Quantifying Dietary Diversity by Using Food Group Scores among Schoolchildren of Jaipur: A Seasonal Longitudinal Study

The study examined the impact of rural-urban migration on the food consumption pattern of farming households. The study revealed that 73.8% of the households had migrants, while 80.2% of the migrants were male. The highest level of education of most of the migrants was secondary school (71.4%). The study showed that the major reason (63.3%) for migration was for job. The average remittance sent per year was ₦108,119.14. The study revealed that household expenditure on carbohydrate food group accounted for 54.4% of the total households' expenditure on food. The average dietary diversity indices for the migrant (0.345) and non-migrant (0.346) households were low. The study revealed that migration (short and long term) positively influenced per capita food expenditure of respondent. Despite the remittance from some of the migrants, the need to develop the rural areas in terms of provision of basic infrastructures by government is imperative in order to reduce rural-urban migration.

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A Garden-Based Intervention to Improve Dietary Diversity in Kenyan School Children: Results from a Natural Experiment

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 810-810 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Benjamin-Neelon ◽

Tiange Liu ◽

Eve S Puffer ◽

Liz Turner ◽

Daniel Zaltz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Food Group ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Severe Drought ◽

School Gardens ◽

Post Intervention

Abstract Objectives School gardens may improve child diet, but little is known about their effectiveness in rural areas in low-income countries. We evaluated the ability of school gardens to improve child diet in rural Kenya. We hypothesized that children in intervention schools would improve their dietary diversity and specifically their produce intake. Methods An non-government organization installed gardens in 2 primary schools. We selected 2 geographically proximal additional schools as comparisons. We conducted baseline assessments in 2013, prior to garden installation, and follow-up assessments a year later in 2014 in all 4 schools. We measured child dietary intake via a single 24-hour recall. We calculated dietary diversity using the women's dietary diversity score (WDDS) (continuous) and also examined each of the 10 food group components defined as adequate ≥15 g (binary). We conducted marginal linear or logistic regression models using a generalized estimating equation and included an exposure x time interaction to assess differences in outcomes between intervention and comparison schools from baseline to follow up. We controlled for child age, gender, and orphan status. Results We assessed 855 children (n = 438 intervention; n = 417 comparison) at baseline and 688 children (n = 383 intervention; n = 305 comparison) at follow up. Children in intervention schools were 51.8% male, compared to 56.5% in comparison schools. Mean (standard deviation) age was 11.6 (2.1) years in intervention and 11.8 (2.3) years in comparison schools. All children's WDDS worsened post-intervention. In adjusted difference in difference analyses, WDDS did not differ in intervention vs. comparison schools pre- to post-intervention (β 0.04, CI −0.19, 0.27). However, we observed less of a decrease in meeting adequate intake for pulses (OR 2.18, CI 1.18, 4.01) and other fruits (OR 1.55, CI 1.00, 2.40) in intervention versus comparison schools. Conversely, children in comparison schools had less of a decrease in meat, poultry, and fish compared to children in intervention schools (OR 0.67, CI 0.45, 0.99). Conclusions Children's WDDS worsened in all 4 schools, likely due to a severe drought that affected the region in 2014. We observed some differences in intervention vs. comparison children, but cannot attribute these improvements to school gardens. Funding Sources Duke Global Health Institute.

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Pattern and Extent of Street Food Consumption in Hohoe, Volta Region, Ghana: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2020/7131847 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Winnifred Ekua Baidoe ◽

Mark Kwame Ananga ◽

Elorm Kwame Nyinaku

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Food Group ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Street Food

Background. For most people in developing countries, street food is a major source of sustenance, and Ghana is no exception. Street food vending has seen tremendous growth in Ghana as a result of the insurgence of urbanisation. Despite being one of the largest sectors of national economy in terms of employment and sales of food, very little is known about street food consumption patterns in Ghana. The current study explored the patterns and extent of street food consumption in the Hohoe township. Methods. A cross-sectional design which recruited 403 subjects through a multistage sampling technique. A semistructured questionnaire was used to gather information on demographics, types of street foods, extent of street food consumption, safety concerns, and diversity of street foods patronised. Means, standard deviations, and Chi-square tests were used to determine the association between selected variables at <0.05 level of significance. Results. The top 5 foods mostly patronised by respondents are porridge foods-Koko (17.9%), rice and stew (17.4%), banku (12.6%), waakye (11.5%), and kenkey (8.7%) with porridge foods consumed almost on a daily basis. Convenience (37.2%) and affordability (17.1%) greatly influenced the choice of street foods among consumers. Occupation and the level of education are strongly correlated with the concern for safety of street foods {(X2 = 17.3094, P<0.008); (X2 = 17.1731, P<0.002)}. The dietary diversity score of most respondents was in the high tercile (77.7%) (≥6 food groups), whilst the cereals dominate the food group mostly consumed by respondents. Conclusion. The study suggests that patronising street food is very high in Hohoe municipality, irrespective of the gender, occupation, or educational level. As an “informal” sector of food business, street foods often escape formal inspection and control. They can, therefore, both be the source of food safety problems and contribute to the deterioration of environmental hygiene. This is a call on policy makers and regulators to take a critical look at the sector.

