scholarly journals ANALISIS KEKUATAN DEMOKRASI DALAM ERA KOALISI KABINET PASCA REFORMASI 1998 DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Musrafiyan Musrafiyan
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Parliamentary Government ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Democratic Country

This study is motivated by an analysis of the reality of the multi-party presidential system which is the main aspect of the way back in the governance system in Indonesia, starting from the old order until the reform era in 1998, the plurality structure of the party became a forerunner to the survival of the coalition in the formulation of the Indonesian government cabinet. Consideration that is the prospect of seizing seats in the cabinet coalition is usually focused on the opportunity structure (strategy entry), where the strategy entry refers to the calculation of three important considerations that are political calculations, namely the cost of entering the arena (cost of entry), various benefits (benefits of office), and the possibility of obtaining support from voters (probably of receiving electoral support). In the target of realizing the political goals of the coalition parties, the main approach taken is to develop mutual benefits, namely the benefits of enjoying power. So that in formulating indicators of the success of a democratic country, this study also presents a comparison related to the implementation of a presidential government system in the United States and a parliamentary government system in the United Kingdom that has resulted in a democratic and stable government, as well as realizing a multi-party presidential system as a whole and optimizing dual functions businessman in internal political parties.

scholarly journals Risk and Prevention of Meningococcal Disease among Education Workers: A Review

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe De Wals ◽  
Pierre Deshaies ◽  
Gaston De Serres ◽  
Bernard Duval ◽  
Lise Goulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Societal Benefit ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Cost

The aims of the present study were to review the risk of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) among education workers, particularly pregnant women, and to evaluate preventive measures, in a context of endemicity, outbreak or epidemic as observed in the province of Quebec. The literature was reviewed and persons in charge of IMD surveillance in France, Quebec, the United Kingdom and the United States were interviewed. Surveys of asymptomatic carriage ofNeisseria meningitidisshow that transmission among students is higher than transmission between students and teachers. IMD incidence among education workers was analyzed in Cheshire (United Kingdom) in the period from 1997 to 1999, and the results indicated a risk six times higher than that in the general population. Overestimation of the magnitude of the risk is possible because the analysis focused on a cluster. None of the population-based studies of IMD mentioned a risk of secondary cases among education workers. Six IMD cases in education workers were identified in five clusters in schools in the United Kingdom, but not in the other countries. There is no epidemiological study on IMD risk among pregnant women, and this factor was not mentioned in any published review of IMD. Immunization of education workers at the beginning of their employment, using serogroup C glycoconjugate vaccine or a combined A, C, W-135, and Y conjugate vaccine (still under development), could reduce IMD risk, but the cost effectiveness of this measure should be evaluated. The societal benefit of excluding pregnant women from the work place during an outbreak seems to be very low, even if disease risk could be decreased for this specific group. When chemoprophylaxis is indicated for the control of an outbreak in an educational setting, treatment should be offered both to students and teachers in the group at risk.

scholarly journals Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Jolene Knox ◽  
Ben Dehaeck ◽  
Ben Huntington ◽  
Thilak Rathinam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Chicken Population ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Disease

Abstract Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0–£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7–£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.

Expanded Function Orthodontic Auxiliaries; a Proposal for their Introduction in the UK

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. O'Brien ◽  
W. C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Treatment Provision ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

The role of dental and orthodontic auxiliaries in Europe and the United States is reviewed, and the advantages of their employment in the United Kingdom are discussed in terms of increasing the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment provision. A three-stage programme for the evaluation of Orthodontic Auxiliaries in the UK is proposed.

scholarly journals SOME THOUGHTS ON SEPARATION OF POWERS: WESTMINSTER MODEL versus AMERICAN MODEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim bin Ismail
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Westminster Model ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
American Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
Model Versus

The focus of this paper is of the working system of government based on the theory of separation of powers. The theory in its original idea is hardly implemented in the world today. Necessary modifications and adjustments ought to be made to suit the adopting countries. As a result of the theory, there exists two dominant world governmental systems, which have been championed by the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The UK’s system is better known as the Westminster model or parliamentary system; whereas the USA’s system is popularly known as the presidential system. Each system has its own strengths and weaknesses. This paper also highlights the influence of the theory through constitutional provisions and judicial pronouncements, which indicates the modification of the two models to suit countries like Malaysia.

