scholarly journals Effect of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. on the physiology of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-479
Author(s):  
Kashifa Noureen ◽  
Khajista Jabeen ◽  
Sumera Iqbal ◽  
Summera Jahan ◽  
Sumera Javad
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Relative Water

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. is responsible for causing leaf spots and blight diseases on a large number of horticultural and agricultural crops including pea. The response and resistance of different pea varieties to this fungus might vary. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the varietal differences in the physiological response of Pisum sativum L. to A. alternata. Various physiological and biochemical parameters of two commercial pea varieties (Leina and Meature) were assessed at vegetative stage in pot experiment. Sterilized seeds were soaked in 1×105 mL conidial suspension of A. alternata for 15 min and control seeds were soaked in sterilized water. These sterilized seeds were sown in pots containing sterilized soil. In both varieties, germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigor index, root and shoot length, dry and fresh biomass, leaf sugar, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf osmotic potential, leaf relative water content, significantly decreased under A. alternata stress as compared to control. But proline and protein content significantly increased. It is concluded from the results that A. alternata caused adverse effects on the physiology of pea plant. The tested pea variety Leina was found to be more sensitive under fungal stress of A. alternata as compared to Meature and the extent of stress caused by both test varieties can be exploited in future studies.

scholarly journals Effect of Salinity and Drought Stress on Germination Indices of Two Thymus Species

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Khoshsokhan ◽  
M. Babalar ◽  
H. Chaghazardi ◽  
M. Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Medical Plants ◽  
West Azerbaijan ◽  
Germination Indices ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Effect of Salinity and Drought Stress on Germination Indices of Two Thymus SpeciesThe environmental stress such as, salinity (soil or water) and drought are serious obstacles for medical plants and field crops in further areas of the world, especially arid and semiarid regions. In order to investigate salinity and drought stress onT. daenensisand T.kotschyanusgermination indices, an experiment was carried out. To create salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) at the levels of 0 (as control), -3, -6 and -9 bar, and for drought stress, polyetylenglycol 6000 (PEG 6000) in osmotic levels at 0 (as control), -3, -6 and -9 bar were used. Effect of drought and salt levels on investigated traits significant at 0.01. Result showed significance different between evaluated indices. Increasing of stress levels lead to reduction of germination and root and shoot length. Salt stress only in high levels reduced germination rate. Therefore,T. daenensisandT. kotschyanushave relative resistance to salinity in germination stage. Decrease in osmotic potential progressively inhibited seed germination of the two thyme species. In all salt treatments, maximum germination percentage inT. kotschyanusrelated to West Azerbaijan population and maximum germination rate related to Gazvin population. But in T. daenensis the highest values (both rate and percentage germination) were observed in Arak population. The germination rate of T.daenensisto the drought stress was more than theT. kotschyanusgermination rate like the germination percentage. Comparing the two stresses, it appears that drought has more effect than salt in germination indices.

scholarly journals Ethylene induced soil microbes to increase seed germination, reduce growth time, and improve crop yield in Pisum sativum L.

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenevere Perry
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Biological Fertilizer

The main scope of this project was to identify a novel induction method to improve the effectiveness of biological fertilizers for organic farmers. To eliminate additional variables the plants were not treated with chemical or biological pesticides. The biological fertilizer used in this study was induced with co-factors and ethylene under specific conditions. Ethylene induced the soil to release acetonitrile, a component of indole-3-acetonitrile a precursor to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It is known that plant growth promoting bacteria can produce IAA and directly/ indirectly modify plant development and growth. In this preliminary study, the ethylene induced biological fertilizer (EIBF) improved germination rate, enhanced quality, reduced growth time, and improved crop yield of Pisum sativum L (green peas) with a single application. Many biological fertilizer require two to three applications a year to see improved growth.Green peas grown in ethylene induced soil improved pea quantity by 200% per plant compared to control samples. EIBF increased the crop yield by over 57%. The average biological fertilizer only improves crop by 20-30%. The peas harvested from the plants grown in EIBF were 4 times larger peas collected from plants grown in the control soil. The improvement and continued study of EBIF may have a global applications, impacting farming techniques in poor developing countries or organic farms.

