Translating Code-Switching on the Screen

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montse Corrius ◽  
Patrick Zabalbeascoa
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Notation System ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type Classification ◽  
Main Language ◽  
Scholarly Attention

This paper outlines the complexity of accounting for multilingual audiovisual films for the purpose of their translation. In particular it focuses on an issue that has not received much scholarly attention so far, the fictional representation of code-switching in feature films, with particular attention to Spanglish, given that language and its interlinguistic barriers towards interpersonal communication is one of the main themes of the film. The paper distinguishes different types of language shifts (alternations) as part of a film’s plot or script, like straightforward translation between characters, in order to better characterize code-switching as concept borrowed from sociolinguistics. This, in turns allows for a broader notion of language shifts, of which code-shifting is a part. Finally, the paper also includes a three-type classification of films depending on the amount and importance of languages other than the main language of a film: anecdotal, recurrent, and L3-as-theme, L3 being the notation system used to label all instances of languages in a text (written, oral or audiovisual) other than the main language.

scholarly journals The Type Classification of Staphylococcus Aureus: a Comparison of Phage-Typing with Serological Typing

1958 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Oeding ◽  
R. E. O. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Phage Type ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Serological Method ◽  
Serological Typing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Technical Simplicity ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci ◽  
Type Classification

A comparison has been made between the bacteriophage and serological methods for identifying types among coagulase-positive staphylococci. In only a few cases was one particular serotype clearly related to a particular phage-type, and in several cases single ‘types’ recognized by one method contained several different ‘types’ when tested by the second method. Nevertheless, when sets of strains isolated in the investigation of epidemics or of the nose and skin carrier state of particular individuals were tested by the two methods, consistent results were obtained: an individual combination of phage-type and serotype appeared to be stable.The principal advantages of phage-typing are the facts that it is able to recognize more types than the serological method, and that the distinctions between the types are based on a greater number of different reactions. The advantages of the serological method are the smaller number of untypable strains and its greater technical simplicity.Thanks are due to Miss Joan Rippon, Ph.D., for assistance in the analysis of the phage-typing results.

scholarly journals المجتمع اللغوي: تعليم اللغة العربية في مجتمع متعدد اللغات بمعهد "الدينية للبنات" لامبونج

ASALIBUNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Basyori
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Linguistic Activity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Language

This research aims to discover and analyze related aspects of teaching Arabic as follows: (1) the planning of teaching Arabic, (2) material that is used in the Arabic language teaching, (3) the steps of teaching Arabic, (4) the impact of multilingualism against linguistic activity in the boarding school. This research used the qualitative approach with descriptive analytical method. The results showed that: (1) The planning of teaching Arabic at the lodge include the planning of the boarding school as a whole by recruiting and assigning teachers with teaching Arabic competence, while planning of the teacher executed through a learning device; (2) Material that is used in the Arabic language teaching taken from a variety of different types of books; (3) The steps of Arabic language teaching are point to eclectic method using, with the help of code-switching and mixing from the Arabic language to the English or Bahasa; (4) The impact of multilingualism from language society at this Boarding School Lampung is the Arabic language teaching use the code-switching and mixing. And the multilingualism of multilingual society impact to many kinds of language activities, which is the Arabic language become the main language for using in this boarding school.

Dual stain kit for the microscopic gram classification of ocular infection bacteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Hanker ◽  
Dale N. Holdren ◽  
Kenneth L. Cohen ◽  
Beverly L. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Keratitis and conjunctivitis (infections of the cornea or conjunctiva) are ocular infections caused by various bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites; bacteria, however, are usually prominent. Systemic conditions such as alcoholism, diabetes, debilitating disease, AIDS and immunosuppressive therapy can lead to increased susceptibility but trauma and contact lens use are very important factors. Gram-negative bacteria are most frequently cultured in these situations and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most usually isolated from culture-positive ulcers of patients using contact lenses. Smears for staining can be obtained with a special swab or spatula and Gram staining frequently guides choice of a therapeutic rinse prior to the report of the culture results upon which specific antibiotic therapy is based. In some cases staining of the direct smear may be diagnostic in situations where the culture will not grow. In these cases different types of stains occasionally assist in guiding therapy.

Explanatory Power for Medical Expert Systems: Studies in the Representation of Causal Relationships for Clinical Consultations

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wallis ◽  
E. H. Shortliffe
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Medical Expert ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Medical Expert Systems ◽  
Explanation System ◽  
Systems Studies

This paper reports on experiments designed to identify and implement mechanisms for enhancing the explanation capabilities of reasoning programs for medical consultation. The goals of an explanation system are discussed, as is the additional knowledge needed to meet these goals in a medical domain. We have focussed on the generation of explanations that are appropriate for different types of system users. This task requires a knowledge of what is complex and what is important; it is further strengthened by a classification of the associations or causal mechanisms inherent in the inference rules. A causal representation can also be used to aid in refining a comprehensive knowledge base so that the reasoning and explanations are more adequate. We describe a prototype system which reasons from causal inference rules and generates explanations that are appropriate for the user.

