scholarly journals Evaluation of internal temperature of oysters following standard thermal process recipes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson Leung ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Chris Andraza ◽  
Lorraine McIntyre ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Cooking Time ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Seasonal Demand ◽  
Cooking Temperature ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Pan Frying

  Background & Purpose: The seasonal demand for shellfish such as oysters is on the rise. Shellfish are nutritious foods that may be enjoyed in a variety of ways, from slurping raw oysters to cooking oysters by means of boiling, steaming, pan frying and baking. Most consumers of oysters are aware of potential food safety issues with shellfish. Raw or undercooked shellfish can carry bacteria, viruses and toxins, potentially resulting in foodborne illness. Past outbreaks associated with the consumption of raw and undercooked oysters, prompted the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) to develop guidelines for those preparing, cooking and consuming shellfish. The recommended cooking temperature and time from the guideline was compared with the temperature and time of standard cooking methods from the Fanny Bay Oyster Market restaurant. The purpose of this project was to determine whether standard cooking methods from restaurants attain the guideline’s recommended 90oC for 90 seconds. Method: Four common cooking methods of Oysters were chosen based on recommendation from Chef Chris Andraza and BCCDC researcher Lorraine McIntyre. Oysters were pan fried, deep fried, baked and grilled. Internal temperatures of cooked oysters were then measured with a probe thermometer. Results for each method were analyzed and compared with the standard of 90oC using the one sample t-test from the statistical software package, NCSS11. Results: One sample t-tests showed statistically differences from the deep fried, baked and grilled methods when compared to the standard of 90oC (p = 0.000). The power for all three methods was 100%, therefore there is confidence that the findings reflect the truth. Experimental temperatures were consistently less than the standard. The pan fried method showed no statistically significant difference when compared to the standard of 90oC (p = 135). The power for pan fried method was 29.2%, therefore there is limited confidence that the findings reflect the truth. Therefore the deep fried, baked and grilled methods required additional cooking time to raise internal temperatures of the oysters. Whereas the pan fried method had achieved the standard but further experimentation is required to eliminate the chance of a type II error. Conclusion: It can be concluded that three out of the four cooking methods (deep fried, baked and grilled) can have significantly different mean temperatures. However, different thermal preparation methods prior to final thermal processing requires consideration to determine cooked oyster consumption safety. One out of the four cooking methods (pan fried) attained the standard temperature 90oC. Therefore, it is recommended for deep fried, baked and grilled cooking methods that the cooking time be extended to achieve an internal temperature of 90oC or higher.  

scholarly journals Influence of Different Cooking Methods on Fillet Steak Physicochemical Characteristics

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 606
Author(s):  
Vinícius Lopes Borela ◽  
Ernandes Rodrigues de Alencar ◽  
Marcio Antônio Mendonça ◽  
Heesup Han ◽  
António Raposo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Alternative ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Meat Cooking ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Loss Index ◽  
Pan Frying ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Meat is a source of protein widely consumed by the population in many countries due mainly to the nutritional aspects, sensory characteristics, and cultural aspects. The meat cooking preparation can promote significant changes in the meat’s chemical composition and physical characteristics. Such transformations can impact both the acceptance of the product and consumers’ health. Due to the different thermal processes altering the physical-chemical characteristics of meat, the present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of fillet steak submitted to different cooking methods: pan-frying with and without oil and air fryer. We performed the analysis to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics considering moisture, lipid, protein, ash, sodium, and potassium content, cooking loss index and colorimetry in three degrees of doneness of the meat, rare, medium, and well done. The fillet steak prepared by pan-frying with oil lost higher moisture and weight than the other samples. The air fryer method presented the highest moisture content. There was a significant difference in lipid content in which the pan-frying with oil fillet steak showed the highest amount of lipids. The pan-frying with oil steak fillet also presented more changes in the colorimetric parameters evaluated compared to the other samples. The pan-frying with oil cooking method promoted more pronounced changes in the steak fillet, and the cooking air fryer, the changes in meat quality are less pronounced. Therefore, the air fryer can be considered a good alternative for cooking meat.

