scholarly journals SOME STUDIES ON RED BLOOD CELLS MORPHOLOGY OF HEALTHY AND DIABETIC PATIENTS IN TAIZ, YEMEN

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
Ola A.A. Alareeqi ◽  
Yaser H.A. Obady ◽  
Mansoor Q. Al-Khulaidi ◽  
Khalid Al-Mureish
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Erythrocyte Morphology

The aim of this study was to: 1- Identify and quantify the prevalence of RBC abnormalities in healthy and diabetic subjects. 2- Provide supporting evidence about the relation between RBC storage duration at 4oC and alterations to RBC morphology (compare with the morphology at the time of collection). 3- The obtain information about how the number of normal cells in different times of storage declines as a function of the storage period. 4- Estimate the prevalence of red cell morphological changes in diabetic patients. One hundred and ninety-six slides of 49 healthy and 49 diabetic patients of different age groups were collected from November 2019 to March 2020. Human venous blood samples were taken and anticoagulated with EDTA. samples were divided into 4 groups, group 1 was examined at once, and groups 2-4 were stored at 4oC for 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively. During the current study, abnormalities of erythrocyte morphology, prevalence, and histological effects of storage duration on the human blood cells were evaluated. 16 different types of abnormality in shapes of the red blood cells were identified in healthy subjects and 19 different shapes in diabetic subjects, with the difference in the prevalence percentage. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) exhibited statistically significant effects of storage time (24, 48, and 72 hours at 40C) on RBC morphology. The present result also shows that the change in erythrocyte shapes at once beginning and during time storage were statistically significant between healthy and diabetic donors. These results are in line with previous laboratory studies on other parameters. In conclusion, our observations indicate that morphological abnormalities of erythrocytes are common in healthy and diabetic subjects, and the slight effects of diabetic Mellitus on the changes observed in erythrocyte compare to healthy subjects over 72 hours of storage.

New Insights in the Potential Effect of Transfusing Red Blood Cells that Have Been Stored for Different Periods

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. SCI-37-SCI-37
Author(s):  
Simone A Glynn ◽  
Darrell J Triulzi ◽  
John Roback ◽  
Harvey G. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Free Hemoglobin ◽  
Storage Lesion ◽  
The Impact

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) units which can be stored for up to 42 days in the US undergo biochemical and morphological changes known as the storage lesion. The clinical significance of these changes is unclear. Results from >55 observational studies have produced conflicting results: some are negative while others report associations between transfusion of longer-stored RBCs and mortality, infections, lung injury, deep vein thrombosis, multiple organ failure, and a decrease in tissue oxygenation. Recent advances are shedding some light on this controversy. While some elements of the RBC storage lesion such as pH and cationic changes and decreases in adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate are well known, the recent application of "omics" technologies is revealing complex changes in metabolites, proteins, and lipids during storage. RBCs storage causes dysregulations in several metabolic (e.g., glycolytic) pathways which vary with unit processing, additive solution, storage period, and blood donor characteristics. Longer-stored RBCs demonstrate decreased antioxidant activity and impaired energy metabolism. Kinases and proteolytic enzymes become activated which affect Band 3 and structural proteins and result in remodeling of the RBCs' cytoskeleton; leading to increasing osmotic fragility and shedding of microparticles in the supernatant. The timing and extent of these changes need to be further elucidated; some appear to occur immediately (e.g., reduction in S-nitrosohemoglobin) while most appear after 2 weeks. These changes lead one to question the safety and efficacy profiles of longer-stored RBC transfusions. Animal models have recently evaluated potential consequences and possible mechanisms that could underlie adverse events in "susceptible" hosts. Two major hypotheses have been corroborated by animal studies. The first relates to the potential inhibition of Nitric Oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilatory effects as a result of NO scavenging by excess cell-free hemoglobin or because of a loss of RBC-mediated hypoxic vasodilation. The second is based on the fact that transfusion of a 42-day old RBC unit provides a large iron bolus to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Such a bolus can result in acute increases in non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) which can cause oxidative damage and potentiate bacteria proliferation. Both the NO and Iron hypotheses appear at play in a study in septic canines that showed that transfusion of 42-day RBCs resulted in increases in cell free hemoglobin, NTBI, and plasma labile iron resulting in increased shock, lung injury, and mortality. However, two recent clinical trials in 377 premature infants and 2430 intensive care patients, respectively, did not demonstrate differences in outcomes following transfusion of <7 days vs 2-42 days RBCs. Another trial randomized 1098 complex cardiac surgery patients to ≤10 days or ≥ 21 days RBCs. No significant clinical differences were observed. These trials are reassuring because shorter-stored RBCs do not appear to have a better safety profile than standard-issue RBCs. Additional clinical trials are underway to test similar hypotheses. However, it is unlikely that these studies will have the power to evaluate transfusions of ≥35 day-old RBCs (when the storage lesion is at its maximum) or the effect of older-stored blood in rarer populations such as highly transfused septic patients. Additional research to minimize the RBC storage lesion and develop biomarkers of RBC transfusion effectiveness is warranted. Investigations of the impact on blood availability of limiting RBC storage to 35 days should also be considered. Disclosures Triulzi: Fresenius kabi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

