scholarly journals Evaluation of the combustion characteristics of isolated droplets of Jet A blended with ethanol and butanol

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Ballester ◽  
Álvaro Muelas ◽  
Pilar Remacha
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Alcohol Mixtures ◽  
Free Falling ◽  
Scarce Data

In light of the potential of ethanol and butanol as alternative fuels for blending with conventional kerosene in gasturbine engines, experimental data regarding the burning characteristics of these blends are required in order tobetter understand their combustion process. In this study, free-falling droplets of Jet A, ethanol, butanol and theirmixtures (20% alcohol in Jet A by volume) were examined in a combustion chamber which providesrepresentative conditions of real flames, both in terms of temperature and oxygen availability. Results show thatthe evolution of droplet diameter for Jet A and its blends with both alcohols are very similar, regardless of theobvious compositional differences. On the other hand, sooting behaviors are found to be quite different, with aclear reduction in the sooting propensity of the Jet A/alcohol mixtures when compared to neat kerosene. Theseresults are consistent with previous studies in gas turbines, suggesting that such blends are viable alternativefuels with similar combustion characteristics to Jet A, but with much less propensity to produce soot. Moreover,this study provides new results on the combustion properties of Jet A/ethanol and Jet A/butanol mixtures, forwhich very scarce data exist in the open literature.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4990

Combustion Characteristics of Isolated Free-Falling Droplets of Jet A Blended With Ethanol and Butanol

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Muelas ◽  
Pilar Remacha ◽  
Javier Ballester
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Alcohol Mixtures

Recent studies on experimental gas turbines suggest that the addition of ethanol or butanol to Jet A are viable alternatives for reducing CO and NOx emissions while maintaining similar performance to that of pure Jet A. In light of this potential, experimental data regarding the burning characteristics of Jet A/ethanol and Jet A/butanol blends are required in order to better understand their combustion process. Following a previous study on Jet A/butanol droplet combustion, the scope has been extended in order to also include ethanol and a Jet A/ethanol mixture as well as to perform a more detailed characterization. In this work the combustion characteristics of Jet A, butanol, ethanol and their mixtures (20% vol. alcohol in kerosene) are presented for different test conditions. The evaluated combustion characteristics include droplet, flame and soot shell size evolutions, burning rates and image-based soot estimations. The influence of oxygen availability is also ascertained. The evolution of droplet diameter and burning rates for Jet A and its blends with both alcohols are very similar, whereas pure ethanol and butanol display more distinct behaviors. Soot indices are found to be quite different, with a clear reduction in the sooting propensity of the Jet A/alcohol mixtures when compared to neat kerosene. These results support the feasibility of kerosene-alcohol mixtures as promising alternative fuels with similar combustion characteristics, but with much lower sooting propensity than pure kerosene.

Combustion Behavior of Jet A Droplets and its Blends With Butanol

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Muelas ◽  
Pilar Remacha ◽  
Adrián Martínez ◽  
Javier Ballester
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Petroleum Fuels ◽  
Scarce Data

In light of the potential of butanol as an alternative fuel for blending with petroleum fuels such as gasoline, diesel or Jet A, experimental data regarding the burning characteristics of these blends are required in order to better understand their combustion process. In this study, freely-falling droplets of butanol, Jet A, and their mixtures (10, 20 and 50% butanol by volume) were examined in a combustion chamber which provides representative conditions of real flames, both in terms of temperature and oxygen availability. The combustion characteristics reported here include evolution of droplet sizes, burning rates, soot measurements, and the occurrence of microexplosions and soot shells. Results show that the evolution of droplet diameter for butanol, Jet A and their blends are very similar, regardless of the obvious compositional differences. Sooting behaviors are found to be quite different, with a clear reduction in the sooting propensity as the butanol content in the fuel increases. These results are consistent with a previous study in a gas turbine showing similar performance among Jet A and its blends with butanol, suggesting that such mixtures are promising alternative fuels with very similar combustion characteristics to Jet A, but with much less propensity to soot. Moreover, this study provides new results on the combustion properties of Jet A/butanol blends, for which very scarce data exist in the open literature.

