Microencapsulation of Citronella Oil with Carboxymethylated Tamarind Gum

Tamarind gum (TG) and carboxymethylated tamarind gum (CTG) were used as wall material to prepare citronella oil microcapsules by spray-drying. The aim of this work was to study the effect of wall-to-core ratio and fluid viscosity on emulsion droplet and microcapsule size, in order to maximize encapsulation efficiency (EE). EE was directly influenced by gum-to-oil ratio variations. Results showed that emulsion droplet size (D32) of CTG ranged between 0.18 to1.31 mm, smaller than those obtained for TG, which ranged from 0.87 to 2.91 mm. CTG microcapsules had a smooth surface and a spherical shape, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface oil content and total oil content affected encapsulation efficiency. TG microcapsules showed lower EE than CTG microcapsules, which was related to the viscosity of gum to oil ratio. The maximum EE occurred at 1.14 gum to oil ratio for CTG microcapsules (87 %).

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Comparative Study on Microencapsulation of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Essential Oils via Spray-Drying Technique

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26247467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (24) ◽

pp. 7467

Author(s):

Bissera Pilicheva ◽

Yordanka Uzunova ◽

Plamen Katsarov

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Oil Content ◽

High Yield ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Wall Material ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Final Particle ◽

Arabic Gum ◽

Total Oil

Essential oils have been studied for various applications, including for therapeutic purposes. There is extensive literature regarding their properties; however, their low stability limits their application. Generally, the microencapsulation of essential oils allows enhanced stability and enables the potential incorporation in solid dosage forms. Lavender and peppermint oils were encapsulated in microparticles using a spray-drying technique under optimized conditions: 170 °C temperature, 35 m3/h aspiration volume flow, and 7.5 mL/min feed flow. Arabic gum and maltodextrin were used as coating polymers individually in varying concentrations from 5 to 20% (w/v) and in combination. The microparticles were studied for morphology, particle size, oil content, and flowability. The formulated powder particles showed a high yield of 71 to 84%, mean diameter 2.41 to 5.99 µm, and total oil content of up to 10.80%. The results showed that both the wall material type and concentration, as well as the type of essential oil, significantly affected the encapsulation process and the final particle characteristics. Our study has demonstrated that the encapsulation of lavender and peppermint oils in Arabic gum/maltodextrin microparticles by spray-drying represents a feasible approach for the conversion of liquids into solids regarding their further use in powder technology.

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Production and Properties of Mononuclear Microcapsules Encapsulating Cinnamon Oil by Complex Coacervation

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1229 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 477-478 ◽

pp. 1229-1233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wan Long Liu ◽

Zuo Bing Xiao ◽

Guang Yong Zhu ◽

Ru Jun Zhou ◽

Er Qin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Wall Material ◽

Loading Capacity ◽

Complex Coacervation ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽

Mean Size ◽

Scanning Electron

The aim of present study was to prepare the mononuclear microcapsules containing cinnamon oil (CO) using a complex coacervation method with gelatin and pectin as wall material. The surface morphology of microcapsule was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then the microcapsules were analyzed by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to confirm the cinnamon oil had been successfully embedded into the microcapsules and determine the loading capacity. The results showed that the microcapsules were uniform in size, spherical with a mean size of 13.6 ± 4.8μm. The microencapsulation yield, loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency were 65.4±3.3%, 43.3±1.3% and 42.4±1.7%, respectively.

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Microencapsulation of Polymethoxyflavones in Citrus Oil Emulsion-based Delivery Systems (P17-004-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz038.p17-004-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Guifang Tian ◽

Wenbo Ren ◽

David Julian McClements ◽

Hang Xiao ◽

Jinkai Zheng

Keyword(s):

Dietary Supplements ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Smooth Surface ◽

Rational Design ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Particle Breakage ◽