scholarly journals Time Dependent Assessment of Morphological Changes: Leukodepleted Packed Red Blood Cells Stored in SAGM

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mustafa ◽  
Asma Al Marwani ◽  
Khuloud Mamdouh Nasr ◽  
Noora Abdulla Kano ◽  
Tameem Hadwan
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Stored Blood

Usually packed red blood cells (pRBCs) require specific conditions in storage procedures to ensure the maximum shelf life of up to 42 days in 2–6°C. However, molecular and biochemical consequences can affect the stored blood cells; these changes are collectively labeled as storage lesions. In this study, the effect of prolonged storage was assessed through investigating morphological changes and evaluating oxidative stress. Samples from leukodepleted pRBC in SAGM stored at 4°C for 42 days were withdrawn aseptically on day 0, day 14, day 28, and day 42. Morphological changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with osmotic fragility and hematocrit. Oxidative injury was studied through assessing MDA level as a marker for lipid peroxidation. Osmotic fragility test showed that extended storage time caused increase in the osmotic fragility. The hematocrit increased by 6.6% from day 0 to day 42. The last 2 weeks show alteration in the morphology with the appearance of echinocytes and spherocytes. Storage lesions and morphological alterations appeared to affect RBCs during the storage period. Further studies should be performed to develop strategies that will aid in the improvement of stored pRBC quality and efficacy.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Morphological Changes and Deformability of Suspended Red Blood Cells Prepared Using Whole Blood with Different Hemoglobin Levels of Tibetans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rui Zhong ◽  
Dingding Han ◽  
Xiaodong Wu ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Wanjing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cell Membrane Protein

Background: The hypoxic environment stimulates the human body to increase the levels of hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit and the number of red blood cells. Such enhancements have individual differences, leading to a wide range of HGB in Tibetans’ whole blood (WB). Study Design: WB of male Tibetans was divided into 3 groups according to different HGB (i.e., A: >120 but ≤185 g/L, B: >185 but ≤210 g/L, and C: >210 g/L). Suspended red blood cells (SRBC) processed by collected WB and stored in standard conditions were examined aseptically on days 1, 14, 21, and 35 after storage. The routine biochemical indexes, deformability, cell morphology, and membrane proteins were tested. Results: Mean corpuscular volume, adenosine triphosphate, pH, and deformability were not different in group A vs. those in storage (p > 0.05). The increased rate of irreversible morphology of red blood cells was different among the 3 groups, but there was no difference in the percentage of red blood cells with an irreversible morphology after 35 days of storage. Group C performed better in terms of osmotic fragility and showed a lower rigid index than group A. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE revealed similar cross-linking degrees of cell membrane protein but the band 3 protein of group C seemed to experience weaker clustering than that of group A as detected by Western Blot analysis after 35 days of storage. Conclusions: There was no difference in deformability or morphological changes in the 3 groups over the 35 days of storage. High HGB levels of plateau SRBC did not accelerate the RBC change from a biconcave disc into a spherical shape and it did not cause a reduction in deformability during 35 days of preservation in bank conditions.

