In vitro Insights into Prospect of Cnestis ferruginea Pulp Extract as an Antimicrobial Agent

Sensitivity study of Cnestis ferruginea pulp extract with respect to the reference commercial antibiotics was tested against four bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three fungi (Trichoderum rubrum, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans) strains isolated in man with a view to elucidating the inhibitory potency of the plant pulp’ extract using an agar well diffusion assay. The investigation discovered that the extract had 71% inhibitory activities against the microbial isolates tested either in sterilized or non-sterilized form and in the two different concentrations examined, which compared favourably with reference antibiotics used. The optimal performance of the pulp extract against the test organisms could be due to the presence of the metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and polyphenols found in ample form in the extract. This study has revealed the possible utilization of Cnestis ferrugineain the treatment of wound, urinary infections and in the management of oral-related infections.

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In-vitro antibacterial activity of the seed extract of three-member Artocarpus towards Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium ◽

10.29238/teknolabjournal.v9i2.237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 128-135

Author(s):

Muhammad Evy Prastiyanto ◽

Inas Hasna Azizah ◽

Hafizha Dara Haqi ◽

Bagus Dwi Yulianto ◽

Aulia Bella Agmala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Biological Source ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽

Diffusion Assay ◽

Seed Extracts

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have created a critical need for the development of natural antibacterials from a biological source. This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of the seed extract of three-member Artocarpus (Artocarpus heterophyllus, A. champeden, and A. camansi) against MRSA which are the most prevalent causes of infections in patients. Crude seed extracts of three-member Artocarpus were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against MRSA. The antibacterial activity against MRSA of the three extracts was assayed in vitro by the agar well diffusion assay and agar microdilution method and minimum bactericidal concentration. The antibacterial activity, calculated as a zone of inhibition and MIC, MBC values. The Crude seed extracts of three-member Artocarpus showed antibacterial activity against the MRSA in the agar well diffusion assay (1.5-9 mm inhibition diameter). The MIC value of extract showed at 15.62 mg/mL and the MBC value of seed extract of A. heterophyllus at 62.5 mg/mL, A. champeden at 31.25 mg/mL, A. camansi at 250 mg/mL. All seed extracts have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents, particularly against MRSA strain. Studies on the antibacterial activity against MRSA can provide new information about the benefits seed of members of Artocarpus as a source of natural antibacterial.

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Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Dialium ovoideum thwaites, an endemic plant in Sri Lanka

Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.3329/ajmbr.v6i2.48078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 316-320

Author(s):

Vajira P Bulugahapitiya ◽

Rathnaweera TN ◽

Wijayaratne WMDGB ◽

Manawadu HC

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Value Added ◽

Endemic Plant ◽

E Coli ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Assay

This study was aimed exploring the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the leaves D. thwaites is an endemic plant to Sri Lanka. The plant is known for its nutritional and medicinal applications where especially the leaf decoctions are being used to wash skin wounds in indigenous medicine. The brine shrimp lethality assays was performed to evaluate normal toxicity and it gave LC50 value greater than 1000 μg/ mL showing that the plant extracts are non-toxic to the normal cells. The agar-well diffusion assay was performed to assess the antimicrobial activity, and strains of bacteria; E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and fungus; Candida albicans were used as test organisms. The results indicated that all the extracts are active against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram Positive) with maximum inhibition shown for methanolic and aqueous extracts. When it was tested against MRSA both aqueous and methanolic extracts gave similar inhibitions. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined as 6.25 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively with S. aureus whereas no inhibition observed by any of the extract against Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Thus, this study revealed the leaves of D. thwaites possesses strong anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA. The results confirmed the efficacy of using D. thwaites as the natural antimicrobial agent and suggested to develop the leaves into value added products to be used in topical applications as antiseptic solutions or ointments. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2020, 6(2): 316-320

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Estimation of Alkaloids and Antibacterial Activity of Aconitum spicatum Bruhl Stapf from Manaslu Conservation Area

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v13i1.7443 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 67-71

Author(s):

Sajan L Shyaula ◽

Ash B Ngakushi ◽

Bijaya L Maharjan ◽

Mangala D Manandhar

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Conservation Area ◽

National Priority ◽

Pathogenic Microbes ◽

The Government ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽

Diffusion Assay

Aconitum spicatum is one of the deadly poisonous and highly valued medicinal plant. It is a national prioritized herb among 30 national priority herbs listed by the government of Nepal for their development, research and cultivation. The acute toxicity of the extract of this plant appeared to be directly related to the alkaloid content. The amount of total alkaloid of A. spicatum collected from Manaslu conservation area was calculated to be 1.7% by spectrophotometric method based on Dragendorff’s reagent. In-vitro evaluation of the crude extract of plant rhizomes using agar well diffusion assay against eight bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Schigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumonia, displayed potential antibacterial activity. The diethyl ether fraction was the most effective against all pathogenic microbes with minimum bacterial concentration value 3.125-6.25 mg/ml. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 1 (2012) 67-71 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i1.7443

