scholarly journals An Outbreak of Strangles in Arabian Horses in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology, Clinical Signs and Treatment Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-328
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Metastatic Infection

This study was carried out to investigate an outbreak of strangles in horses at the Qassim Region, Central Saudi Arabia. From 29 horses included in this study, the disease was observed in 13, five of them were died: representing a morbidity rate of 44.8% and a mortality rate of 17.24%. The morbidity and mortality rates significantly (P≤0.05) differed among different age groups. In contrast, the case fatality rate was not significantly different among different ages. Gender has no significant effect on disease occurrence. Clinically, signs observed in infected horses were high fever, anorexia, soft non-productive cough, muco-purulent bilateral nasal discharge, enlargement and abscessation of submandibular lymph nodes. Metastatic infection, including abdominal abscessation, was observed in 5 of the infected cases where signs of acute abdominal pain were recorded. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi was the only organism isolated from the lesions. Significant increases in the total white blood cells and neutrophils were detected in the diseased horses compared to healthy ones. Penicillin therapy, surgical intervention of the ripened sub-mandibular abscesses, isolation of healthy horses away from infected ones and thorough disinfection of the contaminated environment were the control measures that were applied to manage this outbreak. Treatment was very effective in the typical form of the disease whereas it had no value in the bastard form. Finally, it can be concluded that strangles in horses in the Qassim Region represents a great risk due to the high case fatality rate, and therefore using a protective vaccine is essential.

scholarly journals An Outbreak of Ovine Listeriosis in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological, Clinical and Treatment Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-316
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine

This study was carried out to describe the epidemiological, clinical and treatment outcomes of an outbreak of listeriosis in a sheep flock at Qassim Region, central of Saudi Arabia during January 2020. The flock consisted of 700 sheep of different age and sex. The overall morbidity rate was 57.14%, while the mortality rate was 50% and the case fatality rate was 87.5%. The morbidity rate was statistically lower (P=0.0001) in sheep having age less than 6 months (16.66%) than those over 6 months (74.48%). On the contrary, the case fatality rate was not statistically different (P=0.9) in young sheep (97.14%) compared to adult animals (86.57%). The clinical signs observed were acute deaths, nervous manifestation in the form of staggers, ataxia, head tilt and circling. Initial diagnosis was made on the basis of the typical clinical signs, while confirmatory diagnosis was made on the basis of bacteriological examination. Treatment using penicillin as antibiotic in addition to flunixin meglumine as anti-inflammatory gave good results in case of early intervention whereas late-stage treatment gave bad prognosis. So, early intervention is the key to treatment success.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 204-208
Author(s):  
Ayman Ahmed ◽  
Nouh Saad Mohamed ◽  
Sarah Misbah EL-Sadig ◽  
Lamis Ahmed Fahal ◽  
Ziad Bakri Abelrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Mass Gathering ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
High Case Fatality Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

The steadily growing COVID-19 pandemic is challenging health systems worldwide including Sudan. In Sudan, the first COVID-19 case was reported on 13th March 2020, and up to 11 November 2020 there were 14,401 confirmed cases of which 9,535 cases recovered and the rest 3,750 cases were under treatment. Additionally, 1,116 deaths were reported, indicating a relatively high case fatality rate of 7.7%. Several preventive and control measures were implemented by the government of Sudan and health partners, including the partial lockdown of the country, promoting social distancing, and suspending mass gathering such as festivals and performing religious practices in groups. However, new cases still emerging every day and this could be attributed to the noncompliance of the individuals to the advocated preventive measurements.

scholarly journals Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19 and Association With Sociodemographic Characteristics of Populations in Ecuador, 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Flores Sacoto ◽  
Galo Sánchez Del Hierro ◽  
Xavier Jarrín Estupiñan ◽  
Felipe Moreno-Piedrahita Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background COVID-19 has caused deaths worldwide affecting the most vulnerable population with different case fatality rates. Socioeconomic conditions have demonstrated a role regarding the spread of infections and mortality. Socioeconomic characteristics of Ecuador related to poverty, ethnicity and demographic characteristics increase the impact of COVID-19 in certain populations. Methods Objective To analyze the influence of demographic factors on the COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) in Ecuador. Design: cross sectional study. Setting 24 provinces in Ecuador-221 cantons. Population: data including 233.277 confirmed COVID-19 cases of Ecuador. Primary and secondary outcome measures COVID-19 CFR and crude cause-specific death rate weight calculated using province-country level data from health ministry of Ecuador in data website. Results Ecuadors CFR is 4,03%, analyzed by cantons the CFR increases to a median of 5,75%, with cantons like Playas with a CFR of 32,39%. The morbidity rate has a median of 795,31 per 100 000 hab. with the highest rate in Isabela-Galápagos (10185,49), Aguarico-Orellana (9506,75) and Baños-Tungurahua (4156,85). And the crude COVID-19 death rate has a median of 39,73 per 100 000 hab. with the highest rate in Penipe-Chimborazo (201,29), 24 de Mayo-Manabí (143,79) and San Pedro de Huaca-Carchi (134,36). The correlations show relations with sociodemographic factors like poverty, ethnicity and scholarity. Conclusion The CFR is the proxy indicator of COVID-19 impact in Ecuador and the analysis made by location give us new information about the specific impact of this disease.