scholarly journals Investigating Combustion Process of N-Butanol-Diesel Blends in a Diesel Engine with Variable Compression Ratio

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 618-628
Author(s):  
György Szabados ◽  
Kristóf Lukács ◽  
Ákos Bereczky
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection Angle ◽  
Combustion Properties

The search for alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is ongoing. Among the alternatives, plant-based fuels can also be mentioned. Alcohol is not a common fuel for diesel engines because the physical and chemical properties of the alcohols are closer to those of gasoline. In our research, the combustion properties of diesel-n-butanol mixtures have been investigated to obtain results on the effect of butanol blending on combustion. Among the combustion properties, ignition delay, in-cylinder pressure, and heat release rate can be mentioned. They have been observed under different compression conditions on an engine on which the compression ratio can be adjusted. The method used was a quite simple one, so the speed of the engine was set to a constant 900 rpm without load, while three compression ratios (19.92, 15.27, and 12.53) were adjusted with a fuel flow rate of 13 mL/min and the pre-injection angle of 18° BTDC. Blending butanol into the investigated fuel does not significantly affect maximal values of indicated pressure, while much more effect on the pressure rising rate can be detected. Furthermore, heat release rate and ignition delay increased at every compression ratio investigated. Despite the low blending rates of butanol in the mixtures, butanol significantly affects the combustion parameters, especially at high compression ratios.

scholarly journals A Review on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia as a Carbon-Free Fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Shini Lai ◽  
Danan Chen ◽  
Rongjun Wu ◽  
Noriyuki Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
And Storage

A comprehensive review of combustion characteristics of ammonia (NH3) as a carbon free fuel is presented. NH3 is an attractive alternative fuel candidate to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel and the emission of CO2, soot, and hydrocarbon pollutants, due to its comparable combustion properties, productivities from renewable sources, and storage and transportation by current commercial infrastructure. However, the combustion properties of NH3 are quite different from conventional hydrocarbon fuels, which highlight the specific difficulties during the application of NH3. Therefore, this paper presents comparative experimental and numerical studies of the application of NH3 as a fuel during combustion process, including the combustion properties of laminar burning velocity, flame structures, pollutant emissions for the application of NH3 as a carbon free fuel. This paper presents the burning velocity and pollutant emissions of NH3 alone and mixtures with other fuels to improve the combustion properties. The aim of this paper is to review and describe the suitability of NH3 as a fuel, including the combustion and emission characteristics of NH3 during its combustion process.

Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics of Conventional and Alternative Liquid Fuels

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlade Vukadinovic ◽  
Peter Habisreuther ◽  
Nikolaos Zarzalis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Turbulent Flame ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Flame Velocity ◽  
Laser Method ◽  
Markstein Number

Gas turbine combustor design relies strongly on the turbulent flame velocity over the whole turbine operation range. Due to the fact that turbulent flame velocity depends strongly on the laminar one, its characterization at different thermodynamic conditions is necessary for further optimization of gas turbines. The Markstein number, which quantifies the response of the flame to the stretch, also has to be considered. Additionally, the Markstein number can be utilized as an indicator for laminar and turbulent flame front stability. Current attempts to replace conventional fuels, such as kerosene, with alternative ones, obtrude their comparison in order to find the most appropriate substitute. Additionally, significant differences in the flame behavior, which could be recognized through different combustion characteristics, can lead to modification of currently used gas turbine design. Even so, the experimental data of alternative fuels are scarce, especially at elevated pressure conditions. So, the combustion characteristics, laminar burning velocity, and Markstein number of kerosene Jet A-1 and several alternative fuels (gas to liquid (GTL) and GTL blends) are investigated experimentally in an explosion vessel. For this purpose an optical laser method is employed based on the Mie-scattering of the laser light by smoke particles. Within this experimental study the influence of three crucial parameters, initial temperature, initial pressure, and mixture composition on the burning velocity and Markstein number, are investigated. The experiments are performed at three different pressures 1, 2, and 4 bar; three different temperatures 100 °C, 150 °C, and 200 °C; and for a range of equivalence ratio 0.67–1.67. The observed results are compared and discussed in detail.

