scholarly journals Structure and Process Evaluation of Cold Chain Management and Routine Immunization Services in Rural Western Gujarat

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Pithadia Pradeep R ◽  
Shah Viral R ◽  
Makwana Naresh R ◽  
Parmar Dipesh
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Immunization Services

Maintenance of cold chain points are vital for preserving potency of vaccines for immunization of children and thereby averting vaccine preventable diseases in the community. Cold chain handlers should have sufficient knowledge and skills related to cold chain equipment handling and immunization practices.  The present study aims to evaluate maintenance of cold chain facilities at primary health care centers (PHCs), related logistics and observation of Mamta Day (Immunization Day). The observations include knowledge and practice of health workers about immunization activities, their communication skills, training status etc. Methods: There are total 31 Primary Health Centers in Jamnagar district, out of which, we decided to include 50% (15) of primary health centers and observed their cold chain, and Immunization day at a subcentre or Anganwadi centre of the selected PHC to assess the quality of immunization services. We included equal number of cold chain points from each block of the district to make it representative of entire district. Results:  Average population served by a cold chain point is 21985. Vaccine related logistics like cold boxes, vaccine carriers etc. were adequate in all facilities. All cold chain equipments were placed as per standard guidelines. The posts of medical officers and pharmacists were vacant in almost one fourth of cold chain points and they were run on deputation from other facilities. The knowledge and skills of health workers related to immunization practices were found to be satisfactory. Conclusion:  We observed that routine immunization program was implementing in the district satisfactorily. The posts of medical officers and pharmacists need to be filled up at the earliest for smooth functioning of immunization program in primary health centres.

scholarly journals Assessing the capacity of primary health care centres to provide routine immunization services amidst COVID-19 lockdown in Kaduna state, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 3731
Author(s):  
Auwal G. Suleiman ◽  
Abdulhakeem A. Olorukooba ◽  
Zaharadeen S. Babandi ◽  
Shehu S. Umar ◽  
Umar M. Umar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunization Services

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to disrupt health systems across the globe, preventing access to essential health services. Lockdown measures against the virus may impact negatively on immunization services. This study aimed to ascertain the capacity of primary health care centres in Kaduna North senatorial district to provide routine immunization services amidst a state-wide lockdown.Methods: Cluster sampling was used to select four among eight local Government areas in the district. Facility in-charges and RI focal persons were interviewed using service availability and readiness assessment tool, restricted to immunization tracer items. Paired sample t-test was used to compare the mean number of vaccine doses given in the first quarter of 2020 (pre-lockdown) and the number of doses given in the second quarter (lockdown period).Results: Forty four PHCs were selected from Zaria (29.6%), Sabon Gari (25.0%), Makarfi (22.7%) and Kudan (22.7%). In addition to well-trained RI focal persons, most facilities had vaccines and commodities available. Shortages were noted for EPI guidelines (46%), Meningitis-A vaccine (36%) and certain cold chain equipment (up to 18%). Tetanus-diphtheria (Td-1) doses given during lockdown period were significantly lower than pre-lockdown doses (Mean difference=-45.58, 95% CI: -74.78 to -16.38, d=0.48). No significant difference exists for infant doses.Conclusions: Despite widespread availability of PHC facilities, trained personnel, vaccines and commodities, gaps still exist in service delivery, cold chain practices and vaccine supply management. Lockdown measures significantly disrupted immunization services and effective risk communication was key to achieving sustained utilization.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic on Immunization Activities in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Patrizia Parodi ◽  
Francesco Maraglino ◽  
Anna Caraglia
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 has led to disruption in routine immunization programs around the globe. In Italy, we assessed the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on immunization activities using a questionnaire to explore reasons for decrease in vaccination and measures implemented. Sixteen Regional Health Services over 21 answered (76.1%). A decrease in immunization activities was mostly recorded after the notification of the first local cases in Italy and during the peak of the epidemic. About one-fourth (28%) of immunization centres suspended their activities and more than 33% of health workers in immunization centres were shifted to the COVID-19 response. Specific training on COVID-19 was generally reported. Children above 1 year of age until adolescence were the most affected by disruption of immunization services followed by adults indicating that primary series vaccination were prioritized. Several measures were implemented, such as immunization only under appointment, give priority to some immunization/ subjects and extend the hours of work to avoid overcrowding; telephone call to families; developing a list of children who have missed their vaccine doses; preparing a targeted action plan to ensure rapid catch up of children who are not up to date with their vaccination. Information and awareness raising activities were also indicated, even if in a lesser extent. The results of the survey were used to collect and disseminate best practices in order to minimizing the effect of the pandemic on vaccine preventable diseases. Keywords: COVID-19, routine immunization, immunization catch-up activities, vaccination services, Italy

