scholarly journals Comparison of Proximate Composition of Raw and Cooked Intramuscle Tissue ofThunnus tonggol from Terengganu, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norhazirah Abd Aziz ◽  
Ahmad Shamsudin Ahmad ◽  
Adiana Ghazali ◽  
Nurul Izzah Ahmad ◽  
Ahmad Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dark Muscle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
The Mean

A study was carried out to determine the effects of the steaming process on the proximate composition of the dark and white muscle tissue of Thunnus tonggol sampled from Terengganu waters. The mean percentage of moisture, ash, lipid, and protein of the raw dark muscle was 59.1%, 3.8%, 12.1% and 33.9%, while in the raw white muscle were 66.7%, 2.9%, 2.7% and 33.9%, respectively. Both types of muscle showed a significantly different value in the lipid content. There was significant increase recorded in the protein content in both types of muscle after the steaming process (79.1% and 93.0% in dark and white muscles, respectively). Likewise, the percentage of ash showed some increment with 4.8% in the dark muscle and 7.9% in the white muscle. However, the cooking process decreased the percentage of moisture and lipid in both dark and white muscles. The percentage of moisture in dark muscle was reduced to 7.7%, and 9.7% in white muscle. On the other hand, percentage of lipid content in both types of muscles after the steaming process was 0.43% in dark muscle and 0.03% in white muscle. This study reveals that the cooking process had considerable effects on the proximate composition of both dark and white muscles.

Effect on Polymer Chain Structure Caused by the Molar Fraction of 4-Hydroxybutyrate in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -4-hydroxybutyrate)

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 776-780
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Li ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Wei Jia Fan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Polymer Chain ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Polarizing Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)copolymer [P(3HB-co-4HB)] is a kind of biodegradable high molecular polymer produced by bioaccumulation. Because of the good biodegradability and biocompatibility, P(3HB-co-4HB)s have attracted wide attention . At first, the intrinsic viscosity[η] in good solvent of P(3HB-co-4HB) s with varying contents of 4HB was investigated in different temperature. Second, observed the changes of crystallization gathered state caused by the varying contents of 4HB by polarizing microscope. The results show that to the P(3HB-co-4HB)s in same molecular weight, the intrinsic viscosity[η] in good solvent barely changes when the mole fractions of 4HB increase. On the other hand, the mean square end to end distances[0] of macromolecular flexible chains increase with the mole fractions of 4HB. At the same time, the states of aggregation change from spherulites to dendrites. In this investigation, we discuss the reasons of the differences in depth.

scholarly journals The ameliorative effect of selenium on Azolla caroliniana grown under UV-B stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Mostafa ◽  
A.M.A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Glutathione Redox

Exposure ofAzollaplants to UV-B radiation for 6 h resulted in a decrease in biomass and relative growth rate (RGR), which coincided with an increase in doubling time (DT) as compared with the control. Also, the protein content decreased. On the other hand, hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated significantly in UV-treatedAzollaplants. Conversely, the addition of selenium (Se) at 1 ppm resulted in a significant increase in biomass and protein content of untreated and UV-treatedAzollaplants, and a significant reduction in both H2O2and MDA. Moreover, the addition of Se to UV-treated and untreatedAzollaplants resulted in a significant increase in total ascorbate and total glutathione (GSH) contents compared with the control and UV-stressedAzollaplants. Also, glutathione redox potential (GSH/TG) increased significantly in UV-treatedAzollaplants in the presence of Se. There also was a significant increase (38%) in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in UV-treated plants compared with the control. APX activity in the presence of Se did not change significantly compared with the control. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased significantly in UV-treatedAzolla, while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity did not. On the other hand, both GSH-PX and GR activity in untreated and UV-treatedAzollaplants were significantly enhanced by the application of Se to the nutrient media at a concentration of 1 ppm. Therefore, we can conclude that Se protectsAzollaplants from UV-B stress.