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Household Food Insecurity, Dietary Diversity, Stunting, and Anaemia among Left-Behind Children in Poor Rural Areas of China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16234778 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4778 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yang ◽

Yuan ◽

Yang ◽

Zou ◽

Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Rural China ◽

Nutritional Intervention ◽

Food Group ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Household Food Insecurity ◽

Left Behind ◽

Household Food

Left-behind children (LBC) are a newly emerged social group in China. Poor nutritional status is particularly prominent in this population. However, their food insecurity tends to attract very little attention. This study aims to investigate the relationship between food insecurity and undernutrition (stunting and anaemia) in 3 to 5-year-old LBC in rural China. Face-to-face interviews were administered to 553 LBC caregivers in 40 rural villages of Hunan Province, China. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to assess household food insecurity (HFI). Dietary diversity score (DDS) and food group consumption frequency were measured by 24 h-recall and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Hemoglobin tests and anthropometric measurements including height and weight were measured by trained health professionals. Logistic regression was constructed to assess the association between household food insecurity and dietary diversity, stunting, and anaemia. A high prevalence of household food insecurity was determined (67.6%). The weighted prevalence of stunting and anaemia were 16.6% and 26.5%, respectively. Food insecurity was positively associate with LBC stunting (severe HFI: OR = 6.50, 95% CI: 2.81, 15.00; moderate HFI: OR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.60, 7.54), and anaemia (severe HFI: OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.57). LBC with food insecurity had significantly lower dietary diversity than those who were food-secure (p < 0.001). The prevalence of household food insecurity among LBC in poor rural China is high and is associated with low DDS, stunting, and anaemia. Nutritional intervention programs and policies are urgently needed to reduce household food insecurity and undernutrition for this vulnerable population.

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Nutritional intake and dietary patterns in pregnancy: a longitudinal study of women with lifetime eating disorders

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512000256 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 2093-2099 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Nadia Micali ◽

Kate Northstone ◽

Pauline Emmett ◽

Ulrike Naumann ◽

Janet L. Treasure

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Food Group ◽

Population Based ◽

Food Groups ◽

Caffeine Consumption ◽

Parents And Children ◽

In Pregnancy

There is limited knowledge about dietary patterns and nutrient/food intake during pregnancy in women with lifetime eating disorders (ED). The objective of the present study was to determine patterns of food and nutrient intake in women with lifetime ED as part of an existing longitudinal population-based cohort: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Women with singleton pregnancies and no lifetime psychiatric disorders other than ED (n 9723) were compared with women who reported lifetime (ever) ED: (anorexia nervosa (AN, n 151), bulimia nervosa (BN, n 186) or both (AN+BN, n 77)). Women reported usual food consumption using a FFQ at 32 weeks of gestation. Nutrient intakes, frequency of consumption of food groups and overall dietary patterns were examined. Women with lifetime ED were compared with control women using linear regression and logistic regression (as appropriate) after adjustment for relevant covariates, and for multiple comparisons. Women with lifetime ED scored higher on the ‘vegetarian’ dietary pattern; they had a lower intake of meat, which was compensated by a higher consumption of soya products and pulses compared with the controls. Lifetime AN increased the risk for a high ( ≥ 2500 g/week) caffeine consumption in pregnancy. No deficiencies in mineral and vitamin intake were evident across the groups, although small differences were observed in macronutrient intakes. In conclusion, despite some differences in food group consumption, women with lifetime ED had similar patterns of nutrient intake to healthy controls. Important differences in relation to meat eating and vegetarianism were highlighted, as well as high caffeine consumption. These differences might have an important impact on fetal development.

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Using National Survey Data From Nigeria to Assess Maternal-Child Dietary Concordance and Inform Nutrition Program Strategy

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab038_001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 389-389

Author(s):

Nadia Akseer ◽

Rebecca A Heidkamp ◽

Andrew Thorne-Lyman

Keyword(s):

Maternal Education ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Food Group ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Food Groups ◽

Diet Diversity ◽

Maternal Child

Abstract Objectives Improving child diet diversity is a policy priority in many settings. Multiple factors influence complementary feeding practices in low-income countries including household food access, caregiver-level factors and cultural practices. Child's dietary data is often available in national surveys (i.e., Demographic and Health Surveys, DHS), but they typically lack diet data from adults. The 2018 Nigeria DHS was among the first to measure food group intake in both young children and women. We describe the relationship between child and maternal diet diversity in Nigeria and highlight implications for design of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) programs. Methods Using the Nigeria DHS 2018 dataset, we estimated consumption of individual food groups in the previous 24 hours as well as minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months (MDD-C) and their mothers, women 15–49 years (MDD-W) using WHO-UNICEF definitions. We compare rates of concordance and discordance between n = 8975 mother-child pairs for individual food groups and MDD using McNemar's tests. Probit regression was used to identify drivers of MDD-C. Results Nationally, 22% of children achieve MDD-C; 51% of mothers achieve MDD-W. For both populations, the most commonly consumed group is grains, roots and tubers (>80%) Dairy and eggs are the least consumed. Maternal-child (age 12–23 months) discordance is highest for consumption of legumes and nuts (36%), vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (39%) and other fruits and vegetables (57%); mothers consume these more frequently. Children are more likely than mothers to consume dairy (19% vs 8%) and eggs (8% vs 4%). Maternal-child food group discordance is consistently higher for children 6–11months than children 12–23 months. Results vary at state level and by maternal age group. Children's MDD probability is increased by MDD-W (27%, P < 0.001), higher maternal education (8%, P < 0.01) and household wealth (7%, P < 0.01). Conclusions Maternal and child diet diversity is suboptimal in Nigeria. Maternal diet is a primary driver of child diet in Nigeria. Legumes and nuts and fruits and vegetables are available but not consistently fed to children; an important finding for IYCF program design. The forthcoming DHS-8 core questionnaire will provide child and maternal diet data for more than 90 countries. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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The Influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23 months of age in Tanzania