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Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts and fractions of Vernonia polyanthes Less (assa-peixe) flowers

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais ◽

10.1590/1983-084x/14_110 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (4 suppl 2) ◽

pp. 909-914 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K.K. WALTRICH ◽

J. HOSCHEID ◽

I.S. PROCHNAU

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Agar Diffusion ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Agar Diffusion Assay ◽

Macerated Extract ◽

Diffusion Assay

ABSTRACT Vernonia polyanthes, known as “assa-peixe”, is a plant native to Brazil, and the decoction or infusion of its flowers, roots and leaves are used in folk medicine, being considered sources of diuretic, balsamic, anti-rheumatic substances, and are used in cases of bronchitis and persistent cough. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extract/fractions obtained by methanol maceration and infusion of V. polyanthes flower, also including qualitative identification of flower compounds, through phytochemical evaluation, using colorimetric tests. Identification tests for the presence of anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids were performed. Microbiological evaluation was made through agar diffusion assay, using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonasaeruginosa as test organisms. From the performed colorimetric tests it was possible to verify the presence of tannins and flavonoids in both extracts. Alkaloids were also observed in the macerated extract. The ethyl acetate fraction from the agar diffusion assay, from both extracts, presented microbial activity over Staphylococcus aureus. It was possible to qualitatively identify the floral compounds, and to show the differences between extraction methods, being methanol considered the best solvent to the extraction.

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Potential Antibacterial Activity of Bergenia purpurascens

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v12i0.6494 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gan B Bajracharya ◽

Rokesh Maharjan ◽

Bijaya L Maharjan

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Healing Of Wounds ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽

Diffusion Assay ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Bergenia purpurascens, an important traditional medicinal plant used as Ayurveda, was collected at 3800 m from the Manaslu Conservation Area. In vitro evaluation of the crude extracts of the plant rhizomes using agar well diffusion assay against eight bacteria displayed potential antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration values for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shiegella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus were determined. This study supports the traditional use of the plant material for the healing of wounds and antibiotic effect.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6494 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 157-162

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In-vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) and Garcinia kola (Bitter kola)

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (03) ◽

pp. 249-253

Author(s):

Nicholas Chinedu Ewelike ◽

Joy Chinyere Okammadu ◽

Vincent Ezechukwu Ogwudire ◽

Raymond Ikechukwu Nnadozie

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Garcinia Kola ◽

Test Organisms ◽

African Star Apple

Methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) and Garcinia kola (bitter kola) were studied for in-vitro microbial activity using the disc diffusion technique. The aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans but showed no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia. The methanolic leaf extract of Garcinia kola inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia while the aqueous extract of the leaf inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Both methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of the plant showed no antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum ranged from 12.5 mgL-1 to 25 mgL-1 while those of Garcinia kola ranged from 25 mgL-1 to 50 mgL-1. The results obtained suggest that the leaves of these plants can be used in treating diseases caused by the test organisms. The further investigation on the crude extracts would characterize bioactive components of the leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum and Garcinia kola.

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Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Thiouracil Derivatives Contain-ing 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine

Letters in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570178617999200826164227 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Penglei Cui ◽

Di Zhang ◽

Xiumin Guo ◽

Shujing Ji ◽

Qingmei Jiang

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

New Compounds ◽

Thiouracil Derivatives ◽

Antibacterial Evaluation

: A series of new thiouracil compounds containing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine were designed and synthesized. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the new compounds against Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were tested. The results showed that some of the new compounds had strong inhibitory activities against the tested bacteria. At the concentration of 50 μg/mL, the compound 12d had broad and the highest inhibitory activity with the 100% inhibition against the three tested strains, the same as norfloxacin which was used as the control.