Selection of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar and growing site improves germination and uniformity for sprout production

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. F. Fowler ◽  
D. W. Turner ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Initial Seed ◽  
Seed Water Content ◽  
Selection Of

Uniform imbibition and germination of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds is very important for sprout production for human consumption. The imbibition and germination of 3 cultivars of field pea, Dunwa, Dundale, and Helena, each grown at Mullewa, Merredin, and Scaddan in the grainbelt of Western Australia, were investigated in laboratory experiments. The ability of field pea to germinate was affected by cultivar and the environment under which seed development occurred on the parent plant. Averaged over locations, germination of the cv. Dundale (82%) was lower than of Dunwa (93%) or Helena (95%). Germination of seeds ranged from 85% for those grown at Merredin to 91% at Scaddan and 94% at Mullewa. The effect of growing location on germination was most pronounced in cv. Dundale from Merredin where the largest number of hard seeds was observed. Initial seed water content was positively (r2 = 0.55*) correlated with germination across cultivars and sites. Small and large seeds within a seed lot with the same initial seed water content had a similar germination percentage. During imbibition, water entered the seed through the strophiole and this would be an appropriate place to look for a mechanism that affects imbibition. Careful selection of cultivar and favourable growing site should improve germination for the sprout producer.

scholarly journals Estimation of Biological Toxicity by Copper oxychloride on Pisum sativum L. and Vigna radiata L.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirban Paul ◽  
Koyel Das Bairagya ◽  
Nirmalya Banerjee ◽  
Anjalika Roy
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Abnormality Index ◽  
Total Seed

Background: This research work describes about toxicity estimation of commonly used fungicide copper oxychloride using Pisum sativum L. and Vigna radiata L. as a bioindicator. Methods: The seeds of P. sativum and V. radiata were treated with different concentrations of fungicide. Biological toxicity measured by seed germination percentage, R/P ratio, total leaf chlorophyll, total leaf proline, total seed protein, mitotic index, abnormality index and mitotic inhibition. Result: Linear regression analysis showed that seed germination percentage, total seed protein, abnormality index and mitotic inhibition show positive correlation with increasing concentration of fungicide copper oxychloride. The R/P ratio of 4th and 8th days, mitotic index, total leaf chlorophyll and leaf proline have negative correlation along increasing concentration of fungicide. However total leaf proline of V. radiata at 2% concentration of fungicide is abruptly higher than control and other concentrations. The application of copper oxychloride at lower concentration can be used as a safe fungicide.

scholarly journals First report of Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria leaf spot of Fig in Pakistan

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Arslan Anwaar ◽  
Rashida Atiq ◽  
Sobia Chohan ◽  
Amjad Saeed ◽  
Muqaddas Tanveer Cheema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Fruit Disease

Fig (Ficus carica) is a species of flowering plants within the mulberry family. During June 2020, leaf spots were observed on several fig plants (31°26'15.0"N 73°04'25.6"E) at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Early symptoms were small, oval to circular, light brown, sunken spots that were uniformly distributed on the leaves. Spots gradually enlarged and coalesced into circular to irregular dark brown to black spots that could be up to 3cm diam. with no or small sized fruit. Disease incidence was approximately 25%. To identify the causal agent of the disease, 15 symptomatic leaves were collected. Small pieces from all diseased samples were removed from the margin between healthy and diseased tissues were surface disinfested in 70% ethanol for 2 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, plated on Potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Fungal isolation on PDA medium frequency was 95% from diseases leaves. Morphological observations were made on 7- day- old single-spore cultures. The colonies initially appeared light grayish which turned sooty black in color. All fungal isolates were characterized by small, short-beaked, multicellular conidia. The conidia were ellipsoidal or ovoid and measured 9 to 25 μm × 5 to 10 μm (n = 40) with longitudinal and transverse septa. The morphological characters matched those of Alternaria alternata (Simmons et al. 2007). Genomic DNA of a representative isolate (FG01-FG03) was extracted using DNAzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific MA, USA) and PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, was performed with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), partial RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB2) with RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR (Liu et al. 1999) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene regions was performed with gpd1/gpd2 (Berbee et al. 1999). The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MW692903.1 to MW692905.1 for ITS-rDNA gene, MZ066731.1 to MZ066733.1 for RPB2 and MZ066728.1 to MZ066730.1 for GAPDH. BLASTn analysis showed 100% identity with the submitted sequences of A. alternata for ITS rDNA, RPB2, and GAPDH. To confirm pathogenicity, 2-month-old 15 healthy potted F. carica plants were sprayed at true leaf stage with conidial suspension by using an atomizer in a greenhouse. Each representative A. alternata isolate (FG01-FG03) was inoculated on every three plants with conidial suspensions (106 conidia/ml; obtained from 1-week-old cultures) amended with 0.1% (vol/vol) of Tween 20 until runoff (1.5 to 2 ml per plant) whereas, three control plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water amended with 0.1% Tween 20. All plants were incubated at 25 ± 2°C in a greenhouse, and the experiment was conducted twice. After 10 days of inoculation, each isolate induced leaf spots similar to typical spots observed in the field, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus was re-isolated from symptomatic tissues and reisolation frequency was 100%. Re-isolated fungal cultures were again morphologically and molecularly identical to A. alternata, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Previously, A. alternata has been reported cause fruit disease of fig in Pakistan and California, USA (Alam et al. 2021; Latinović et al. 2014). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf spot on common fig in Pakistan. In Pakistan, fig is widely grown for drying, and this disease may represent a threat to fig cultivation.