Assessment of Combustion Characteristics of Higher Alcohols in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Lawyer ◽  
Thomas Wallner ◽  
Andrew Ickes ◽  
Scott Miers ◽  
Jeffrey Naber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Direct Injection Spark Ignition

The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard requires an increase in the production of ethanol and advanced biofuels up to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Ethanol will be limited to 15 billion gallons, which leaves 21 billion gallons to come from other sources. Due to its high octane number, renewable character, and minimal toxicity, ethanol was believed to be one of the most favorable alternative fuels to displace gasoline in spark ignition engines. Replacing gasoline with ethanol results in a substantial reduction in vehicle range, and high ethanol content blends can cause material compatibility issues and require adaptive engine calibrations. In addition, ethanol is fully miscible in water which requires blending at distribution sites instead of the refinery. Higher carbon number alcohols, on the other hand, have a higher energy density and lower affinity for water than ethanol, which could mitigate some of the above mentioned issues. However, little information is available on the combustion characteristics of a majority of the longer-chain alcohols. This study evaluates the combustion properties of higher carbon number alcohols, ranging from ethanol (C2) to hexanol (C6) in a direct-injection, spark-ignition engine. Test fuels are created by splash blending alcohols at a volumetric concentration of 50% with a blendstock for oxygenate blending. Combustion characteristics are evaluated by comparing overall efficiencies as well as heat release characteristics and emissions for a set of representative steady-state operating points. Results suggest that combustion properties of blends of alcohols with carbon numbers from two to six are similar to those of the reference fuel at low and medium engine loads. Properties of blends of alcohols with carbon numbers from two to four are similar to those of the reference fuel even at high loads. However, due to their reduced knock resistance, the suitability of longer chain alcohols, specifically C5 and longer, as blending agents at increased levels is questionable.

Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics of Conventional and Alternative Liquid Fuels

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlade Vukadinovic ◽  
Peter Habisreuther ◽  
Nikolaos Zarzalis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Turbulent Flame ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Flame Velocity ◽  
Laser Method ◽  
Markstein Number

Gas turbine combustor design relies strongly on the turbulent flame velocity over the whole turbine operation range. Due to the fact that turbulent flame velocity depends strongly on the laminar one, its characterisation at different thermodynamic conditions is necessary for further optimisation of gas turbines. The Markstein number, which quantifies the response of the flame to the stretch, also has to be considered. Additionally, the Markstein number can be utilised as an indicator for laminar and turbulent flame front stability. The current attempts to replace conventional fuels, such as kerosene, with alternative ones, obtrude their comparison in order to find the most appropriate substitute. Additionally, significant differences in the flame behaviour, which could be recognised through different combustion characteristics, can lead to modification of currently used gas turbine design. Even so, the experimental data of alternative fuels are scarce, especially at elevated pressure conditions. So, the combustion characteristics, laminar burning velocity and Markstein number of kerosene Jet A-1 and several alternative fuels (GTL and GTL blends) are investigated experimentally in an explosion vessel. For this purpose an optical laser method is employed based on the Mie-scattering of the laser light by smoke particles. Within this experimental study the influence of three crucial parameters: initial temperature, initial pressure and mixture composition on the burning velocity and Markstein number are investigated. The experiments were performed at three different pressures 1, 2, 4bar; three different temperatures 100°C, 150°C, 200°C; and for a range of equivalence ratio 0.67–1.67. The observed results are compared and discussed in detail.