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Novel Cytoplasmic Bacteriocin Compounds Derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis Selectively Kill Staphylococcus aureus, Including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9020087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 87 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

In-Taek Jang ◽

Miso Yang ◽

Hwa-Jung Kim ◽

Jeong-Kyu Park

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Sds Page ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽

Diffusion Assay

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the well-known agents causing atopic dermatitis (AD) in susceptible individuals, and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) produces class I thermostable bacteriocins that can selectively kill S. aureus, suggesting protective roles against AD. There is a large need for developing precise therapies only to target S. aureus and not to harm the beneficial microbiome. On the agar well diffusion assay, live planktonic S. epidermidis showed clear zones of inhibition of S. aureus growth, but heat-killed cells and cell-free supernatants did not show this. These results would lead us to hypothesize that cytoplasmic bacteriocin from S. epidermidis will be a promising agent to inhibit S. aureus growth. Therefore, we have extracted a novel thermolabile cytoplasmic bacteriocin from S. epidermidis using trichloroactic acid (TCA)/acetone precipitation method after cell lysis with a SDS-containing buffer. These bacteriocin selectively exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), presenting no active actions against S. epidermidis, E. coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium. The extracted cytoplasmic bacteriocin compounds revealed several diffuse bands of approximately 40–70 kDa by SDS-PAGE. These findings suggest that these cytoplasmic bacteriocin compounds would be a great potential means for S. aureus growth inhibition and topical AD treatment.

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, or vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-susceptible or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.41.8.1662 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 41 (8) ◽

pp. 1662-1667 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

J M Entenza ◽

J Vouillamoz ◽

M P Glauser ◽

P Moreillon

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Standard Treatment ◽

Racemic Mixture ◽

Oral Antibiotics ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Trough Levels

Levofloxacin is the L isomer of ofloxacin, a racemic mixture in which the L stereochemical form carries the antimicrobial activity. Levofloxacin is more active than former quinolones against gram-positive bacteria, making it potentially useful against such pathogens. In this study, levofloxacin was compared to ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, and vancomycin for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to two methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. The four test organisms were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, the levofloxacin MICs for the organisms were low (0.12 to 0.25 mg/liter), and the organisms were killed in vitro by drug concentrations simulating both the peak and trough levels achieved in human serum (5 and 0.5 mg/liter, respectively) during levofloxacin therapy. Rats with aortic endocarditis were treated for 3 days. Antibiotics were injected with a programmable pump to simulate the kinetics of either levofloxacin (350 mg orally once a day), ciprofloxacin (750 mg orally twice a day), flucloxacillin (2 g intravenously four times a day), or vancomycin (1 g intravenously twice a day). Levofloxacin tended to be superior to ciprofloxacin in therapeutic experiments (P = 0.08). More importantly, levofloxacin did not select for resistance in the animals, in contrast to ciprofloxacin. The lower propensity of levofloxacin than ciprofloxacin to select for quinolone resistance was also clearly demonstrated in vitro. Finally, the effectiveness of this simulation of oral levofloxacin therapy was at least equivalent to that of standard treatment for MSSA or MRSA endocarditis with either flucloxacillin or vancomycin. This is noteworthy, because oral antibiotics are not expected to succeed in the treatment of severe staphylococcal infections. These good results obtained with animals suggest that levofloxacin might deserve consideration for further study in the treatment of infections due to ciprofloxacin-susceptible staphylococci in humans.

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IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CEFADROXIL CAPSULES CONSUMED BY PATIENTS IN THE HOSPITAL

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community ◽

10.24071/jpsc.002162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 118-124

Author(s):

Mahfudz Mahfudz ◽

Suharjono Suharjono ◽

Isnaeni Isnaeni ◽

Primadi Avianto

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Clinical use of cefadroxil, particularly in Bangka Tengah Hospital, is proven beneficial to overcome mild to moderate infections which especially occur in soft tissues such as skin, upper respiratory tract, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and urinary tract. For this reason, it is necessary to procure cefadroxil to be available enough for the treatment of cases of these diseases. The cefadroxil used by the Central Bangka Hospital was obtained from several pharmaceutical industries with different prices and distributions, due to the possibility that the active raw materials and ingredients had different origins, so there was concern that the microbiological quality would be different. Drug procurement is carried out using the e-catalog or non-e catalog method. This study aimed to examine the microbiological quality of six preparations (A, B, C, D, E, and F) in terms of their inhibitory activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bioassay was carried out by diffusion agar method using Escherichia coli ATCC 29522 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29523 as the bacterial test, and nutrient agar as the test medium. The inhibitory activities were compared to cefadroxil standard for measuring the ratio potency. The results showed that all samples fulfilled USP 41 requirements with potential ratio of 90% to 120% and minimum inhibitory concentration of ≤ 8 ppm and ≤ 2 ppm against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The potency ratios to cefadroxil standard were 95.9%, 99.1%, 100.0%, 96.7%, 96.2% and 98.2% against Staphylococcus aureus while the potency ratios of 95.6%, 99.3%, 103.8%, 97.1%, 95.7% and 100.4% were achieved against Escherichia coli for A, B, C, D, E, and F samples, respectively.

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