Evaluation of Consumer-Style Cooking Methods for Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIN-SUK RHEE ◽  
SUN-YOUNG LEE ◽  
VIRGINIA N. HILLERS ◽  
SANDRA M. McCURDY ◽  
DONG-HYUN KANG
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef cooked to an internal temperature of 71.1°C (160°F) under conditions simulating consumer-style cooking methods. To compare a double-sided grill (DSG) with a single-sided grill (SSG), two different cooking methods were used for the SSG: for the one-turnover (OT-SSG) method, a patty was turned once when the internal temperature reached 40°C, and for the multiturnover (MT-SSG) method, a patty was turned every 30 s. Patties (100 g, n = 9) inoculated with a five-strain mixture of E. coli O157: H7 at a concentration of 107 CFU/g were cooked until all three temperature readings (for two sides and the center) for a patty were 71.1°C. The surviving E. coli O157:H7 cells were enumerated on sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC) agar and on phenol red agar base with 1% sorbitol (SPRAB). The order of the cooking methods with regard to the cooking time required for the patty to reach 71.1°C was as follows: DSG (2.7 min) < MT-SSG (6.6 min) < OT-SSG (10.9 min). The more rapid, higher-temperature cooking method was more effective (P < 0.01) in destroying E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. E. coli O157:H7 reduction levels were clearly differentiated among treatments as follows: OT-SSG (4.7 log10 CFU/g) < MT-SSG (5.6 log10 CFU/g) < DSG (6.9 log10 CFU/g). Significantly larger numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were observed on SPRAB than on SMAC agar. To confirm the safety of ground beef cooked to 71.1°C, additional patties (100 g, n = 9) inoculated with lower concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 (103 to 104 CFU/g) were tested. The ground beef cooked by the OT-SSG method resulted in two (22%) of nine samples testing positive after enrichment, whereas no E. coli O157:H7 was found for samples cooked by the MT-SSG and DSG methods. Our findings suggest that consumers should be advised to either cook ground beef patties in a grill that cooks the top and the bottom of the patty at the same time or turn patties frequently (every 30 s) when cooking on a grill that cooks on only one side.

F.VIII R:Ag in Hepatitis

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kotitschke ◽  
J. Scharrer
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Plastic Plate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acute Hepatitis B ◽  
The One

F.VIII R:Ag was determined by quantitative immunelectrophoresis (I.E.) with a prefabricated system. The prefabricated system consists of a monospecific f.VIII rabbit antiserum in agarose on a plastic plate for the one and two dimensional immunelectrophoresis. The lognormal distribution of the f.VIII R:Ag concentration in the normal population was confirmed (for n=70 the f.VIII R:Ag in % of normal is = 95.4 ± 31.9). Among the normal population there was no significant difference between blood donors (one blood donation in 8 weeks; for n=43 the f.VIII R:Ag in % of normal is = 95.9 ± 34.0) and non blood donors (n=27;f.VIII R:Ag = 94.6 ± 28.4 %). The f.VIII R:Ag concentration in acute hepatitis B ranged from normal to raised values (for n=10, a factor of 1.8 times of normal was found) and was normal again after health recovery (n=10, the factor was 1.0). in chronic hepatitis the f.VIII R:Ag concentration was raised in the majority of the cases (for n=10, the factor was 3.8). Out of 22 carrier sera 20 showed reduced, 2 elevated levels of the f.VIII R:Ag concentration. in 5 sera no f.VIII R:Ag could be demonstrated. The f.VIII R:Ag concentration was normal for n=10, reduced for n=20 and elevated for n=6 in non A-non B hepatitis (n=36). Contrary to results found in the literature no difference in the electrophoretic mobility of the f.VIII R:Ag was found between hepatitis patients sera and normal sera.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN SERUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Deckert ◽  
Kai R. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Pancreas ◽  
Porcine Pancreas ◽  
Crystalline Insulin ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a difference could be demonstrated between crystalline insulin extracted from normal human pancreas, and crystalline insulin extracted from bovine and porcine pancreas. Using Hales & Randle's (1963) immunoassay no immunological differences could be demonstrated between human and pig insulin. On the other hand, a significant difference was found, between pig and ox insulin. An attempt was also made to determine whether an immunological difference could be demonstrated between crystalline pig insulin and crystalline human insulin from non diabetic subjects on the one hand and endogenous, circulating insulin from normal subjects, obese subjects and diabetic subjects on the other. No such difference was found. From these experiments it is concluded that endogenous insulin in normal, obese and diabetic human sera is immunologically identical with human, crystalline insulin from non diabetic subjects and crystalline pig insulin.

