Enclosing the Fisheries: People, Places, and Power

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Labor Economic ◽  
Individual Transferable Quota ◽  
Structural Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

<em>Abstract</em>.—By the 1990s, widespread fisheries restructuring triggered by the implementation of the individual transferable quota (ITQ) system and market-derived impacts of globalization had occurred in most aspects of the Icelandic fishery sector. The consequences of privatization of fishery resources have transformed management in regulating access to the resource, processing, corporate ideology, and the reproduction of labor. Economic rationality, marketability, efficiency, and managerial innovations in effect are both the mantra and imperative accompanying concentration and consolidation. Social and environmental costs are widely observable in many coastal communities that were the former lifeblood of the Icelandic economy. This chapter presents an account of the policy implications of cutbacks in Atlantic cod <em>Gadus morhua </em>allocations and discusses their effect on coastal communities around Iceland. It will focus on the response of fishery companies to a changed structural environment, as well as their role in shaping the new sector with special emphasis on the economic rationale of leading seafood companies. In this context, this chapter explores the impact of the transformation in the fisheries sector on effects of the ITQ system on stocks; on fishing and fishers; on the processing sector; on labor, particularly that of women; and on communities.

Otolith growth and zone formation during first maturity and spawning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Irgens ◽  
Arild Folkvord ◽  
Håkon Otterå ◽  
Olav S. Kjesbu
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Otolith Growth ◽  
Zone Formation ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Tank Experiment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Maturity

Specific impacts of somatic growth, sexual maturation, and spawning events on otolith zone formation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were assessed in a 33-month tank experiment, using Barents Sea cod and Norwegian coastal cod. High and low feeding ration combinations were used to mimic environmental stressors in the field. For both stocks, apparent macrostructural “spawning zones” in otoliths are registered in statutory stock monitoring programs to estimate age at maturity, thus adding key information to stock biomass assessments. We found that substantial energy investments in reproduction caused reductions in otolith growth and altered proportional width between translucent and opaque zones. These effects, however, were only statistically significant among individuals with high reproductive investments, while otoliths from individuals with low investments did not differ from the otoliths for immatures. Reproduction may thus not necessarily induce spawning zones, and alternatively, spawning zones may not necessarily reflect reproduction. Altogether, this suggests that the individual energy level, as a premise for metabolic activity, plays a key role in the formation of such zones and thus is related to environmental conditions.

The influence of spatially variable and connected recruitment on complex stock dynamics and its ecological and management implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisha Guan ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
James A. Wilson ◽  
Timothy Waring ◽  
Lisa A. Kerr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
The Individual

To evaluate the influence of spatially variable and connected recruitments at spawning component scale on complex stock dynamics, a typical agent-based complex stock was modeled based on the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock in the Gulf of Maine. We simulated three scenarios with different degrees of connectivity (i.e., individual exchange) between the spatially variable recruitments of 36 spawning components within four subpopulations under the stock. Subsequently, the temporal trends were compared for different scenarios in age-1 recruitment, spawning stock biomass, and local depletion proportion of the overall complex stock and the individual subpopulations. Results show that increased recruitment connectivity from 0.1–0.2 to 0.6–0.8 between various components tends to increase the productivity and stability of a complex stock at local and global scales and reduce the proportion of depleted components due to overfishing. Moreover, depletions of less productive components may occur without a substantial reduction in the overall complex stock biomass and recruitment.

Partial Recruitment Considerations in Setting Catch Quotas

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Total Allowable Catch ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nova Scotian ◽  
Target Fishing

An approach is presented for investigating the interactions between fishing fleets that compete by exploiting different age-groups of the same resource population. The term "partial recruitment" (PR) is used to describe the age-specific exploitation pattern experienced by a population, either from individual fishing fleets or the combined effects of several fleets. Methods are presented to calculate catch quotas for the individual fleets if the management objective is to keep fleet effort constant, or alternatively to predict catch rates by fleet if the allocation rules are based on a percentage sharing of the total allowable catch (TAC) among fleets. Simulations based on an Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fishery on the Nova Scotian Shelf is used to illustrate the method. The results indicate the importance of considering differences in PR among competing fishing fleets when setting catch quotas. The relative effort exerted by the fleets will affect target fishing mortalities. The fleet that concentrates on younger fish can intercept recruitment. Since the fleets exploit different age-groups, changes in fishable biomass due to recruitment variation are lagged, and fishing success will vary among fleets. Understanding the dynamics of PR may help explain why certain fleets either exceed or fall short of catch quotas.

Examining the Impact of Individual, Community, and Market Factors on Methamphetamine Use: A Tale of Two Cities

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Rodriguez ◽  
Charles Katz ◽  
Vincent J. Webb ◽  
David R. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Drug Market ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Although prior studies have monitored the trends in methamphetamine use and reported its increase over the years, few studies have considered how community-level characteristics affect the use of methamphetamine. In this study, we utilize data from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program from two cities to examine how individual-level, community-level, and drug market factors influence methamphetamine use. Results indicate that both individual and community-level data significantly influence methamphetamine use. Also, findings show that predictors of methamphetamine use (at the individual and community-level) differ significantly from marijuana, cocaine, and opiate use. Policy implications regarding law enforcement suppression and the treatment of methamphetamine users are discussed.

scholarly journals Coastal Upwelling and Oikopleura Occurrence ("Slub"): A Model and Potential Application to Inshore Fisheries

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1729-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher T. Taggart ◽  
Kenneth T. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Wind Vector ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
The Impact