scholarly journals Routine immunization services in the light of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2867
Author(s):  
Chinnu Sara Varughese ◽  
Anuradha Kunal Shah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

World immunisation week is observed every year in the last week of 24th April to 30th April. Many parts of the world are still reeling under the threats of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and the importance of vaccination cannot be understated even in times of any other crisis. Worldwide, millions of children are saved from the grip of infectious diseases like polio and measles, and annually, around 2 to 3 million deaths are being averted. Routine immunization services, mass vaccination campaigns, catch up, and mop up sessions through outreach activities form part of the vaccine delivery strategies.

scholarly journals Evaluation, Awareness, Practice and Management of Cold Chain at the Primary Health Care Centers in Coastal South India

1970 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rao ◽  
S Naftar ◽  
S Baliga ◽  
B Unnikrishnana
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Status ◽  
Primary Health Care Centers ◽  
Maintenance Process

Introduction: Vaccination is one of the most effective disease prevention strategies and potency of vaccines is dependent on effective management of cold chain at all levels of vaccine handling. The objective was to assess the status of cold chain at the primary health centers and to assess the knowledge and practices of medical officers at these centers regarding cold chain management.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at 70 primary health centers of Dakshina Kannada District of Coastal South India. Cold chain equipment and maintenance process was noted following direct observation on uninformed visits. Data regarding the knowledge and practices of cold chain management was obtained by interviewing the medical officers using structured pretested questionnaire.Results: Ice lined refrigerators and deep freezers were available in 69 (98.6%) and 67(95.8%) of centers. Dial thermometer was present in all the centers. Cold boxes, frozen packs and automated voltage stabilizers were available in 68(97.2%) centers. Improper vaccine storage was observed in 7 (10%) centers. Majority of medical officers had knowledge and correct practices in fields like ideal equipment, OPV administration, vaccine requiring diluents but only 47 (61.8%) medical officers had correct practice of defrosting the deep freezers.Conclusions: The availability of equipment is near universal. Improper vaccine storage practices and poor knowledge in some fields of cold chain management may adversely affect the quality of administered vaccine. Relevant training for those handling the cold chain is recommended.Key words: Cold Chain; India; Primary health center; Temperature monitoring   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i1.5946  J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.32(1) 2012 19-22

scholarly journals Analisis Kebutuhan dan Pemanfaatan Buku Serta Pedoman Pelayanan KIA di Puskesmas: Studi Kualitatif

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Diyan Ermawan Effendi ◽  
Arief Priyo Nugroho ◽  
Suharmiati Suharmiati ◽  
Lestari Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Maternal And Child Health ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Needs Analysis ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Expectant Mothers ◽  
Ease Of Access ◽  
And Child Health