Simulation of the internal temperature in the Passol Laboratory, University of Debrecen

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Csáky ◽  
F. Kalmár
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
The One ◽  
Heavy Structure ◽  
East West ◽  
Made In

Abstract Nowadays the facades of newly built buildings have significant glazed surfaces. The solar gains in these buildings can produce discomfort caused by direct solar radiation on the one hand and by the higher indoor air temperature on the other hand. The amplitude of the indoor air temperature variation depends on the glazed area, orientation of the facade and heat storage capacity of the building. This paper presents the results of a simulation, which were made in the Passol Laboratory of University of Debrecen in order to define the internal temperature variation. The simulation proved that the highest amplitudes of the internal temperature are obtained for East orientation of the facade. The upper acceptable limit of the internal air temperature is exceeded for each analyzed orientation: North, South, East, West. Comparing different building structures, according to the obtained results, in case of the heavy structure more cooling hours are obtained, but the energy consumption for cooling is lower.

A Relativistic Newtonian Mechanics Predicts with Precision the Results of Recent Neutrino-Velocity Experiments

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1032-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Symmetry Principle ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Complete Collapse

The research on quasi-luminal neutrinos has sparked several experimental studies for testing the "speed of light limit" hypothesis. Until today, the overall evidence favors the "null" hypothesis, stating that there is no significant difference between the observed velocities of light and neutrinos. Despite numerous theoretical models proposed to explain the neutrinos behavior, no attempt has been undertaken to predict the experimentally produced results. This paper presents a simple novel extension of Newton's mechanics to the domain of relativistic velocities. For a typical neutrino-velocity experiment, the proposed model is utilized to derive a general expression for . Comparison of the model's prediction with results of six neutrino-velocity experiments, conducted by five collaborations, reveals that the model predicts all the reported results with striking accuracy. Because in the proposed model, the direction of the neutrino flight matters, the model's impressive success in accounting for all the tested data, indicates a complete collapse of the Lorentz symmetry principle in situation involving quasi-luminal particles, moving in two opposite directions. This conclusion is support by previous findings, showing that an identical Sagnac effect to the one documented for radial motion, occurs also in linear motion.

scholarly journals One Room Schoolhouse: A Novel Intervention for Inspired Academic Half-Day Learning in Distributed Campus Settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 238212052110294
Author(s):  
Sheila Harms ◽  
Anita Acai ◽  
Bryce JM Bogie ◽  
Meghan M McConnell ◽  
Ben McCutchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Pedagogical Strategies ◽  
Main Campus ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regional Campus ◽  
Educational Engagement ◽  
Learner Agency ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
The One

Introduction: Some studies on academic half days (AHDs) suggest that learning in this context is associated with a lack of educational engagement. This challenge may be amplified in distributed campus settings, where geographical disadvantages demand reliance on videoconferencing or considerable time spent travelling to in-person learning events. Concerns about the educational effectiveness of AHDs by learners within our distributed campus setting led to the development and evaluation of the One Room Schoolhouse (ORS), a unique, evidence-informed, community-based curriculum that partially replaced the AHD sessions delivered at the main campus. It was hypothesized that creating an AHD experience that was clinically reflective of the community in which residents practiced and where residents were given the autonomy to implement novel pedagogical elements would result in better test scores and improved learner satisfaction among ORS learners. Methods: The ORS was implemented at McMaster University’s Waterloo Regional Campus in 2017. Residents across training cohorts (N = 9) engaged in co-learning based on scenarios co-developed from clinical experiences within the region. The learning approach relied on multiple, evidence-informed pedagogical strategies. A multi-method approach was used to evaluate the ORS curriculum. Between-subject analyses of variance were used to compare scores on practice exams (COPE and PRITE), in-training assessment reports (ITARs), and objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs) between learners who took part in the ORS and learners at the main campus. A semi-structured focus group probing residents’ experiences with the ORS was analyzed using interpretive description. Results: ORS learners significantly outperformed learners at the main campus on the November OSCE ( p = .02), but not on the COPE, PRITE, ITARs, or September OSCE ( p’s < .05). Qualitative themes suggested advantages of the ORS in inspiring learning, engaging learners, and improving self-confidence in knowledge acquisition. These findings are aligned with the broader literature on learner agency, social development, and communities of practice. Conclusion: While the quantitative data only showed a significant difference between the 2 curricula on 1 measure (ie, the November OSCE), the qualitative findings offered an opportunity for educators to reimagine what medical education might consist of beyond the confines of a “traditional” AHD. Creating opportunities to enhance personal agency when acquiring knowledge, inspiring engagement about patient-related problems, and incorporating interdisciplinary learning through community engagement were critical pedagogical elements that were attributed to the success of the ORS.