10.21203/rs.2.16657/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Gharib Khamis ◽

Akwilina Wendelin Mwanri ◽

Julius Edward Ntwenya ◽

Katharina Kreppel

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Food Group ◽

Limited Information ◽

Food Groups ◽

Child Feeding ◽

Young Child Feeding ◽

Nutritional Status Of Children ◽

Minimum Dietary Diversity

Abstract Background Undernutrition poses a serious health challenge in developing countries. Tanzania has the highest undernutrition burdens in East and Southern Africa. Poor infant and young child feeding practices including consumption of undiversified diet are the main cause for undernutrition. There is limited information regarding the association between dietary diversity and undernutrition in Tanzania. The objective of this paper was to examine to what extent the dietary diversity is associated with undernutrition of children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania.Methods This is a secondary data analysis from data collected by the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey of 2015-2016. Stunting, wasting and underweight were calculated from Z-scores based on 2006 WHO standards. A dietary diversity score was created by summing the number of food groups reported for each child by the mother ranging from 0 to 7. Then, a Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) indicator was used to assess the diversity of the diet given to children. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to assess the odds ratios of becoming undernourished.Results A total of 2,960 children were enrolled in this study. The majority (73.9%) of children did not reach the recommended Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD). The most commonly consumed types of foods were grains, roots and tubers (91%), and Vitamin A containing fruits and vegetables (65%). Consumption of a diverse diet was significantly associated with a reduction of stunting, wasting and being underweight in children. The likelihood of being stunted, wasted and underweight was found to decrease as the number of food group consumed increased. Children who did not received an MDD diet had a significantly higher likelihood of being stunted (AOR=1.37, 95% CI; 1.13-1.65) and underweight (AOR=1.49, 95% CI; 1.15-1.92), but this was not the case for wasting. Consumption of animal source foods has been found to be associated with reduced stunting among children.Conclusion Consumption of a diverse diet was associated with a reduction in undernutrition among children of 6 to 23 months in Tanzania. Measures to improve the type of complementary foods in order to meet the energy and nutritional demands of children should be considered in Tanzania.

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Dietary Diversity and Self-Reported Memory Deterioration in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 95-95

Author(s):

Jian Zhang ◽

Ai Zhao ◽

Chenlu Yang ◽

Zhongxia Ren ◽

Wei Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Food Group ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

The Past ◽

Memory Improvement ◽

Memory Deterioration

Abstract Objectives To investigate the association between dietary diversity and memory deterioration in Chinese adults aged 50 years or older. Methods This study was based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey, a longitudinal study initiated in 1989. Information on general characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, medical history, and dietary intake (by 3-day dietary recall and household food inventory) were collected in each survey round. In the survey 2015, participants were additionally asked “How is your memory?” (very good, good, OK, bad, or very bad) and “In the past twelve months, how has your memory changed?” (improved, stayed the same, or deteriorated). The dietary diversity score (DDS) was developed according to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines and was calculated based on the data collected in the survey 2011. The DDS included eight food groups (cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, meat, soybeans and nuts, eggs, aquatic products, and milk and dairy products). If a participant consumed any food from a certain food group in the past 24 hours, then he would get one point for that food group. Average daily DDS scores were calculated. Participants who had been diagnosed with apoplexy and those who were uncertain about their memory status were excluded. Multinomial Logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between DDS scores and self-reported memory changes, taking the participants whose memory stayed the same as the reference. In the multivariate analysis, covariates (age, gender, residential region, education, and alcohol consumption) were adjusted. Results Of the 4363 participants included in our analysis, the percentages of participants who thought their memory was OK, bad (bad or very bad), and good (good or very good) were 43.3%, 24.3%, and 32.4%, respectively. 47.3% of the participants reported memory deterioration in the past 12 months, and 1.4% reported memory improvement. The average value of DDS in participants was 4.09 ± 1.13. Multivariate analysis showed that higher DDS (OR = 0.82,95% CI = 0.77∼0.87, P < 0.001) was inversely associated with the risk of memory deterioration. No association between memory improvement and dietary diversity was observed. Conclusions Lower dietary diversity was associated with self-reported memory deterioration in Chinese adults. Funding Sources The authors received no financial support.

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