Opera and Film

2013 ◽  
pp. 43-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia J. Citron
Keyword(s):  
Feature Films ◽  
Scholarly Attention

This chapterexamines the relation between opera and film. It describes how opera is integrated into films and how it can signify in wide-circulation dramatic feature films. It analyzes opera in mainstream film and opera-films that have attracted scholarly attention, and suggests that future movies will continue to find imaginative ways to involve opera, as suggested by the postmodern opera visit in the film Quantum of Solace.

scholarly journals Deep Learning Methods for Classification of Certain Abnormalities in Echocardiography

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Imayanmosha Wahlang ◽  
Arnab Kumar Maji ◽  
Goutam Saha ◽  
Prasun Chakrabarti ◽  
Michal Jasinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Variational Autoencoder ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Static Images ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Better Than

This article experiments with deep learning methodologies in echocardiogram (echo), a promising and vigorously researched technique in the preponderance field. This paper involves two different kinds of classification in the echo. Firstly, classification into normal (absence of abnormalities) or abnormal (presence of abnormalities) has been done, using 2D echo images, 3D Doppler images, and videographic images. Secondly, based on different types of regurgitation, namely, Mitral Regurgitation (MR), Aortic Regurgitation (AR), Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR), and a combination of the three types of regurgitation are classified using videographic echo images. Two deep-learning methodologies are used for these purposes, a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based methodology (Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)) and an Autoencoder based methodology (Variational AutoEncoder (VAE)). The use of videographic images distinguished this work from the existing work using SVM (Support Vector Machine) and also application of deep-learning methodologies is the first of many in this particular field. It was found that deep-learning methodologies perform better than SVM methodology in normal or abnormal classification. Overall, VAE performs better in 2D and 3D Doppler images (static images) while LSTM performs better in the case of videographic images.

scholarly journals Preventing corneal blindness caused by keratitis using artificial intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongwen Li ◽  
Jiewei Jiang ◽  
Kuan Chen ◽  
Qianqian Chen ◽  
Qinxiang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Automated Classification ◽  
Slit Lamp ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Corneal Blindness

AbstractKeratitis is the main cause of corneal blindness worldwide. Most vision loss caused by keratitis can be avoidable via early detection and treatment. The diagnosis of keratitis often requires skilled ophthalmologists. However, the world is short of ophthalmologists, especially in resource-limited settings, making the early diagnosis of keratitis challenging. Here, we develop a deep learning system for the automated classification of keratitis, other cornea abnormalities, and normal cornea based on 6,567 slit-lamp images. Our system exhibits remarkable performance in cornea images captured by the different types of digital slit lamp cameras and a smartphone with the super macro mode (all AUCs>0.96). The comparable sensitivity and specificity in keratitis detection are observed between the system and experienced cornea specialists. Our system has the potential to be applied to both digital slit lamp cameras and smartphones to promote the early diagnosis and treatment of keratitis, preventing the corneal blindness caused by keratitis.

NEURAL CLASSIFICATION OF MASS ABNORMALITIES WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEATURES IN DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

2006 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. PANCHAL ◽  
B. VERMA
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Breast Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
Benchmark Database ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Breast Tissues ◽  
Mass Type

Early detection of breast abnormalities remains the primary prevention against breast cancer despite the advances in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Presence of mass in breast tissues is highly indicative of breast cancer. The research work presented in this paper investigates the significance of different types of features using proposed neural network based classification technique to classify mass type of breast abnormalities in digital mammograms into malignant and benign. 14 gray level based features, four BI-RADS features, patient age feature and subtlety value feature have been explored using the proposed research methodology to attain maximum classification on test dataset. The proposed research technique attained a 91% testing classification rate with a 100% training classification rate on digital mammograms taken from the DDSM benchmark database.

scholarly journals Space Precession Target Classification Based on Radar High-Resolution Range Profiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yizhe Wang ◽  
Cunqian Feng ◽  
Yongshun Zhang ◽  
Sisan He
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Extraction ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Electromagnetic Data ◽  
Feature Extractor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Radar Echo ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cone Target

Precession is a common micromotion form of space targets, introducing additional micro-Doppler (m-D) modulation into the radar echo. Effective classification of space targets is of great significance for further micromotion parameter extraction and identification. Feature extraction is a key step during the classification process, largely influencing the final classification performance. This paper presents two methods for classifying different types of space precession targets from the HRRPs. We first establish the precession model of space targets and analyze the scattering characteristics and then compute electromagnetic data of the cone target, cone-cylinder target, and cone-cylinder-flare target. Experimental results demonstrate that the support vector machine (SVM) using histograms of oriented gradient (HOG) features achieves a good result, whereas the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) obtains a higher classification accuracy. DCNN combines the feature extractor and the classifier itself to automatically mine the high-level signatures of HRRPs through a training process. Besides, the efficiency of the two classification processes are compared using the same dataset.

Lexicographer’s Lacunas or How to Deal with Missing Representative Dictionary Forms on the Example of Czech

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Kováříková ◽  
Michal Škrabal ◽  
Václav Cvrček ◽  
Lucie Lukešová ◽  
Jiří Milička
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Frequency Threshold

Abstract When compiling a list of headwords, every lexicographer comes across words with an unattested representative dictionary form in the data. This study focuses on how to distinguish between the cases when this form is missing due to a lack of data and when there are some systemic or linguistic reasons. We have formulated lexicographic recommendations for different types of such ‘lacunas’ based on our research carried out on Czech written corpora. As a prerequisite, we calculated a frequency threshold to find words that should have the representative form attested in the data. Based on a manual analysis of 2,700 nouns, adjectives and verbs that do not, we drew up a classification of lacunas. The reasons for a missing dictionary form are often associated with limited collocability and non-preference for the representative grammatical category. Findings on unattested word forms also have significant implications for language potentiality.

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