Wall Material

Abstract Objectives There is a growing interest in using polymethoxyflavones (PMFs, a unique class of flavonoids found in citrus fruits) as nutraceuticals because of their multiple health-promoting effects. However, their application in food system is restricted by their poor water solubility and emulsion-based delivery systems are potential means to increase food applicability of PMFs. Herein, the properties and encapsulation efficiency of emulsion and re-dispersible emulsion containing PMFs were determined based on citrus oil and corn oil. Methods Emulsions consisting of maltodextrin (25 wt%) and citrus pectin (1 wt%) in oil phase, citrus oil or corn oil (5 wt%) in water phase were produced and spray dried at different outlet temperatures (110 °C, 130 °C, 150 °C, 170 °C, 190 °C) after homogenization (700 MPa). A series of analytical methods were used to characterize these emulsion systems. Results It was shown from the SEM that the microcapsules of citrus oil presented as spheres with concave-convex surface while those of corn oil presented with smooth surface. The wrinkle surface observed in citrus oil capsule might be attributed that high inlet temperature causes the rapid evaporation of citrus oil, and the smooth surface of corn oil capsule were due to the better structural integrity which was resistant to the mechanical stress during spray drying. As the dryer outlet temperature increased, the degree of particle breakage raised and water content, particle size, flavor compounds and encapsulation efficiency of PMFs in powders reduced. PMFs retention was higher in citrus oil powders than that in corn oil ones at the same temperature, which due to the citrus oil has the better solubility of PMFs and the less particle breakage. Moreover, the citrus oil powder had better water-dispersibility and pleasant flavors than corn oil one. Conclusions The encapsulation efficiency of PMFs was optimal by using the citrus oil as carrier oil, the maltodextrin as wall material and the 150 °C as the outlet air temperature. The results may facilitate the rational design of natural delivery systems to prepare PMFs-enriched functional foods and dietary supplements. Funding Sources The encapsulation efficiency of PMFs was optimal by using the citrus oil as carrier oil, the maltodextrin as wall material and the 150 °C as the outlet air temperature. The results may facilitate the rational design of natural delivery systems to prepare PMFs-enriched functional foods and dietary supplements.

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ENCAPSULATION OF RED GINGER OLEORESIN (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE VAR RUBRUM) WITH CHITOSAN AS WALL MATERIAL

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i8.15632 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jayanudin . ◽

Rochmadi .

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Wall Material ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Outlet Temperature ◽

Spray Dryer ◽

Red Ginger ◽

Scanning Electron

Objective: This research aims to determine the effect of the spray drying condition against encapsulation efficiency and characterization microcapsules of red ginger oleoresin.Methods: Preparation of encapsulation begun with the formation of emulsions by mixing red ginger oleoresin with chitosan solution which was dissolved with acetic acid 2% (v/v). The weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin was 1: 1, 2: 1 and 3: 1 and then stirred using a homogenizer while added 2 ml tween 80 for 10 min. The size of emulsion droplet was measured using nanoparticle analyzer (NPA). The emulsion is formed and then inserted into the feed tank of a spray dryer. Inlet temperature of the spray dryer used in the 180 °C, 190 °C and 200 °C; and the spray dryer outlet temperature was 85 °C, feed rate at 2 L/h. The microcapsules formed were then analyzed encapsulation efficiency and characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Results: Based on the research that has been done, the smallest effective diameter of the emulsion droplets was 216.4±1.5 nm and the largest was 2109.2±46.1 nm. The value of encapsulation efficiency ranged between 83.33±0.42%-99.15±0.02%. Increasing the weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin and increase the spray drying inlet temperature, the encapsulation efficiency is also increased. The highest encapsulation efficiency was 99.15±0.02% occurred at 200 °C of spray drying inlet temperature and the weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin of 3:1. Morphology analysis of the surface of microcapsules using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the inlet temperature of 200 °C was obtained microcapsules with smooth surfaces. The Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis results indicating the absence of new compounds is formed.Conclusion: This research indicates that the spray drying conditions affecting the encapsulation efficiency and morphological characteristics of the red ginger oleoresin microcapsules.

