scholarly journals Proximate Composition of Three Head Organs (Brain, Eyes, Tongue), Three Visceral Organs (Liver, Heart, Gizzard), Skin and Muscle of Muscovy Duck- hen

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Adeyeye EI ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Muscovy Duck ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Value Range ◽  
Sample Range

The proximate compositions of brain (A), eyes (B), tongue (E), liver (D), heart (F), gizzard (C), skin (H) and muscle (G) of Muscovy duck-hen were determined. The proximate composition values ranged as follows (values in g/100g on dry weight basis) ash (0.18 – 3.77 ± 1.40), moisture (0.50 – 4.78± 1.40), protein (3.24 – 79.9 ± 29.7), fat (0.23 – 5.60 ± 2.04), carbohydrate (6.19 – 95.8 ± 33.6), dry matter (95.22 – 99.5± 1.40) and organic matter (91.45 – 99.27± 2.63) with all the parameters being significantly different among the samples. Metabolizable energy contribution from protein, fat and carbohydrate in the samples ranged from (kJ/100g/kcal/100g): 740(180) – 7924(1864). Percentage energy contribution range was 5.53/5.70 – 59.2/59.1. Whereas the crude fat ranged from 0.23 – 5.60 g/100g, the total fatty acid (TFA) ranged from 0.217 – 5.08 g/100g or EPg/100g with corresponding energy of (kJ/100g versus kcal/100g): 8.51/2.07 – 207/50.4 and 8.03/1.95 – 188/45.7 respectively. UEDP% (assuming 60% energy utilization) range was 1.95/1.96 – 49.0/48.9. Approximate sample weight equivalents to the energy requirements of adults and infants had ranges of : for 2500kcal per day, sample range was 617 – 644g (adults) and at 3000kcal per day, requirement was 741 – 773g (adults); infant at 740kcal would require 183 – 191g. Water balance for protein metabolism had value range of 6.48 – 160ml. Correlational analyses of samples at r=0.01 gave these results: A/B (0.3024), B/E (0.1794), A/E (0.9916), C/D (0.9994), D/F (0.9892), C/F (0.9923) and G/H (-0.2014). Hence, Muscovy duck-hens are good sources of protein, metabolizable energy and low fat.

Proximate and Mineral Compositions, Mineral Safety Index (MSI) of Ten Organs of African Giant Pouch Rat

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye ◽  
Adeolu Jonathan Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Safety Index ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Nutritional Information ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Mineral Compositions

An investigation into the proximate composition, mineral composition and the mineral safety index of heart, skin, muscle, lungs, tongue, kidney, spleen, brain, liver and eyes of African giant pouch rat was carried out using standard methods, calculations of metabolizable energy, percentage energy contribution due to: protein, fat and carbohydrate; utilizable energy due to protein; Ca/P, Na/K, [K/(Ca+Mg)], Ca/Mg ratios and mineral safety index. In the proximate composition, the followings were discovered: samples were good in muscle (ash), kidney (protein), muscle (crude fat), skin (carbohydrate) and also contributed the highest energy. Highest level of proportion of energy due to protein (PEP %) came from the kidney, highest level of energy due to fat (PEF %) came from muscle whilst highest energy contribution due to carbohydrate (PEC %) came from the skin. The utilizable energy due to protein (UEDP %) assuming 60% utilisation had the highest level in the kidney. In the mineral composition muscle was good in Na; muscle was best in K; kidney was highest in Ca; tongue was rich in Mg; spleen was high in zinc; liver was high in Fe; muscle was rich in Mn; kidney was rich in P; muscle was good in Ca/P; skin was best in Na/K; spleen was best in [K/(Ca+Mg)] and spleen was best in Ca/Mg. In the mineral safety index (MSI) values: Zn with MSI of 33 was lower than heart, spleen and in Fe with MSI of 6.7 was lower than heart, muscle, lungs, brain, liver and eyes. The following parameters were significantly different at α = 0.05 among the samples: crude protein, carbohydrate, PEP %, PEF %, PEC %, UEDP %, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and P. This report will give nutritional information on the various organs analysed.