scholarly journals Allelopathy of Sage and White Wormwood on Purslane Germination and Seedling Growth

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza PIRZAD ◽  
Vahid GHASEMIAN ◽  
Reza DARVISHZADEH ◽  
Mohammad SEDGHI ◽  
Abbas HASSANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
White Wormwood

A bioassay run was carried out in the incubator to evaluate possible allelopathic effects of water extracts of sage and white wormwood on germination and seedling growth of purslane. Results showed that the type of extract and its concentration (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) significantly influenced final germination percentage, germination rate and index, root and shoot length, root/shoot ratio, fresh and dry weight of seedling of purslane. The interaction between these two experimental factors was always significant, producing different results according to the different combination levels. The statistical comparison of means indicated that the maximum germination percentage and germination rate (respectively 68% and 11.4% d-1) were obtained from the untreated control (0% extract), while the lowest values for the same two characters occurred with 15% of sage (respectively 45% and 6.4% d-1) and 20% of white wormwood (38% and 7.5% d-1). Concerning germination indexes, the highest (55) and the lowest (32) values were observed respectively on the control and with 15% of sage extract or 20% of white wormwood extract. The longest (4.5 cm) and the shortest (1.3 cm) root of purslane were obtained with 5% of white wormwood and 20% of sage extracts, respectively. Changes in shoot length with sage and white wormwood extracts were similar to those in root length, even though shoot length was less affected by the concentration of extracts. Root and shoot length changes brought to maximum (22.0) and minimum (8.9) values for the root/shoot length ratio, respectively with 5% of white wormwood and 20% of sage extracts. The maximum fresh (2.111 g) and dry (0.338 g) seedling weight of purslane were obtained from untreated control, producing the same seedling weight with 5% of sage, 5 and 10% of white wormwood extract. While the minimum fresh (0.692 g) and dry (0.111 g) seedling weight were obtained from 15% of white wormwood extract, so that there is no significant differences between this value and the seedling weight produced under 10, 15 and 20% of sage and 20% of white wormwood extract.

scholarly journals Germination and Biochemical Responses to Alkalinity Stress in Two Sesame Cultivars

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Batool Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract In this study, the effect of different alkaline concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mM) on germination and biochemical characteristics of the two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivares (Dashtestan and GL-13) which are registered cultivars of Iran were investigated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that, germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length and dry weight, root length and dry weight and K+ content decreased, whereas, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, total soluble sugars and Na+ contents increased with increasing alkalinity stress. GL-13 cultivar had the least root and shoot length, proline and K+ content than Dashtestan.

scholarly journals Effect of desiccation and salinity stress on seed germination and initial plant growth of Cucumis melo

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sohrabikertabad ◽  
A. Ghanbari ◽  
H.R. Mohassel, Mohamad ◽  
M.N. Mahalati ◽  
J. Gherekhloo
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
The North ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Significant Difference

Smellmelon, an annual invasive weed of soybean production fields in the north of Iran, reproduces and spreads predominately through seed production. This makes seed bank survival and successful germination essential steps in the invasive process. To evaluate the potential of Smellmelon to invade water-stressed environments, laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effect of desiccation and salinity at different temperatures on seed germination and seedling growth of Cucumis melo. Seeds were incubated at 25, 30, 35 and 40 ºC in the darkness in a solution (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, 1 and 1.2 MPa) of a salt (NaCl), and in a solution (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12 bar) of PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol), in two separate experiments. The results showed that the highest percentage and rate of germination occurred at 35 ºC in salt concentrations of 0, -0.2, -0.4 MPa and PEG concentrations of 0, -2, -4 bar. Increasing the concentration of salt (NaCl) and PEG limited germination, seedling growth and water uptake but increased the sodium content in the seedlings. No significant difference was observed among 0, -0.2 and -0.4 MPa of NaCl and among 0, -2 and -4 bar of PEG concentration at 35 ºC. The negative effects of PEG were more than those of NaCl on germination percentage and germination rate. Increased stress levels lead to reduction of root and shoot length, and SVL of seedlings. Na+ content of seedling decreased with limited seedling growth of C. melo.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Blight of Basella alba Caused by Alternaria alternata in India