Proximate composition of male and female African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia zilli) in Jega river, Kebbi state, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
W. M. Namaga ◽  
B. Yahaya ◽  
M. A. Salam
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Juvenile Female ◽  
Significant Difference

Fish is highly nutritious, tasty, and easily digestible. It is much sought after by a broad cross-section of the world’s population, particularly in developing countries as it provides the cheapest protein source. Nigeria is blessed with numerous inland freshwater rivers and lakes scattered all over the country. This freshwater habitat consists of many species of fish that have successfully dominated all niches over time and have for many reasons remained unstudied. The situation concealed a lot of scientific information particularly on food security and safety to the inmates and the country at large. Jega River which transcended many States in the North-Western part of Nigeria to open into the river Niger is one of such rivers largely uncared for, study-wise. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Tilapia (Tilapia zillii) have been wisely selected for the present proximate composition studies. The juveniles of these fishes were purchased from local fishermen in Mariner Waje landing site of the river which flows by Jega town, a local government area in Kebbi State, Nigeria. For the study, the methodology approved by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) was used to determine the proximate composition of the fishes. The highest percentage crude protein content of 49.18 ± 0.30% was observed in juvenile female C. gariepinus; while the lowest protein content of 39.22± 0.50% was observed in juvenile male T. zilli. The highest percentage lipid content of 11.75± 1.50% was observed in juvenile female tilapia; while the lowest percentage lipid content of 6.25± 0.29% was observed in male African catfish. The highest percentage fibre content of 4.00 ± 0.29% was observed in male and female C. gariepinus, while the lowest percentage fibre content of 0.75± 0.29% was observed in male tilapia. There were variations (p< 0.05) when the protein and lipid contents of both the species were compared with each other. There was also a significant difference (p< 0.05) when the carbohydrate contents were compared between the fish species, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) when the fibre content was compared within the species. The analyses showed that both the male and female fish species studied had high protein contents.

scholarly journals Adult caddisflies (Trichoptera) attracted to artificial lights in the middle reaches of the Shinano River from 2005 to 2007

Zoosymposia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIMIO HIRABAYASHI ◽  
GORO KIMURA ◽  
EISO INOUE
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Summer Flood

The species composition and abundance of adult caddisflies attracted to the illuminated showcase of a vending machine set along the middle reaches of the Shinano River were investigated every Sunday night from April to November in 2005 to 2007. A total of 1,405 adult caddisflies was collected during the investigation periods. We identified a total of 13 species belonging to 11 genera of 8 families. The most abundant species was Psychomyia acutipennis (Ulmer 1908) each year. Psychomyia acutipennis adults were collected from mid-May to the beginning of October (the range of mean air temperature was 13.8 to 27.7°C), with its seasonal abundance divided into several peaks, i.e., the end of May, the beginning of June, and the end of August to the beginning of September in both 2006 and 2007. On the other hand, in 2005 when there was no large-scale summer flood and there were no marked abundance peaks. The present study suggests that the mean air temperature and summer floods impacted the seasonal abundance of P. acutipennis adults.

Allocation of Responsibility for Product Safety

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Laughery ◽  
David R. Lovvoll ◽  
Michael S. Wogalter
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
User Study ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
The Mean

Three studies were carried out to explore how people allocate responsibility for safety during product use. In Study 1 29 consumer products were named and subjects apportioned safety responsibility to the manufacturer, the retailer, the user, and a potentially relevant organization not in the stream of commerce (e.g., FDA, CPSC, Underwriters Laboratories). The mean percent responsibility allocated to these four alternatives was 43%, 9%, 27% and 21% respectively. A significant interaction indicated that the allocation varied across products. In Study 2 safety responsibility for the same products was allocated to the manufacturer, retailer and user, but the “outside” organization was omitted. The mean percent allocated was 51%, 20% and 30% respectively. In this study, additional questions assessed various perceptions of the products and the subject's familiarity with the products. The results indicated that responsibility allocation was a function of perception of product hazardousness; the more hazardous a product is perceived to be, the more responsibility is allocated to the user. Study 3 investigated some of the attributes of high hazard products which are associated with various allocations of product safety. For high hazard products with open and obvious risks (chain saws, cutting torches), more responsibility was allocated to consumers as opposed to manufacturers. On the other hand, for those high hazard products with “hidden” risks (pesticides, antifreeze), manufacturers were typically allocated a much higher degree of responsibility.

Contribution to the Study of the Death-rate of Persons in Asylums

1879 ◽  
Vol 25 (109) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Arthur Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
General Community

In the population of Scotch Asylums, there are so few persons below the age of 10 years that, for practical purposes, it may be correctly said there are none. of the general community, on the other hand, 25·6 per cent. are persons below that age. It is clear, therefore, that the death-rate of the population of asylums cannot properly be compared with the death-rate of the general population. To make such a comparison it is necessary to deal only with the deaths occurring among the 74·4 per cent. of the general community who are above the age of 10 years. When this is done, it appears that the mean annual death-rate for the general population is 1·7 per cent. as compared with 8·3 per cent. for the population of asylums. These figures refer to the whole population of asylums, and to the whole of the general population above the age of 10 years; but in order to show the rates at which persons of different ages die in asylums, and the rates at which persons of corresponding ages die in the general community, the following table has been prepared. It is founded on 3,800 deaths occurring during the seven years, 1870–1876, in the Asylums of Scotland, which had a mean population of 6,421 during those years.