Growth of lambs offered fixed amounts of roughage and concentrate either simultaneously or sequentially

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Mixture Treatment ◽  
Expected Values

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out in Scotland 1984 to study the efficiency of energy utilization by Suffolk × Blackface lambs. In the first experiment, a digestibility trial, the lambs were fed three diets: roughage (R) consisting of chopped dried grass; concentrate (C) containing 700 g whole barley, 225 g ground barley and 75 g fishmeal/kg dry matter (DM); and a mixed diet (M) containing 500 g of roughage and 500 g of concentrate/kg DM. The DM and organic matter digestibility coefficients of diet M were lower than the ‘expected’ values calculated by summation of the separately determined digestibility coefficients of the component feeds. Similarly, the metabolizable energy (ME) value was 4·0% lower than expected.In the second experiment, 40 lambs ofc. 20 kg live weight (LW) were offered 50 kg roughage DM (ME 9·74 MJ/kg DM) and 50 kg concentrate DM (ME 12·21 MJ/kg DM) either as a mixture (treatment M) or sequentially (treatment S). Lambs on treatment S took 33 days longer to consume their allocation of food than those on treatment M, but achieved a similar final empty body weight and empty body composition. This contrasts with results predicted by a feeding standards model for lambs of a similar LW offered diets of the same ME content. The longer feeding period, and hence greater overall maintenance requirement, of lambs on treatment S was partly offset by associated effects causing a reduction in the total ME available to lambs on treatment M, and partly to improved efficiency of energy utilization for gain and/or a lower daily maintenance requirement of lambs on treatment S. Allowing for associated effects and the adoption of a variable maintenance requirement in current feeding standards would result in a more accurate prediction of animal performance.

scholarly journals Energy partitioning and methane emission by sheep fed sorghum silages at different maturation stages

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.S. Machado ◽  
N.M. Rodríguez ◽  
L.C. Gonçalves ◽  
J.A.S. Rodrigues ◽  
M.N. Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Gross Energy

Energy partitioning and methane production by sheep fed silages of three commercially available sorghum hybrids (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) harvested at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and floury) were evaluated in open circuit respiration chambers. A complete randomized design was used in a 3 × 3 (hybrids × maturity stages) factorial arrangement, and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P<0.05). The intake of dry matter, digestible dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy and metabolizable energy were not affected by maturation stage, but were influenced by hybrid. The net energy intake was influenced by maturity and sorghum genetics. The fecal output represented the main source of energy loss, as percentage of gross energy intake (48% to 52%), followed by heat increment (10% to 19%), methane emissions (4% to 6%) and urine (1% to 2%). There were no differences (P>0.10) among the treatments for the apparent digestibility of gross energy and metabolizability (qm). An interaction (P<0.05) between sorghum hybrid and maturation stages was observed for the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance (km), which ranged between 0.53 and 0.78. No differences (P>0.10) among treatments occurred in the daily methane production. There is substantial genetic diversity within sorghum species, determining different nutritional values. Sorghum genetics and maturity at harvest should not be an opportunity to reduce the contribution of agriculture to methane emissions.

PARTITIONING METABOLIZABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION IN RUMINANTS TO INCLUDE A FACTOR FOR ASSIMILATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND ITS APPLICATION FOR EVALUATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING-FATTENING CATTLE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. GIRARD
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Energy Retention

A mathematical analysis of heat production by growing ruminants was used to assess the physiological importance of assimilation and digestion of dry matter intake. Energy retention (ER) was calculated according to National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) (1984) for 300- and 600-kg cattle fed hay or corn silage with approximately 0, 25, 50 and 75% oat or corn grain. Protein synthesis was calculated for each ER using NAS-NRC (1984) standards for medium- and large-frame bulls, steers and heifers. Fat retention was then estimated by removing the caloric value of protein from ER and dividing the result by the caloric value of fat. Heat production (Y, MJ), obtained as the difference between metabolizable energy (ME) intake and energy retention, was related to the animal's metabolic weight (X1, kg), to the protein (X2, kg) and fat (X3, kg deposited and to the dry matter intake (X4, kg):[Formula: see text]This equation explained 99.9% of the variation of individual heat productions predicted by the California net energy system (NAS-NRC 1984). Heat production per kilogram dry matter intake (3.85 MJ) ranged from 38% at maintenance to 48% above maintenance of the total heat produced, which is similar to values reported in the literature from physiological studies. Metabolizable energy efficiency for fasting, gain of protein and gain of fat was respectively 102, 63 and 64%, whatever feed-stuffs were used. The proposed energy system can be summarized and used as follows: ME requirement = ME for fasting + ME for gain of fat + ME for gain of protein + ME for dry matter intake. In this form, ordinary ME values for feedstuffs are used. Key words: Ruminant, growth, protein fat efficiency, system, intake energy

Growth of lambs offered fixed amounts of roughage and concentrate either simultaneously, progressively or separately