scholarly journals Multimodal Diagnostics of Microrheologic Alterations in Blood of Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetic Patients

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Anastasia Maslianitsyna ◽  
Petr Ermolinskiy ◽  
Andrei Lugovtsov ◽  
Alexandra Pigurenko ◽  
Maria Sasonko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Aggregation Index ◽  
Significant Difference

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has serious implications for human health and needs to be diagnosed as early as possible. In this article in vivo and in vitro optical methods are used to study blood properties related to the aggregation of red blood cells in patients with CHD and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The results show not only a significant difference of the aggregation in patients compared to healthy people, but also a correspondence between in vivo and in vitro parameters. Red blood cells aggregate in CHD patients faster and more numerously; in particular the aggregation index increases by 20 ± 7%. The presence of T2DM also significantly elevates aggregation in CHD patients. This work demonstrates multimodal diagnostics and monitoring of patients with socially significant pathologies.

scholarly journals Hemoglobin Oxidation in Stored Blood Accelerates Hemolysis and Oxidative Injury to Red Blood Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mustafa ◽  
Tameem Ali Qaid Hadwan
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxidation ◽  
Rbc Indices ◽  
Methemoglobin Formation ◽  
Stored Blood

Abstract Introduction Maintaining blood supply is a challenge in blood banks. Red blood cells (RBCs) stored at 4°C experience issues of biochemical changes due to metabolism of cells, leading to changes collectively referred to as “storage lesions.” Oxidation of the red cell membrane, leading to lysis, contributes to these storage lesions. Methods Blood bags with CPD-SAGM stored at 4°C for 28 days were withdrawn aseptically on days 1, 14, and 28. Hematology analyzer was used to investigate RBC indices. Hemoglobin oxidation was studied through spectrophotometric scan of spectral change. RBC lysis was studied with the help of Drabkin's assay, and morphological changes were observed by light and scan electron microscopy. Results RBCs show progressive changes in morphology echinocytes and spherocytes on day 28. There was 0.85% RBC lysis, an approximately 20% decrease in percentage oxyhemoglobin, and a 14% increase in methemoglobin formation, which shows hemoglobin oxidation on day 28. Conclusions Oxidative damage to RBC, with an increase in storage time was observed in the present study. The observed morphological changes to RBC during the course of increased time shows that there is progressive damage to RBC membrane and a decrease in hemoglobin concentration; percentage RBC lysis is probably due to free hemoglobin and iron.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal stromal cells can be applied to red blood cells storage as a kind of cellular additive

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaozhen Chen ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Shunli Gu ◽  
Dandan Yin ◽  
Qunxing An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Diminished Capacity ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Citrate Phosphate

During storage in blood banks, red blood cells (RBCs) undergo the mechanical and metabolic damage, which may lead to the diminished capacity to deliver oxygen. At high altitude regions, the above-mentioned damage may get worse. Thus, more attention should be paid to preserve RBCs when these components need transfer from plain to plateau regions. Recently, we found that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could rescue from anemia, and MSCs have been demonstrated in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transplantation to reconstitute hematopoiesis in vivo by us. Considering the functions and advantages of MSCs mentioned above, we are trying to find out whether they are helpful to RBCs in storage duration at high altitudes. In the present study, we first found that mice MSCs could be preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 (CPDA-1) at 4 ± 2°C for 14 days, and still maintained great viability, even at plateau region. Thus, we attempted to use MSCs as an available supplement to decrease RBCs lesion during storage. We found that MSCs were helpful to support RBCs to maintain biochemical parameters and kept RBCs function well on relieving anemia in an acute hemolytic murine model. Therefore, our investigation developed a method to get a better storage of RBCs through adding MSCs, which may be applied in RBCs storage as a kind of cellular additive into preservation solution.