The Cost of Housing: More Than Just Dollars

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
R.J. Fuller ◽  
U.M. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
House Prices ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Cost

Australians were recently awarded the dubious honour of building the largest homes in the world. Our new homes are now seven percent larger than those in the United States and nearly three times larger than those in the United Kingdom. At the same time, the price of an average residential property is now five times what it was 20 years ago. Although incomes have risen over the same period, they have not kept pace with rising house prices. In terms of disposable income, the cost of housing has almost doubled. While traditional housing affordability is measured in terms of house prices and incomes, a broader and more encompassing perspective also indicates that we can no longer ‘afford’ to build houses as we have done in the past. The environmental impact of modern Australian housing is significant. Australians have resisted the need for increased urban density as their capital city populations grow and new houses have been built on the outskirts of the existing cities, encroaching on the greenwedge and agricultural lands, destroying and degrading existing fauna and flora. The houses built have increased carbon emissions because of their size, embodied energy and reliance on the motor car. This paper discusses the environmental ‘affordability’ of current Australian housing and argues that this must be considered alongside traditional affordability criteria so that a more holistic approach to the issues is adopted.

scholarly journals Reawaken The Risk Governance in The Malaysian Corporate

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 496-504
Author(s):  
Habibun Nisa Mohamed Ajmal ◽  
Mohd Bahrin Bin Othman ◽  
Hariati Binti Mansor
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Risk Governance ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Corporate Sector ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The United Kingdom

Risk governance is about balancing the company’s business interests and the interests of stakeholders who might suffer loss or harm from the company’s commercial activities. It is mainly concerned with preventing mistakes or wrongdoings than correcting them. This paper aim is to study the state of risk governance in the Malaysian corporate sector. It specifically studies the way risk governance is regulated and its relation to stakeholders’ interests. This study is based on the existing laws in Malaysia. The laws in the United Kingdom and the United States are studied for a comparative analysis and lessons to be learned. The paper suggests that the role of regulators is crucial to initiate and compel companies to establish and maintain a risk governance system and incorporate it as a corporate culture. It also suggests that co-regulation between the regulatory authorities and the industry is needed to successfully push efforts and participation by companies to establish and maintain an effective risk governance system. The paper is significant as it contributes to the improvement of risk governance in Malaysian businesses in general and in the corporate sector specifically and adds to the body of knowledge on law and governance.

scholarly journals The Patent System during the French Industrial Revolution: Institutional Change and Economic Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Galvez-Behar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Patent System ◽  
French Patent ◽  
Natural Right ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The influence of the patent system on the economic performance of Western countries during the Industrial Revolution is an important but difficult question to address. With the United Kingdom and the United States, France was one of the first countries to adopt a modern patent legislation in 1791. The aim of this paper is to understand the paradox of such a system, which was based on a democratic and natural-right conception of invention but turned out to be restrictive. It analyses the legal framework and its evolution from 1791 to the late 1850s and reveals its contradictory aspects: a natural right inspiration vs a restrictive access due to the cost of the patent. It shows how the 1844 Patent Act reform did not end the criticism of the French patent system. Then, in a second part, it considers the diffusion of patents in time, in different regions and industries and stresses the heterogeneity of the patent system.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Targeted Disinfection Program in Household Kitchens To Prevent Foodborne Illnesses in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2103-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN B. DUFF ◽  
ELIZABETH A. SCOTT ◽  
MICHAEL S. MAFILIOS ◽  
EWEN C. TODD ◽  
LEONARD R. KRILOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
High Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Cost