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Progressive Change ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to study the efficiency of energy utilization by Suffolk × Blackface lambs. In the first experiment, a digestibility trial, the lambs were fed on either a roughage (chopped dried grass), concentrate (whole barley, ground barley and fishmeal), or mixed (roughage and concentrate) diet. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter digestibility coefficients of the mixed diet were slightly, but not significantly, lower than the ‘expected’ values calculated by summation of the separately determined digestibility coefficients of the component feeds. Similarly, the metabolizable energy (ME) value was 1·6% lower than the ‘expected’ value.In the second experiment, lambs were offered 52·5 kg roughage DM (ME 9·96 MJ/kg DM) and 52·5 kg concentrate DM (ME 11·59 MJ/kg DM) as:(i) a mixed diet (M); (ii) a progressive change from roughage to concentrate (R–C); (iii) a progressive change from concentrate to roughage (C–R); or 105 kg roughage or concentrate DM as either (iv) a roughage diet (R), or (v) a concentrate diet (C). Lambs on treatments R–C, C–R and R and C combined took a similar time to consume their allocation of food and achieved a similar final empty body weight (EBW) and empty body composition. In addition, the total energy retention (ER) of lambs on these treatments was similar to that predicted by a feeding standards model for lambs of a similar liveweight offered diets of the same ME content. Lambs on treatment M consumed their allocation of food faster than those on all other treatments and achieved a slightly, but not significantly, higher final EBW, which contained a higher proportion of fat. The ER was higher than predicted. The higher overall efficiency of lambs on treatment M was attributed to higher daily intakes and differences in the ratio of protein: fat deposited and maintained by lambs on each treatment. The adoption of separate efficiency constants for both deposition and maintenance of protein and fat in current feeding standards would result in a more accurate prediction of animal performance.

scholarly journals Energy and protein nutrition of early-weaned pigs. 2. effect of energy intake and energy: protein on energy utilisation and body composition of pigs slaughtered at 32 d

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. McCracken ◽  
S. M. Eddie ◽  
W. G. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Rate Of Increase

1. The effect of energy and protein intake on the nitrogen and energy utilization and carcass composition of artificially-reared pigs was studied between 8 and 32 d of age in an experiment employing a 5 × 3 × 2 factorial design. The factors were initially energy:N value (I) (250, 355, 460, 565 or 670 kJ/g N), rate of increase of I (R) at 8 d intervals (0, 12.5 or 25%) and plane of nutrition (three times daily to appetite or 75% of this intake).2. The range of energy:N values was obtained by formulating five diets based on dried skim milk, lactose and casein and feeding appropriate combinations of two diets.3. The metabolizable energy (ME) intake, carcass dry matter (DM) content, carcass protein gain and carcass fat gain exhibited significant (P < 0.001) quadratic responses to I.4. The carcass fat content in the DM increased from 200 to 342 g/kg (P < 0.001) and the carcass crude protein (N × 6.25) content decreased from 657 to 519 g/kg with increasing level of I (P < 0.001). The fat and protein contents were 309 and 556 g/kg and 242 and 610 g/kg respectively on the high and low plane of nutrition (PN) and were significantly different (P < 0.001).5. There was a significant I × R interaction in relation to carcass protein gain with the maximum gain occurring at 460 kJ/g N when I was constant and at 355 kJ/g N when R was 25% per 8 d.6. The proportion of apparent digested N intake retained (N retention (NR): apparent digested N (ADN)) was significantly (P < 0.001) affected by all three factors and there were significant I × R (P < 0.001), I × PN (P < 0.01) and R × R × PN (P < 0.01) interactions. The maximum value of NR:ADN was 0.80.7. Carcass fat gain and carcass energy gain exhibited quadratic responses to I reaching maximum values at 460 kJ/g N. The energy content of the live-weight gain increased linearly (P < 0.001) from 5.79 to 7.90 MJ/kg with increasing level of I. PN and R also produced significant (P < 0.001) responses the means being respectively 7.52 and 6.39 MJ/kg on the high and low PN and 6.55, 6.94 and 7.38 kJ/kg with increasing value of R.8. Multiple regression analysis of ME intake on live-weight (W), protein gain (PG) and fat gain (FG) yielded the equation: <m:math><m:mrow><m:mtext>ME</m:mtext><m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo><m:mtext>MJ</m:mtext><m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo><m:mo>=</m:mo><m:mn>0</m:mn><m:mo>.</m:mo><m:mn>644</m:mn><m:msup><m:mtext>W</m:mtext><m:mrow><m:mn>0</m:mn><m:mo>.</m:mo><m:mn>75</m:mn></m:mrow></m:msup></m:mrow><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:mn>32</m:mn><m:mo>.</m:mo><m:mn>6</m:mn><m:mtext>PG</m:mtext><m:mo>+</m:mo><m:mn>48</m:mn><m:mo>.</m:mo><m:mn>2</m:mn><m:mtext>FG</m:mtext><m:mo>.</m:mo></m:math>This result is discussed in relation to published values for the energy requirements of the young pig.