scholarly journals THE OVERVIEW OF DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN EAST JAVA DURING 2015-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Dewi Putri Dayani
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Health Profile ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Residential Areas

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus which spreads more widely and the morbidity rate increases every year in East Java Province. DHF transmitting vector is widespread in residential areas and in public places, population density, population mobility, increasing urbanization. Purpose: This study aims to describe the number of cases, Incidence Rate (IR), Case Fatality Rate (CFR), and the peak incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in East Java Province in 2015-2017. Method: This study is a descriptive approach study with a population that is all East Java residents who are at risk of suffering from dengue. This study uses a total population technique that involves all DHF cases recorded in the East Java Provincial Health Profile for 2015-2017. The data used are secondary data obtained from the Health Profile of East Java Province in 2015-2017, namely the number of DHF cases, gender, morbidity and mortality rates due to DHF. Data were analyzed using the Incidence Rate (IR) and Case Fatality Rate (CFR) formulas. Results: The number of dengue cases in East Java in 2015 to 2017 fluctuated. DHF morbidity rates have increased in 2016 while 2017 has decreased. The mortality rate in East Java in 2015-2017 has decreased. DHF events often occur in male sex. Conclusion: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is a vector-borne disease with rapid spread. The occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever every year there is an increase in cases and deaths of almost all regencies / cities in East Java.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Epidemiological Trends in Mortality Due to COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dema A. Alissa ◽  
Wejdan Aburas ◽  
Hajar Y. Almudaiheem ◽  
Zohair Al Aseri ◽  
Fahad Alrabiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Data Registry ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) created a major public health emergency and an international concern. It is an infectious respiratory illness caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The international mortality rates due to COVID-19 reached 2,748,763 on March 24, 2021. We describe the prevalence, case fatality rate, and epidemiological trends of COVID-19 mortality in Saudi Arabia in this paper.Method: A systematic approach of evaluating COVID-19 related mortalities was established in Saudi Arabia. A scientific committee that evaluated all reported cases with suspicious or confirmed COVID-19 disease using a standardized electronic form. A data registry of all deaths with all clinical parameters was built based on active reporting from all healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia. Analysis of data using national and regional crude case fatality rate (cCFR) and death per 100,000 population was carried. Descriptive analysis of age, gender, nationality, and comorbidities. Mortality trend was plotted per week and compared to international figures.Results: The total reported number of deaths between March 23rd until April 9, 2021 was 6,737. cCFR was reported as 1.70%, and death per 100,000 population was reported as 19.24 which compared favourably to figures reported by several developed countries. Highest percentages of deaths were among individuals aged between 60-69 years, males (74%), individuals with diabetes (60%), and Hypertension (50%). Conclusion: Case fatality rate and death per 100,000 population in Saudi Arabia is among the lowest in the world due to multiple factors. Several comorbidities have been identified namely diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiac arrhythmias.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Assessment of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Central Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Mngumi ◽  
S Makungu ◽  
D Mdetele
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
The Past

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the Central Zone of Tanzania. The present study used data from archived information of Central Zone Veterinary Centre (CZVC) for the past five years in the forms of weekly, monthly, and slaughterhouse reports, as well as Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) reports submitted to the zone. The present study found that out of 14 Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in the Central Zone,10 reported the disease in the past five years. Moreover, 56, 426, and 11147cases were reported as deaths, and the cattle at risk respectively. Therefore, 3.8%, 13%, and 0.5%were reported as CBPP prevalence, case fatality rate, and mortality rate, respectively. It was also revealed that there was a clear temporal pattern of CBPP occurrence, with more cases being reported between August to December. In conclusion, CBPP was a seasonal problem in Central Tanzania. Therefore, the present research recommended the strengthening of control measures against this disease in the central zone of Tanzania. In order to be able to assess the actual burden of the disease on-site, this extensive study must be carried out, since the parameters obtained during the study were lower compared to the situation on-site.

scholarly journals COVID-19 cases and deaths after implementation of prevention strategies, Saudi Arabia, 2 March to 5 July 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargis B. Javed ◽  
Mohammed Zuber ◽  
Saba Amin ◽  
Bussma A. Bugis ◽  
Mohammed Almohaithef
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Overall Mortality