The high rate of maternal (MMR) and infant mortalities (IMR) is a detrimental health development challenge in Indonesia. The use of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) handbook and MCH service guidelines are the government’s eff orts in reducing the MMR and IMR. However, the reduction of MMR and IMR is still slow. The fi nding of the previous study asserts the need for MCH handbook and MCH service guidelines modifi cations to be suited to the needs of users, both health workers, and expectant mothers. Therefore, this study mainly aims to analyze the needs and use of MCH handbook and service guidelines by doctors and midwives in the primary health centers. The method was qualitative needs analysis with 137 informants from 12 health centers in three regions of Indonesia. The results revealed that the needs of health workers were clustered in three signifi cant aspects; instrumental (language and book-making materials), managerial (procurement, distribution, and dissemination) and operational (ease of access to MCH handbook and service guidelines as well as the availability of SOP). The fulfi llment of these three aspects is expected to improve the MCH program’s achievement, especially in cities where the research took place and other areas with similar characteristics. Abstrak Tingginya Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) dan Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) masih menjadi masalah dalam pembangunan kesehatan di Indonesia. Penggunaan buku Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak (KIA) serta pedoman pelayanan KIA merupakan upaya pemerintah dalam penurunan AKI dan AKB. Meskipun demikian, penurunan AKI dan AKB dinilai masih lambat. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan perlunya modifi kasi buku dan pedoman pelayanan KIA disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pengguna, baik tenaga kesehatan maupun ibu hamil. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bermaksud menganalisis kebutuhan dan pemanfaatan buku dan pedoman pelayanan KIA oleh dokter dan bidan di puskesmas. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis kebutuhan kualitatif dengan 137 informan dari 12 puskesmas di tiga Kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kebutuhan nakes terkelompok pada tiga aspek utama, yaitu instrumental (bahasa dan bahan pembuat buku), manajerial (pengadaan, pemerataan distribusi dan sosialisasi) dan operasional (kemudahan akses pada buku dan pedoman layanan KIA dan ketersediaan SOP). Pemenuhan terhadap tiga aspek tersebut diharapkan mampu memperbaiki capaian program pelayanan KIA khususnya di wilayah tempat penelitian.

scholarly journals Clients’ willingness to pay for immunization services in the urban and rural primary health centers of Enugu state, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Ndudi Ossai ◽  
Akinola Ayoola Fatiregun
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Enugu State

Our study aims at determining the pattern of willingness of clients to pay for childhood immunization services in urban and rural primary health centers of Enugu state, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional design, 800 clients who presented with their children/wards to receive childhood immunization services were selected at the primary health center in rural and urban local government areas of the state. The mean age was 28.9±4.5 and 26.7±5.1 years in the urban and rural areas respectively. About 54.5% of clients in the urban and 55.3% in the rural area were willing to pay for immunization services. The clients willingness to pay was influenced by: non satisfaction with immunization services, (OR=0.3, 95%CI: 0.2- 0.5), younger age, (OR=1.4, 95%CI: 1.0-2.0) marital status (OR=2.8, 95%CI: 1.2-6.5), proximity to health centers (OR=0.6, 95%CI: 0.4- 0.8), and delivering in a private health facility (OR=0.4, 95%CI: 0.1-0.9). The study suggests that the economic value that clients give to immunization services was similar in the rural and urban areas, and this could be increased by improving the level of clients’ satisfaction for the services among others.

scholarly journals The operational impact of deploying SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in countries of the WHO African Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin R. Ortiz ◽  
Joanie Robertson ◽  
Jui-Shan Hsu ◽  
Stephen L. Yu ◽  
Amanda J. Driscoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
African Region ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

ABSTRACTBackgroundWhen available, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be deployed to countries with limited immunization systems.MethodsWe conducted an immunization capacity assessment of a simulated WHO African Region country using region-specific data on immunization, population, healthcare workers (HCWs), vaccine cold storage capacity (quartile values for national and subnational levels), and characteristics of influenza vaccines to represent future SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We calculated monthly increases in vaccine doses, doses per vaccinator, and cold storage volumes for four-month SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns targeting risk groups compared to routine immunization baselines.FindingsAdministering SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to risk groups would increase total monthly doses by 27.0% for ≥65 years, 91.7% for chronic diseases patients, and 1.1% for HCWs. Assuming median nurse density estimates adjusted for absenteeism and proportion providing immunization services, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns would increase total monthly doses per vaccinator by 29.3% for ≥65 years, 99.6% for chronic diseases patients, and 1.2% for HCWs. When we applied quartiles of actual African Region country vaccine storage capacity, routine immunization vaccine volumes exceeded national-level storage capacity for at least 75% of countries, but subnational levels had sufficient storage capacity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for at least 75% of countries.InterpretationIn the WHO African Region, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns would substantially increase doses per vaccinator and cold chain capacity requirements over routine immunization baselines. Pandemic vaccination campaigns would add volume to national-level stores already at their limits, but sufficient capacity exists at subnational levels. Immediate attention to strengthening immunization systems is essential to support pandemic responses.FundingNone

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