. This is also the first study of its kind to explore social entrepreneurship’s potential contribution to the sustainability of this industry.

scholarly journals SMEs Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Business Performance: Evidence of an Emerging Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-169
Author(s):  
Ronald Essel ◽  
Emmanuel Addo
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
The Body ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Extant Literature

This paper empirically examines the nexuses between SMEs governance mechanisms [board size (BS), board composition (BC), chief executive officer duality (CEOD), chief executive officer tenure (CEOT), board meetings (BMET), gender diversity (GEND), firm size (SZ) and firm age (AGE)] and business performance (BP) [ROA and Tobin’s Q]. The study deployed panel data multivariate regression via fixed effect for its analysis. By using annual reports of 124 Ghanaian SMEs selected on the basis of data availability, covering 2010-2019, the paper explored SMEs governance-performance-connexion by following the methodologies of researchers/scholars in extant literature. Findings/Results indicates that, there exists positive relationships among CEOT, BMET, SZ and AGE and BP. Nevertheless, BS, BC, CEOD and GEND depicted negative relationships with BP. Findings showed there are mixed results vis-à-vis governance mechanisms and BP. Findings further connote that; Ghanaian SME sector have distinctive attributes and may respond differently to governance mechanisms. Stakeholders will be abreast of the happenings in the Ghanaian SME sector for improved governance mechanisms. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge in extant literature on corporate governance and BP in the SME sector from an emerging economy’s perspective.

Do Quarterly and Annual Financial Statements Reflect Similar Financial Statement Error in the Post-SOX Era?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Erik S. Boyle ◽  
Melissa F. Lewis-Western ◽  
Timothy A. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Quality Reporting ◽  
Public Company

ABSTRACT The U.S. has invested substantial resources into the regulation and oversight of public-company financial reporting. While these investments should incentivize high-quality reporting among quarterly and annual financial statements, the sharp rise in public company auditor oversight may disproportionately benefit annual reports given the fiscal year-centric nature of audits. We compare the within company-year difference in financial statement error between quarterly and annual financial reports and examine how any difference changed following SOX. We find that pre-SOX error is lower for audited financial statements than for reviewed financial statements and that this difference increases following SOX. Additional tests suggest that elevated auditor oversight, rather than managerial incentives, is the impetus for the change. Despite regulatory investment designed to incentivize the production of high-quality quarterly and annual financial statements, the post-SOX difference in error between quarterly and annual financial statements appears to have increased. Data Availability: Data are available from public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M41; M42.

scholarly journals Agent-based modelling for wildfire behaviour prediction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Voltolina ◽  
Simone Sterlacchini ◽  
Giacomo Cappellini ◽  
Marco Zazzeri ◽  
Tiziana Apuani
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Ancillary Data ◽  
Ignition Point ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Rate Of Spread

<p><span>The Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai in 2015, has defined a global strategy directed at enhancing risk-exposed communities’ resilience. In line with those needs, the study intends to improve and optimize decision-making processes in wildfire risk management by implementing predictive spatially distributed models of wildfire behaviour.</span></p><p><span>The proposed methodology has been applied to simulate some large and fully documented wildfire events in Umbria and Sardinia regions, in Central and Southern Italy respectively. </span><span>The predictive model for wildfire behaviour is based on the reviewed Rothermel’s quasi-empirical mathematical model, which investigates propagation-driving parameters, i.e. the local geomorphometrical and meteorological parameters along with the pyrological and phenological characteristics of the local plant communities, to estimate the rate of spread of the fire. Propagation-driving parameters and their spatiotemporal variability have been estimated in the pre-fire environment by applying and adapting empirical relationships well-established in literature. Remote sensing-derived data have been analysed over phenologically distinct periods, along with ancillary data, to elicit information necessary to distinguish the mosaic of fuel model types and to monitor spatiotemporal variations in either live or dead fuel moisture content. According to input data availability, the methodology has been adapted to different case studies, focusing major attention on MODIS instrument by NASA on board the Terra satellite as well as on Sentinel constellations of satellites of the ESA Copernicus programme due to their accessibility and to their medium-high spatial and temporal resolution. A</span><span> two-dimensional Agent-Based Model with a hexagonal grid, which, given a map of the rate of spread and an ignition point as inputs, </span>returns a map of the cumulative propagation time, <span>has been developed in order to simulate the wildland surface fire behaviour.</span></p><p><span>Satellite estimated propagation-driving parameters have been compared with information collected in the field and recorded by the regional annual reports on wildfire events, revealing a good predictive ability. Likewise, the wildfire behaviour model has provided accurate predictions, up to 70% in terms of morphological matching between obtained simulations and respective documented historical events boundaries, also if compared with results from other well-known wildfire simulation toolset and software. Obtained results suggest the developed wildfire behaviour model could represent a promising tool in prioritizing firefighting interventions in near-real time.</span></p>

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