Background: To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Saudi Arabian government introduced a number of measures in different phases (e.g. social distancing, curfew and lockdown). Aims: This study describes the distribution of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia during different phases of prevention strategies and assesses their effect on controlling the spread of the disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study used COVID-19 data for 2 March–5 July 2020 from the Ministry of Health website. The period was divided into five phases based on prevention strategies implemented to control the infection. The incidence rate, point prevalence, case fatality rate, overall mortality rate and recovered rate for COVID-19 infection were assessed at the national, regional and city levels. Results: At the end of phase 5 on 5 July 2020, the nationwide incidence of COVID-19 was 11%, total recovered rate 70%, case fatality rate 0.9% and adjusted case fatality rate 1.4% (adjusted for time lag for mortality). The COVID-19 point prevalence increased from phase 1 (2.1/100 000 population) to phase 5 (178.2/100 000 population). A high recovered rate (68.7%) was seen in phase 4 accompanied with lower overall mortality and incidence in phase 5. The eastern region of Saudi Arabia had the highest point prevalence of COVID-19 infection (450.5 per 100 000 population), while Jeddah and Mecca had the highest overall mortality.

scholarly journals Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World, between 2019 - 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-354
Author(s):  
Henrique de Moraes Bernal ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Siqueira ◽  
Fernando Adami ◽  
Edige Felipe de Sousa Santos
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Increasing Trends

Introduction: CoV infections can potentially cause from a simple cold to a severe respiratory syndrome, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). The COVID-19 created a new reality for global healthcare models. Objetive: To evaluate trends in case fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World. Methods: We conducted a population based time-series study using public and official data of cases and deaths from COVID-19 in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Russian, between December, 2019 and August, 2020. Data were based on reports from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (U07.1). A Prais-Winsten regression model was performed and the Daily Percentage Change (DPC) calculated determine rates as increasing, decreasing or flat. Results: During the study period, trends in case-fatality rates in the world were flat (DPC = 0.3; CI 95% [-0.2: 0.7]; p = 0.225). In Africa, Morocco had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.1; CI 95% [-1.5: -0.7]; p < 0.001), whereas it were increasing in South Africa (p < 0.05) and flat in Nigeria (p > 0.05). In the Americas, Argentina showed a decreasing trend in case-fatality rates (DPC = -0.6; CI 95% [-1.1: -0.2]; p = 0.005), the U.S. had flat trends (p > 0.05) and all other American countries had increasing trends (p < 0.05). In Asia, Iran had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.5; CI 95% [-2.6 : -0.2]; p = 0.019); China and Saudi Arabia showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), while in India, Japan and South Korea they were flat (p > 0.05). European countries had mostly increasing trends (p < 0.05): Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and Russia; France and Switzerland had flat trends (p > 0.05). Finally, in Oceania, trends in case-fatality rates were flat in Australia (p > 0.05) and increasing in New Zealand (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World were flat between December, 31 and August, 31. Argentina, Iran and Morocco were the only countries with decreasing trends. On the other hand, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Russian and New Zealand had increasing trends in case-fatality rate. All the other countries analyzed had flat trends. Based on case-fatality rate data, our study supports that COVID-19 pandemic is still in progress worldwide.

scholarly journals Forecasting the peak of novel coronavirus disease in Egypt using current confirmed cases and deaths

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagida A. Anwar ◽  
Amany Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Compartmental Model ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
First Case ◽  
Online Tools ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Egypt was reported on 14 February 2020 and the number of reported cases has increased daily. The purpose of this study is to describe the current situation of Covid-19 in Egypt and to predict the expected timing of the peak of this epidemic using current confirmed cases and deaths. We used one of the online tools; the Epidemic Calculator that utilizes, the well-known SEIR compartmental model. We utilized the daily reports published by the Egyptian Ministry of Health & Population from 14 February to 11 May 2020. Given the highest calculated case fatality rate (7.7%), the number of hospitalized individuals is expected to peak in the middle of June with a peak of hospitalized cases of 20,126 individuals and total expected deaths 12,303. We recommend strengthening of the Egyptian preventive and control measures so as to decrease the CFR and the number of cases to the least possible as we approach the epidemic peak. It is most important that appropriate quarantine measures are retained., the quarantine measures should not be relaxed before the end of June, 2020.

Understanding the asymmetric spread and case fatality rate (CFR) for COVID-19 among countries (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldhose Iype ◽  
Sadhya Gulati
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase

UNSTRUCTURED The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are rising rapidly every day in the world, causing the disease COVID-19 with around 2 million people infected and more than 100,000 people died so far, in more than 200 countries. One of the baffling aspects of this pandemic is the asymmetric increase in cases and case fatality rate (CFR) among countries. We analyze the time series of the infection and fatality numbers and found two interesting aspects. Firstly, the rate of spread in a region is directly connected to the population density of the region where the virus is spreading. For example, the high rate of increase in cases in the United States of America (USA) is related to the high population density of New York City. This is shown by scaling the cumulative number of cases with a measure of the population density of the affected region in countries such as Italy, Spain, Germany, and the USA and we see that the curves are coinciding. Secondly, we analyzed the CFR number as a function of the number of days, since the first death, and we found that there are two clear categories among countries: one category with high CFR numbers (around 10%) and the other category with low CFR numbers (2% to 4%). When we analyzed the results, we see that countries with lower CFR numbers more or less tend to have implemented active control measures such as aggressive testing, tracking down possible infections, effective quarantine measures, etc. Moreover, we did not see any convincing correlation between mortality rates and the median age of the population.

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