Intervals of Intervention : Micro-Decisions and the Temporal Autonomy of Self-Driving Cars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Sprenger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Media Archaeology ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Self-driving vehicles do not simply translate algorithmic definitions of their interaction with the environment into material actions. In the implementation of microdecisions, temporality itself becomes an element of the success of operations. Taking the fascination for a non-human and distributed capability of decision-making as a starting point, the paper explores how the temporality of microdecisions is integrated into technical systems that interact with their surroundings. On the basis of a media archaeology of these temporalities, it develops a heuristic of autonomous technologies that explores the role of micro-decisions. With self-driving cars, terms such as agency (based on algorithms), temporality (in different intervals of intervention), decision (in reference to alternative scenarios), and autonomy achieve new meanings worthy of a re-interpretation.

scholarly journals Life Cycle of a Military Product

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Nicolae Moro
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Life Goal ◽  
The North ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract Romania’s membership of the select group of states belonging to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization brings, in addition to the expected security benefits and assurances and commitments and obligations that we have to assume. The participation of politicians, militaries and Romanian experts in the decision-making within the specialized committees of the NATO structures is an extremely important element for the assertion of Romania as a security guarantor in the area, a hypostasis that was only a vision a few years ago. This role of our country must be supported by strong and powerful military capabilities, capabilities that are hard to reach for many of the countries in Eastern Europe. The economically advantageous and technologically viable solution for a period of time is to acquire advanced military technical systems that are equipped with the great economic powers of NATO, systems used and verified by these armies, revitalized and upgraded, a second life goal.

The Role of Organizational Culture to the Management of Telecommunication Companies

2011 ◽  
pp. 295-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios D. Kargas ◽  
Dimitris Varoutas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
Leadership Quality ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Telecommunication Companies

This chapter explains what organizational culture is and analyzes its importance for the management of any company. Organizational culture must not be ignored during the decision-making process and managers must understand the existing culture of their organization in order to achieve their targets and to meet their goals. This chapter presents the theoretical link between organizational culture and a variety of variables, which affect organizational performance and efficiency, directly and indirectly. Such variables are knowledge management, organizational climate, leadership, quality, innovation and entrepreneurship, human resource management, and employee behavior. This chapter creates the starting point to study the link between culture and organizational strategy, enterprising practices and change management.

The Governance of Transportation and Urban Design in Bahrain According to the Fourth Generation Industrial Revolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad F. AlNuaimi ◽  
Wasan M. Mohammed ◽  
Nabil T. Ismael
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Starting Point

One of the most important pillars of transportation design is the surrounded urban design. The transport sector in Bahrain needs more efficiency in its performance. It is considered the biggest source of environmental pollution and the deterioration of the local and regional climate of Bahrain, because of traditional transport and traffic plans. The need for adopting the role of governance and decision-making in the Bahraini transport sector and buildings rules sector to develop it according to the new industrial revolution. The research concluded that governance and decision-making should be activated in all sectors; the transport and urban sectors are very important parts of the overall system. The research recommended that the proposed framework be adopted (as the starting point for a new transport system which will be widely affected on the urban design) to be applied in all Bahraini cities.

scholarly journals Value-ideological foundations of the development strategy of the modern state

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-231
Author(s):  
M. V. Okun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Development Strategy ◽  
State Strategy ◽  
Public Politics

The narrative presented in this article is in the plane of a very relevant sphere of interests within the framework of modern political science, this is the search for “keys” to effective public administration, which is increasingly experiencing crises today, not only in institutional, but also in non-institutional factors, in particular axiological. The question we try to answer is whether values and ideology play a role in the development strategy of a modern state, understood as the result of the key process of state policy and governance which is decision making, and in its implementation. Wherein we take as a starting point the fact that values and ideology are overlapping concepts: values is one of the components of ideology, and ideologies are aimed at forming, perhaps, even first of all, values in people. To find the answer to the posed question, we first of all conduct the detailed analysis of influence of values and ideology on state decision making (forming a state strategy), i.e. at each level of this process — “leadership subsystem”, “network associations of the elite”, representative authorities and executive authorities. Then we look at how values and ideology influence implementation of state decisions, which requires support of society. Having shown that mass consciousness most of all responds exactly to value parameters of a state strategy, we consider three ways of bringing align value bases of a state strategy and values of society. Then, having shown that when broadcasting from state to society, values are usually clothed in the form of one or another ideology, we consider why in modern public politics the role of ideology, in its classical sense, is noticeably decreasing, but in its modern, transformed understanding, on the contrary, it is increasing, which means that state today still has a powerful resource for obtaining public support for implementing its strategies. And finally, we demonstrate that qualities and weight ratio of the named above levels of forming state strategy determine not only meaning of values and ideology in this process, but also consideration of public values in it, as well as the real role of the ideology presented to society by a state.