Foodborne illnesses impose a substantial economic and quality-of-life burden on society by way of acute morbidity and chronic sequelae. We developed an economic model to evaluate the potential cost-effectiveness of a disinfection program that targets high-risk food preparation activities in household kitchens. For the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, we used published literature and expert opinion to estimate the cost of the program (excluding the educational component); the number of cases of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections prevented; and the economic and quality-of-life outcomes. In our primary analysis, the model estimated that approximately 80,000 infections could be prevented annually in U.S. households, resulting in $138 million in direct medical cost savings (e.g., physician office visits and hospitalizations avoided), 15,845 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained, $788 million in program costs, and a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio of $41,021/QALY gained. Results were similar for households in Canada and the United Kingdom (Can $21,950/QALY gained and £86,341/QALY gained, respectively). When we evaluated implementing the program only in U.S. households with high-risk members (those less than 5 years of age, greater than 65 years of age, or immunocompromised), the cost-effectiveness ratio was more favorable ($10,163/QALY gained). Results were similar for high-risk households in Canada and the United Kingdom (Can$1,915/QALY gained and £28,158/QALY gained, respectively). Implementing a targeted disinfection program in household kitchens in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom appears to be a cost-effective strategy, falling within the range generally considered to warrant adoption and diffusion (<$100,000/QALY gained).

A new approach to measuring legislators’ activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-599
Author(s):  
Osnat Akirav
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Committee Chair ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Legislative Activities ◽  
The Cost

How do we measure the activity of legislators? I argue that, in addition to using measures such as how many bills they pass, we must also consider activities such as parliamentary questions, early day motions, motions for the agenda and one-minute speeches. One means for doing so is Akirav’s activity scale developed in Israel. I use this scale to measure legislators’ activity in two additional political systems – the United States and the United Kingdom. I also identify the characteristics shared by the most active legislators and the least active. The findings indicate that opposition, junior and committee chair legislators are more active than other representatives. While previous studies have investigated the cost–benefit analysis in which legislators engage regarding where and how to invest their time in their legislative work, this study is the first to conduct such an analysis about both their legislative and non-legislative activities. This more complete picture reveals their incentives for engaging fully in parliamentary work.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of calculation of subsistence minimum in Ukraine and abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 426-430
Author(s):  
Mykola Lytvynenko
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
Real Purchasing ◽  
The Cost

This article covers the results of a theoretical analysis of subsistence minimum calculation as the basic social standard in Ukraine and abroad. According to Ukrainian Law, the subsistence minimum is a value sufficient to ensure the proper functioning of the human body, maintain its health that includes a minimum set of food products, non-food items, and services necessary to satisfy basic social and cultural needs of each person. In numerous countries, subsistence minimum depends on the age of a person with the view to different needs. The mechanism of subsistence minimum calculation is stipulated in Ukrainian legislative acts. Each year, the Ukrainian Parliament establishes a new amount of subsistence level in the Law on the budget of Ukraine. Failure to adhere to the procedure of the subsistence minimum calculation leads to a difference in the declared and actual subsistence minimum. Ukrainian courts consider the number of cases relating to a violation of the above-mentioned procedure. The problem of insufficient subsistence minimum has led to the initiative on reforming this sphere. This article also presents the results of analyzing the phenomenon of subsistence minimum in different countries. It has been found that a relative method of subsistence minimum calculation is used by determining median income in the United States and the United Kingdom. The governments adopt annual minimum wage to be paid for each of those who work. Trade unions contribute significantly to raising and fixing subsistence minimum and minimum wage in these countries that is a great example of a positive impact initiated by representatives of civil society. In Estonia and Slovakia, similarly to Ukraine, the subsistence level is set by the normative method - by setting the cost of living through a consumer basket. The study revealed that it is highly important to found the level of subsistence minimum on the real purchasing power of the population, which would be able to provide a decent standard of living for all.

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