Variations in the occurrence of Oikopleura spp. were strongly linked to the wind field and ensuing water temperatures in an inshore region of eastern Newfoundland during June–August of 1979 and 1981–83. Oikopleura foul inshore fishing gear with their discarded houses ("slub") and fluctuate in abundance from day to day as a function of wind-driven upwelling. Densities of Oikopleura in cold upwelling water during four years ranged between 20 and 800/m3. Oikopleura densities < 1/m3 occurred when upwelling ceased and warmer water occupied the inshore region. A simple model incorporating a daily averaged wind vector, Julian day, and growing degree-day explained 62% of the daily variation in Oikopleura abundance in 1979. The model yielded density estimates that were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with observed densities in each of the other three years. We provide evidence that net fouling by Oikopleura in the inshore and maximum Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) catch is coincident and suggest that an annual hindcast index of slub intensity may help determine the impact of slub conditions on the inshore fishery.

scholarly journals Stochastically Assessing the Financial Sustainability of Individual Accounts in the Urban Enterprise Employees’ Pension Plan in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Chen ◽  
Zaigui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Pension Plan ◽  
The Self ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Accounts

Various countries are paying increasing attention to the long-term financial sustainability of pension plans, and the self-balancing ability of such plans is an important index to measure their long-term financial sustainability. This paper explores the financial self-balancing ability of the individual accounts of China’s urban enterprise employees’ pension plan (UEEPPI). In the particularly serious scenario that the individual accounts’ previous accumulated funds are zero, the bookkeeping rate and the investment return rate are considered as stochastic variables in the in-depth analysis of the self-balancing ability of individual accounts, and the effects of two different bookkeeping behaviors are compared. The results indicate that if the government adopts the fixed bookkeeping rate, the individual accounts have an excellent self-balancing ability. If the government adopts a stochastic bookkeeping rate, it can further improve the self-balancing ability of individual accounts. Sensitivity analysis finds that the increase in the wage growth rate can improve the self-balancing ability of individual accounts, but the impact of contribution rate of individual accounts and the contribution wages of recruits create uncertainty. Based on the conclusions, some policy implications are proposed.

Aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual Atlantic cod

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Reidy ◽  
S.R. Kerr ◽  
J.A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exercised using three different measures of swimming performance. (1) An endurance test (critical swimming speed, U(crit), protocol) designed to assess predominantly aerobic endurance swimming (duration hours). (2) An acceleration test (U(burst)), in which the fish were required to swim against a rapidly increasing current until exhausted (duration minutes). This test was designed to assess predominantly glycolytic-based swimming capacity. (3) A sprint test that examined the animals' ability to swim away from a sudden stimulus (duration seconds). Rates of oxygen consumption (mdot (O2)) during the endurance test and various morphological variables of the individual fish were also measured. Both aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual cod were found to be significantly repeatable over a 3 month period. mdot (O2) during the U(crit) protocol was also significantly repeatable at intermediate to high swimming speeds, but not at low speeds. Our results support extrapolation from metabolic rates at incremented swimming speeds to zero activity as the best way to measure standard metabolic rate in cod. While performance in the U(crit) test and the sprint test were positively correlated, there was a negative correlation between performance in the U(crit) test and performance in the U(burst) test. This implies a potential trade-off in individual cod between stamina and the ability to use glycolytic-based locomotion. Inter-individual variation in swimming performance during these protocols, while substantial, was not correlated with individual variation in fin surface areas, age or morphology. However, U(burst) performance was dependent upon the sex of the animals, while performance during the U(crit) protocol was significantly correlated with their aerobic scope for activity.

Inhibitory effects of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) peptides on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meilian Yang ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Shuzhen Cheng ◽  
Yu Dong ◽  
Chao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is one of the most important fishes in the world with high nutritional value and economic value. However, the impact and underlying mechanism of the G....

The impact of a moderate chronic temperature increase on spleen immune-relevant gene transcription depends on whether Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are stimulated with bacterial versus viral antigens

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago S. Hori ◽  
A. Kurt Gamperl ◽  
Gord Nash ◽  
Marije Booman ◽  
Ashoktaru Barat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Transcriptome Response ◽  
The Impact

Exposure to elevated temperature is an inherent feature of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) sea-cage culture in some regions (e.g., Newfoundland) and may also become an increasingly prevalent challenge for wild fish populations because of accelerated climate change. Therefore, understanding how elevated temperatures impacts the immune response of this commercially important species may help to reduce the potential negative impacts of such challenges. Previously, we investigated the impacts of moderately elevated temperature on the antiviral responses of Atlantic cod (Hori et al. 2012) and reported that elevated temperature modulated the spleen transcriptome response to polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC, a viral mimic). Herein, we report a complementary microarray study that investigated the impact of the same elevated temperature regime on the Atlantic cod spleen transcriptome response to intraperitoneal (IP) injection of formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL). Fish were held at two different temperatures (10 °C and 16 °C) prior to immune stimulation and sampled 6 and 24 h post-injection (HPI). In this experiment, we identified 711 and 666 nonredundant ASAL-responsive genes at 6HPI and 24HPI, respectively. These included several known antibacterial genes, including hepcidin, cathelicidin, ferritin heavy subunit, and interleukin 8. However, we only identified 15 differentially expressed genes at 6HPI and 2 at 24HPI (FDR 1%) when comparing ASAL-injected fish held at 10 °C versus 16 °C. In contrast, the same comparisons with pIC-injected fish yielded 290 and 339 differentially expressed genes (FDR 1%) at 6HPI and 24HPI, respectively. These results suggest that moderately elevated temperature has a lesser effect on the Atlantic cod spleen transcriptome response to ASAL (i.e., the antibacterial response) than to pIC (i.e., antiviral response). Thus, the impacts of high temperatures on the cod’s immune response may be pathogen dependent.

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