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Supercritical Assisted Production of Lutein-Loaded Liposomes and Modelling of Drug Release

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9071162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1162

Author(s):

Paolo Trucillo ◽

Mathieu Martino ◽

Ernesto Reverchon

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Drug Release ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Spherical Shape ◽

Weibull Model ◽

Lipid Ratio ◽

Process Effects ◽

Ophthalmic Drug ◽

Lutein Content ◽

Scanning Electron

In this work, a lipophilic ophthalmic drug, lutein, has been entrapped in liposomes, using a supercritical assisted process. Effects of pressure, temperature, and drug to lipid ratio variation were studied on mean diameters and lutein encapsulation efficiency. Liposomes with diameters between 153 ± 38 and 267 ± 56 nm were produced, and lutein encapsulation efficiencies between 86.5 ± 0.4% and 97.8 ± 1.2% were obtained. A Scanning Electron Microscope confirmed spherical shape and mean dimensions of vesicles. The variation of temperature for the production of liposomes showed a significant impact on lutein retention time in the double lipidic layer. Lutein drug release from liposomes produced at 35 °C ended in almost 4.5 days; whereas, liposomes produced at 40 °C showed a faster lutein release in 3 days; then, vesicles obtained at 45 °C released their lutein content in only 2 days. Drug release raw data were well-fitted using Weibull model (R2 up to 99%).

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Microencapsulation ofβ-Carotene by Spray Drying: Effect of Wall Material Concentration and Drying Inlet Temperature

International Journal of Food Science ◽

10.1155/2019/8914852 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Luiz C. Corrêa-Filho ◽

Maria M. Lourenço ◽

Margarida Moldão-Martins ◽

Vítor D. Alves

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Wall Material ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Carotene Content ◽

Arabic Gum ◽

Air Inlet ◽

Adverse Environmental Conditions

Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments found mainly in fruits and vegetables. Among them,β-carotene is regarded the most potent precursor of vitamin A. However, it is susceptible to oxidation upon exposure to oxygen, light, and heat, which can result in loss of colour, antioxidant activity, and vitamin activity. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the microencapsulation process ofβ-carotene by spray drying, using arabic gum as wall material, to protect it against adverse environmental conditions. This was carried out using the response surface methodology coupled to a central composite rotatable design, evaluating simultaneously the effect of drying air inlet temperature (110-200°C) and the wall material concentration (5-35%) on the drying yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and antioxidant activity. In addition, morphology and particles size distribution were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy images have shown that the particles were microcapsules with a smooth surface when produced at the higher drying temperatures tested, most of them having a diameter lower than 10μm. The conditions that enabled obtaining simultaneously arabic gum microparticles with higherβ-carotene content, higher encapsulation efficiency, and higher drying yield were a wall material concentration of 11.9% and a drying inlet temperature of 173°C. The systematic approach used for the study ofβ-carotene microencapsulation process by spray drying using arabic gum may be easily applied for other core and wall materials.

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Studies on Magnetron-Sputtered NiO/Si3N4 Thin Films

International Journal of Nanoscience ◽

10.1142/s0219581x17600390 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (03) ◽

pp. 1760039

Author(s):

K. M. Dhanisha ◽

M. Manoj Christopher ◽

M. Abinaya ◽

P. Deepak Raj ◽

M. Sridharan

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Thin Films ◽

Smooth Surface ◽

Deposition Time ◽

Si Substrate ◽

X Ray ◽

Coating Time ◽

Deposited Films ◽

Nio Films ◽

Scanning Electron

The present work deals with NiO/Si3N4 layers formed by depositing nickel oxide (NiO) thin films over silicon nitrate (Si3N[Formula: see text] thin films. NiO films were coated on Si3N4-coated Si substrate using magnetron sputtering method by changing duration of coating time and were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and four-point probe method to study the influence of thickness on physical properties. Crystallinity of the deposited films increases with increase in thickness. All films exhibited spherical-like structure, and with increase in deposition time, grains are coalesced to form smooth surface morphology. The optical bandgap of NiO films was found to decrease from 3.31[Formula: see text]eV to 3.22[Formula: see text]eV with upsurge in the thickness. The film deposited for 30[Formula: see text]min exhibits temperature coefficient resistance of [Formula: see text]1.77%/[Formula: see text]C as measured at 80[Formula: see text]C.

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