Effects of mustard husk, wheat straw and flaxseed residue blending on combustion behavior of high ash coal and petroleum coke blends

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Pritam Kumar ◽  
Barun Kumar Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
Petroleum Coke ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This present work reports the combustion studies of coal, petroleum coke (PC) and biomass blends to assess the effects of the mustard husk (MH), wheat straw (WS) and flaxseed residue (FR) blending towards improvement of coal combustion characteristics. Ignition temperature (TS), maximum temperature (TP), burnout temperature (TC), activation energy (AE) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG and ΔS) were analyzed to evaluate the impact of biomass and PC blending on coal combustion. Experimental results indicate that coal and PC have inferior combustion characteristics compared to MH, WS and FR. With the increase in WS content in blends from 10 to 30%, TS reduced from 371 to 258OC, TP decreased from 487 to 481OC, inferring substantial enhancements in combustion properties. Kinetic analysis inferred that blended fuel combustion could be explained mostly using reaction models, followed by diffusion-controlled and contracting sphere models. Overall, with the increase in FR mass in blends from 10 to 30%, AE decreased from 108.97 kJ/mol to 70.15 kJ/mol signifying ease of combustion. Analysis of synergistic effects infers that higher biomass addition improves coal and PC blends' combustion behavior through catalytic effects of alkali mineral matters present in biomass. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters signified that combustion of coal and PC is challenging than biomasses, however, blending of biomass makes the combustion process easier.

scholarly journals The study of the spark ignition engine operation at fuelling with n-butanol-gasoline blends

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Cristian Sandu ◽  
Constantin Pană ◽  
Niculae Negurescu ◽  
Alexandru Cernat ◽  
Cristian Nuţu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Combustion Properties

For conventional internal combustion engines alternative fuels such alcohols (ethanol, methanol and butanol) have attracted more attention. This aspect is due to the fact that alcohols have good combustion properties and high oxygen content. Butanol is a viable fuel for blending with conventional fuels such as gasoline or diesel because of its high miscibility with these conventional fuels. The high combustion speed of butanol compared to that of gasoline ensures a shorter burning process thus the engine thermal efficiency can potentially be improved. Moreover, the additional oxygen content of the alcohol n-butanol can potentially improve the combustion process and can lead to a reduction of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons emissions level. Utilizing butanol-gasoline blends can provide a good solution for the reduction of greenhouse gases level (CO2) and pollutants level (CO, HC, and NOx). An experimental study was carried out in a spark ignition engine which was fueled with a blend of n-butanol-gasoline at different volume percentages. The objective of this paper is to determine the effects of butanol on the engine energetic performances and on the emissions (HC, CO and NOx). At first the engine fueled with pure gasoline to set up a reference at the engine load χ=55%, engine speed of n=2500 min-1 and different excess air coefficients (λ). After setting the reference the engine was fueled with butanol-gasoline blend (10% vol. butanol 90% vol. gasoline) with the same engine adjustments. At butanol use the CO, HC and CO2 emissions level decreased, but the NOx emission level increased. The butanol can be considered a good alternative fuel for the spark ignition engines without modifications.

scholarly journals Effect of Adding Emulsifier to Fuel on Work Efficiency and Gas Turbine Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5255
Author(s):  
Paweł Niszczota ◽  
Marian Gieras
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Fuel Mixtures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Co Emission

In an effort to reduce the emissivity of transport and energy, numerous studies are being carried out on the impact of the combustion of alternative fuels on the emission and operating parameters of propulsion and energy units. One of the observed trends is the use of emulsion fuels. The addition of an emulsifier to an emulsion fuel reduces the interfacial tension between two liquids, which allows obtaining an emulsion fuel with the expected stability. The research conducted on self-ignition engines and gas turbines (TG) does not give an unambiguous answer as to the influence of the use of fuel-water emulsion on CO emissions. One of the reasons for the discrepancy in the obtained results may be the type and amount of the emulsifier used in the emulsion fuel. Tests were carried out on the GTM-120 gas turbine to compare the operating parameters and emissions between the cases in which TG was supplied with three fuel mixtures—the standard fuel for TG (DF) and DF with 2% and 5% emulsifier addition. It was shown that the addition of 2% of the emulsifier to DF causes an increase in CO emission, with the remaining measured parameters unchanged. On the other hand, increasing the amount of emulsifier in DF to 5% reduces CO emissions to the level observed in the case in which DF was burned reduces NOx emissions and reduces the thermal efficiency of TG.

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