Redox imbalance of red blood cells impacts T lymphocyte homeostasis: implication in carotid atherosclerosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (12) ◽  
pp. 1117-1126. ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Buttari ◽  
Linda Petrone ◽  
Elisabetta Straface ◽  
Lucrezia Gambardella ◽  
Donatella Pietraforte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Activated T Lymphocytes

SummaryOxidative stress and immune/inflammatory responses are key pathogenetic factors of atherosclerotic disease. In this contest, mechanisms that regulate survival and death of immune cells may be relevant. Previous studies have demonstrated that red blood cells (RBCs) are physiologically able to inhibit apoptosis and to promote proliferation of activated T lymphocytes from healthy subjects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether RBCs from patients with carotid atherosclerosis maintain their property to modulate T cell homeostasis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) obtained from healthy subjects were activated in vitro by phytohemagglutinin in the presence/absence of RBCs from patients with carotid atherosclerosis or of in vitro oxidised RBCs from healthy subjects. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aging markers of RBCs as well as susceptibility to apoptosis of PBLs were evaluated by flow cytometry. PBL proliferation was evaluated by 3H-methyl-thymidine incorporation assay whereas secretion of cytokines, analysed in view of their key role in T cell function, was assessed by ELISA. Levels of ROS and phosphatidyl-serine externalisation, a sign of RBC aging, resulted significantly higher in RBCs from patients than in those from healthy subjects, whereas surface glycophorin A expression and reduced glutathione content did the opposite. Unlike RBCs obtained from healthy subjects, RBCs from patients and in vitro oxidised RBCs did not protect activated T lymphocytes from apoptosis. Hence, RBCs from patients with carotid atherosclerosis, probably due to their oxidative imbalance, impact T cell integrity and function. Our results suggest a new regulatory role for RBCs in atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Using Redox Potential as a Feasible Marker for Banked Blood Quality and the State of Oxidative Stress in Stored Red Blood Cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney C Daniels ◽  
Hyesun Jun ◽  
Robertson D Davenport ◽  
Maryanne M Collinson ◽  
Kevin R Ward
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Redox Potential ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Stored Red Blood Cells (RBCs) may undergo oxidative stress over time, with functional changes affecting critical tasks such as oxygen delivery. Central to these changes are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and the redox potential (RP) that must be maintained for proper cell function. RP imbalance can lead to oxidative stress that may contribute to storage lesions and transfusion-related morbidities. Direct measures of RP may allow for evaluation of erythrocyte quality and enable corrections of RP prior to transfusion. Methods Multiple random RBC segments were tested, ranging in age from 5 to 40 days at 5 day intervals. RP was recorded by measuring open circuit potential of RBCs using novel nanoporous gold electrodes with Ag/AgCl reference. RP measures were also performed on peripheral venous blood samples from 10 healthy volunteers. RP measures were compared between groups of aged RBCs, and with volunteer blood. Results Stored RBCs show time-dependent increases in RP. There were significant differences in Day 5 RP compared to all other groups (p≤0.005), Day 10-15 vs ages ≥ Day 20 (p≤0.025), Day 20-25 vs Day 40 (p=0.039), and all groups compared to healthy volunteers. RP became more positive over time suggesting ongoing oxidation as RBCs age. However, storage time alone does not predict the ultimate RP value measured from a given unit.Conclusions There are significant differences in RP between freshly stored RBCs and all others, with RP becoming more positive over time. However, storage time alone does not predict RP, indicating RP screening may be important independent of storage time and may serve as a marker of RBC quality and state of oxidative stress. RP measurements may also provide a target by which to restore RP balance in aged pRBCs, improving their clinical effectiveness while reducing associated morbidities.

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