scholarly journals One-Year Clinical Evaluation of the Bonding Effectiveness of a One-Step, Self-Etch Adhesive in Noncarious Cervical Lesion Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babacar Faye ◽  
Mouhamed Sarr ◽  
Khaly Bane ◽  
Adjaratou Wakha Aidara ◽  
Seydina Ousmane Niang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Recall Rate ◽  
Acid Etching ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Usphs Criteria ◽  
One Step ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Self Etch

This study evaluated the one-year clinical performance of a one-step, self-etch adhesive (Optibond All-in-One, Kerr, CA, USA) combined with a composite (Herculite XRV Ultra, Kerr Hawe, CA, USA) to restore NCCLs with or without prior acid etching. Restorations performed by the same practitioner were evaluated at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months using modified USPHS criteria. At 6 months, the recall rate was 100%. The retention rate was 84.2% for restorations with prior acid etching, but statistically significant differences were observed between baseline and 6 months. Without acid etching, the retention rate was 77%, and no statistically significant difference was noted between 3 and 6 months. Marginal integrity (93.7% with and 87.7% without acid etching) and discoloration (95.3% with and 92.9% without acid etching) were scored as Alpha or Bravo, with better results after acid etching. After one year, the recall rate was 58.06%. Loss of pulp vitality, postoperative sensitivity, or secondary caries were not observed. After one year retention rate was of 90.6% and 76.9% with and without acid conditioning. Optibond All-in-One performs at a satisfactory clinical performance level for restoration of NCCLs after 12 months especially after acid etching.

scholarly journals Acoustic Cell Patterning in Hydrogel for Three-Dimensional Cell Network Formation

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Kyo-in Koo ◽  
Andreas Lenshof ◽  
Le Thi Huong ◽  
Thomas Laurell
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

In the field of engineered organ and drug development, three-dimensional network-structured tissue has been a long-sought goal. This paper presents a direct hydrogel extrusion process exposed to an ultrasound standing wave that aligns fibroblast cells to form a network structure. The frequency-shifted (2 MHz to 4 MHz) ultrasound actuation of a 400-micrometer square-shaped glass capillary that was continuously perfused by fibroblast cells suspended in sodium alginate generated a hydrogel string, with the fibroblasts aligned in single or quadruple streams. In the transition from the one-cell stream to the four-cell streams, the aligned fibroblast cells were continuously interconnected in the form of a branch and a junction. The ultrasound-exposed fibroblast cells displayed over 95% viability up to day 10 in culture medium without any significant difference from the unexposed fibroblast cells. This acoustofluidic method will be further applied to create a vascularized network by replacing fibroblast cells with human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

scholarly journals Thermoregulation in colonies of africanized and hybrids with Caucasian, Italian and Carniolan Apis mellifera honey bees

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo ◽  
Regina Helena Nogueira-Couto
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Africanized Honey Bees ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Brood Nest

This experiment was carried out to study the internal temperature regulation of a colony of Africanized honey bees (AFR), compared with hybrid Caucasian (CAU), Italian (ITA), and Carniolan (CAR) bees, during the period of one year and different size hives located in a sub-tropical region. The instant internal temperature, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the AFR, 33.5 ± 1.4° C for the CAU, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the ITA and 33.8 ± 1.4° C for the CAR, did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). The maximum temperature (36.1 ± 2.3° C) was statistically different (P<0.05) from the minimum (27.6 ± 5.3° C). There was no difference (P>0.05) in the mean internal temperature, between the nucleus (31.7 ± 6.3° C) and the brood nest (32.1 ± 5.3° C) measured between two and four o'clock in the afternoon.

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