Persistence of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and its dependence on the biochemical composition

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Е.В. Янченко
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Modern Varieties

Цель исследований – дать оценку сохраняемости и болезнеустойчивости современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой и определить корреляционные зависимости влияния биохимических показателей качества на сохраняемость и степень поражения моркови столовой различными видами болезней в процессе хранения. Исследования проводились в 2011–2016 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО по общепринятым методикам. В биохимической лаборатории отдела земледелия и агрохимии содержание сухого вещества определяли высушиванием до абсолютно сухого веса, общего сахара – по Бертрану, аскорбиновой кислоты – по Мурри, нитраты – ионоселективным методом. При характеристике моркови столовой важнейший показатель, определяющий его качество – количество сухого вещества и сахаров. В процессе хранения были выявлены следующие болезни моркови: серая гниль (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), белая гниль (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)), белая парша (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), альтернариоз (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). В большей степени сортообразцы моркови столовой поражались серой гнилью. Лучшими по сохраняемости сортообразцами были Корсар (94,6%), F1Берлин (94,5%), Берликум Роял (94,1%) и F1 Звезда (94%). Сохраняемость у зарубежных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой была немного выше, чем у отечественных (на 0,4%) как за счет меньшей величины убыли массы (6,3% против 6,4%), так и потерь от болезней (1,6% против 1,9%). Сохраняемость корнеплодов моркови находится в прямой корреляционной зависимости от содержания сухого вещества (r=+0,41), каротиноидов (r=+0,39), моносахаров (r­=+0,30) и суммы сахаров (r=+0,27). Проявление серой гнили находится в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества и каротиноидов (r=-0,37 и r=-0,35 соответственно), белой парши – в прямой корреляции с содержанием сухого вещества , моносахаров и дисахаров (r= +0,21; r= +0,39; r= -0,41 соответственно), белой гнили в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества, моносахаров и дисахаров. The purpose of the research is to assess the persistence and disease resistance of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and to determine the correlation between the influence of biochemical quality indicators on the persistence and degree of damage to carrots by various types of diseases during storage. The research was conducted in 2011–2016 at ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSVC, according to generally accepted methods. In the biochemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry, the dry matter content was determined by drying to absolutely dry weight, total sugar – by Bertran, ascorbic acid – by Murri, nitrates – by the ion-selective method. When describing carrots, the most important indicator that determines its quality is the amount of dry matter and sugars. During storage, the following diseases of carrots were detected: gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), white scab (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), alternariasis (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). To a greater extent, varieties of table carrots were affected by gray rot. The best preserved varieties were Corsar (94.6%), F1 Berlin (94.5%), Berlicum Royal (94.1%) and F1 Zvezda (94%). The persistence of foreign varieties and hybrids of table carrots was slightly higher than that of domestic ones by 0.4%. both due to a smaller amount of weight loss (6.3% vs. 6.4%) and losses from diseases (1.6% vs. 1.9%). The persistence of carrot root crops is directly correlated with the content of dry matter (r=+0.41), carotenoids (r=+0.39), monosaccharides (r=+0.30) and the amount of sugars (r=+0.27). The manifestation of gray rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter and carotenoids (r=-0.37 and r=-0.35, respectively), white scab is in direct correlation with the content of dry matter (r= +0.21; r= +0.39; r= –0.41, respectively), white rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter, monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Productivity of the forage of perennial grasses and their mixtures on drained peatlands

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (91) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
V.H. Kurhak ◽  
M.I. Shtakal ◽  
V.M. Shtakal
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
High Productivity

There showed the productivity, chemical composition of feed and the timing of mowing of grass and variety mixes of permanent grasses on drained peat soils of Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The presence of early rip­ ened seeded grass provides a uniform supply use mowed mass from middle May until the end of September and the productivity of lands, which ranges from 10 to 14 t/ha of dry weight, metabolizable energy – 100.0 – 130.0 GJ and feed units 7-11 t/ha. Additional manuring of N90 on the background Р45К120 is effective at the start of second year of use. On the organization of hay conveyors of different ripening time herbages is possible to extend the optimal tim­ ing of mowing of green mass to 25-35 days. Best among the early-maturing grass crops are Dactylis glomerata va­ riety Kyivska rannia-1 with Alopecurus pratensis variety Sarnenskiy ranniy or its mixture with Bromus inermis and Festuca pratensis. With medium ripening – pure sowing eastern fescue of variety Lyudmila, Phalaris arundinacea variety Sarnenski-40, Bromus inermis variety Arsen and their compounds. High productivity of late-ripening herb­ age is provided by the inclusion in the composition of grass mixtures of Phleum pratense L. variety Vyshgorodska and Dactylis glomerata of variety Ukrainka, and Agrostis gigantea Roth variety Sarnenska piznia. It is also possible organization hay conveyors of different ripening varieties of Dactylis glomerata varieties Kyivska rannia, Muravka, Ukrainka.

Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481d-481
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

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