The effect of frontal eye field and superior colliculus lesions on saccadic latencies in the rhesus monkey

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Schiller ◽  
J. H. Sandell ◽  
J. H. Maunsell
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Unimodal Distribution ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Mean

Rhesus monkeys were trained to make saccadic eye movements to visual targets using detection and discrimination paradigms in which they were required to make a saccade either to a solitary stimulus (detection) or to that same stimulus when it appeared simultaneously with several other stimuli (discrimination). The detection paradigm yielded a bimodal distribution of saccadic latencies with the faster mode peaking around 100 ms (express saccades); the introduction of a pause between the termination of the fixation spot and the onset of the target (gap) increased the frequency of express saccades. The discrimination paradigm, on the other hand, yielded only a unimodal distribution of latencies even when a gap was introduced, and there was no evidence for short-latency "express" saccades. In three monkeys either the frontal eye field or the superior colliculus was ablated unilaterally. Frontal eye field ablation had no discernible long-term effects on the distribution of saccadic latencies in either the detection or discrimination tasks. After unilateral collicular ablation, on the other hand, express saccades obtained in the detection paradigm were eliminated for eye movements contralateral to the lesion, leaving only a unimodal distribution of latencies. This deficit persisted throughout testing, which in one monkey continued for 9 mo. Express saccades were not observed again for saccades contralateral to the lesion, and the mean latency of the contralateral saccades was longer than the mean latency of the second peak for the ipsiversive saccades. The latency distribution of saccades ipsiversive to the collicular lesion was unaffected except for a few days after surgery, during which time an increase in the proportion of express saccades was evident. Saccades obtained with the discrimination paradigm yielded a small but reliable increase in saccadic latencies following collicular lesions, without altering the shape of the distribution. Unilateral muscimol injections into the superior colliculus produced results similar to those obtained immediately after collicular lesions: saccades contralateral to the injection site were strongly inhibited and showed increased saccadic latencies. This was accompanied by a decrease of ipsilateral saccadic latencies and an increase in the number of saccades falling into the express range. The results suggest that the superior colliculus is essential for the generation of short-latency (express) saccades and that the frontal eye fields do not play a significant role in shaping the distribution of saccadic latencies in the paradigms used in this study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Sex Differences in Privacy Preferences

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1239-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl M. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Female College ◽  
Privacy Preferences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

A Privacy Questionnaire was administered to 118 male and 142 female college students to determine differences in the patterns of privacy preferences between the sexes. The questionnaire contained factor scales for measuring six independent types of privacy. t-tests showed that the means for women were significantly higher than those for men in their preferences for Intimacy with Family and Intimacy with Friends. On the other hand, for Isolation the mean for men was significantly higher than that for women. There were no significant differences between the means for the two sexes on the remaining three dimensions, Reserve, Solitude, and Anonymity.

XLI.—The Efficiency of Metallic Filament Lamps

1910 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Houstoun
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Source ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Metallic Filament ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Commercial Value ◽  
Filament Lamps

Practical men are accustomed to measure the efficiency of a glow-lamp in watts per candle or, in other words, by the quantity of energy which must be supplied to it for every mean spherical candle-power of light it gives. The energy supplied is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter, and the mean spherical candle-power is obtained on the photometric bench by comparing the light given in different directions with that of some standard source. The watts per candle together with the life and initial cost of the lamp determine its commercial value.On the other hand, we may regard the lamp as an energy-transforming device, and measure its efficiency by the percentage of electrical energy it transforms into light.

Microbiological Sampling of Poultry Carcass Portions by Excision, Rinsing, or Swabbing†

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2718-2720 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. GILL ◽  
M. BADONI ◽  
L. F. MOZA ◽  
S. BARBUT ◽  
M. W. GRIFFITHS
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Poultry Carcass

Groups of 25 skin-on thighs or skin-on, skinned, or tumbled breast portions of broiler chicken carcasses were sampled by excision of skin or muscle tissue, rinsing, or swabbing. Counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were recorded for each sample. For all types of carcass portions, the mean log counts and the total log counts obtained for each group of bacteria by excision or rinsing mostly differed by &lt;0.5 log unit. However, the counts obtained by swabbing were generally &gt;0.5 log unit lower than the smaller of the values obtained by the other two sampling methods.

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