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1476-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ravi Sankar ◽  
A. Sreeramulu ◽  
D. Sai Gopal ◽  
G. Bagyanarayana
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
First Report ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Basella Alba ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Severe Infections

Basella alba is a perennial plant of the Basellaceae, native to India, and is distributed widely in the tropics as an ornamental. It is also known as Indian spinach, Ceylon spinach, vine spinach, Malabar spinach or Malabar nightshade and is mostly cultivated as a leafy vegetable or spinach substitute, being rich in vitamin A and C. From 2008 to 2010, severe foliar disease was observed on B. alba in the region of Southern Andhra Pradesh, India. Approximately 75 to 85% of the fields were affected with disease incidence ranging from 70 to 90%. Leaf lesions were elliptical to irregular oval, yellow brown to dark brown, and sometimes concentrically zonate with diffuse margins frequently surrounded by light-colored haloes. Infection often started at the leaf tips and progressed to the base of leaves as symptoms developed. In severe infections, lesions enlarged and coalesced, causing necrosis, wilting, and ultimately death of leaves. Tissues from the margin of infected leaf parts were surface sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and then incubated at 27°C in the dark for 7 days. Hyphal tips from the margin of each developing colony were subcultured on PDA. Fungal colonies were initially white, becoming olivaceous, and turning brown with age. Conidiophores were brown, short, simple, or sometimes branched. Conidia were obclavate, obpyriform or ellipsoidal with a short conical beak, borne in long chains, branched or unbranched, pale brown to brown, and 18 to 32 μm long and 5 to 14 μm wide at the broadest point. Conidia had three to eight transverse septa and one to two longitudinal septa. On the basis of conidial morphological characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler (2). For pathogenicity tests, inoculations were performed on detached, surface sterilized, healthy leaves following the method of Belisario (1). A 5-μl drop of conidial suspension containing 1 × 105 CFU/ml was placed on each leaf and 12 leaves per isolate were used. Leaves were incubated in a growth chamber (90% relative humidity with a 12-h photoperiod). After 7 days, leaf spots that were similar to the original symptoms developed on all inoculated leaves and A. alternata was consistently reisolated from symptomatic leaf tissues on PDA. Control leaves inoculated with sterile distilled water remained asymptomatic. The experiment was performed three times. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata on B. alba in India. References: (1) A. Belisario et al. Plant Dis. 83:696, 1999. (2) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2007.

scholarly journals SEED GERMINATION RATES OF DIFFERENT COOL SEASON LEGUMES

AGROFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elpiniki SKOUFOGIANNI ◽  
Dimitrios BARTZIALIS ◽  
Kyriakos GIANNOULIS ◽  
Evangelia KANDRI ◽  
Nicholaos DANALATOS
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Lathyrus Sativus ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Temperature is the main factor affecting plant growth and development. Seedgermination and seedling establishment are the most critical stages in the life cycleof plants For the purposes of the study, the germination temperatures of six coolseasonlegumes (Vicia faba, Lens esculentus, Vicia sativa, Lupinus albus, Pisumsativum, and Lathyrus sativus) important cultivars were determined. Seedgermination rate was measured at different temperatures in the range 4-10 C in agrowth chamber with constant parameters (light, water) at three-day intervals for aperiod of three weeks. Each treatment was repeated four times for each temperaturevalue, where 100 seeds were placed in five different separate glass madecontainers. The measurements were taken at three-day intervals. A seed wasdeemed to have germinated when at least 1 mm of radicle was visible. It was foundthat pea germinated faster than the rest cultivars under low temperatures, whereasVicia sativa and Lathyrus sativus showed the slowest germination rates. Thedescending order of germination rate Pisum sativum> Vicia faba > Lensesculentus> Lathyrus sativus >Vicia sativa>Lupinus albus. Germination rateincreased with increasing temperature for all cultivars. Lupinus albus was thelegume seed with the less germination percentage. Therefore, temperature is themost limited factor on germination process and the increase of 4 degrees is enoughto give better germination results. As a general conclusion, Pisum sativum andVicia faba may satisfactorily germinate in rather cool micro-environments, andtheir sowing in the fall may be postponed for some weeks without substantialgermination risk comparing to the rest legume cultivars.

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