scholarly journals The Extended Concept of the Map in View of Modern Geoinformation Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Dariusz Gotlib ◽  
Robert Olszewski ◽  
Georg Gartner
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Face ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
Geographical Space

In the face of strikingly intense technological development, there have been significant discrepancies in the understanding of the concept of the map; an understanding that is fundamental to cartography and, more broadly, GIScience. The development of electronic products based on geoinformation has caused a growing need for the systematization of basic concepts, including defining what a map is. In particular, the modification of the idea of the map may profoundly influence the future development of cartography. The comprehensive and innovative use of maps, for example, in location-based service (LBS) applications, may contribute to more in-depth analyses in this area. This article examines how the concept of how the map is used in technological or scientific literature about the latest geoinformation applications, as well as analyzing the survey results that confirm the change in social perception of the concept of the map in cartography. The article also refers to the role of the map in the process of indirect cognition and understanding of geographical space—cognition realized through maps. A social understanding of mapping concepts is evolving and covers the entire spectrum of geoinformation products. It seems that the latest geoinformation solutions, such as navigation applications and, in particular, applications supporting the movement of autonomous vehicles (e.g., self-driving cars), have had a particular impact on the concept of the map. This is confirmed by the results of a survey conducted by the authors on a group of nearly 900 respondents from a variety of countries. The vast majority of users are convinced that the contemporary understanding of the concept of the map is a long way from the classic definition of this concept. Therefore, in the opinion of the authors of this article, it is worth undertaking research that will become a starting point for a discussion about the broader definition of the map in GIScience.

Justification and belief as the basis for proof in criminal trial

2019 ◽  
Vol specjalny (XIX) ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
Jerzy Konieczny
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Belief Function ◽  
Criminal Trial ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Inductive Character ◽  
The Bayesian Approach

The aim of the article is to present the role of justification and belief in the course of proving guilt in a criminal trial. The starting point is the indication of the inductive character of evidentiary reasoning and the acceptance of its conclusions on the basis of the decision making by trial authority. These decisions appear after the process in which this authority reaches the level of aspirations to make them; the second basis may be their expected usefulness. The requirements for proof are contrasted with the concept of knowledge. If one assumes that the attribution of knowledge to a particular subject consists in the possession of a justified, accurate belief by that subject, then one can assume that the possession of such knowledge is tantamount to proving in a trial sense. The tools supporting the pursuit of correctness of command are the Shafer-Dempster belief function and the Bayesian approach in making decisions about factual findings.

scholarly journals Communication between the mediodorsal thalamus and prelimbic cortex regulates timing performance in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J De Corte ◽  
Kelsey A Heslin ◽  
Nathan Cremers ◽  
John H Freeman ◽  
Krystal L Parker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Prelimbic Cortex ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reciprocal Connections ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Brain

Predicting when future events will occur and adjusting behavior accordingly is critical to adaptive behavior. Despite this, little is known about the brain networks that encode time and how this ultimately impacts decision-making. One established finding is that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its non-human analogues (e.g., the rodent prelimbic cortex; PL) mediate timing. This provides a starting point for exploring the networks that support temporal processing by identifying areas that interact with the PFC during timing tasks. For example, substantial work has explored the role of frontostriatal circuits in timing. However, other areas are undoubtedly involved. The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) is an excellent candidate region. It shares dense, reciprocal connections with PFC-areas in both humans and non-human species and is implicated in cognition. However, causal data implicating MD-PFC interactions in cognition broadly is still sparse, and their role in timing specifically is currently unknown. To address this, we trained male rats on a time-based, decision-making task referred to as the 'peak-interval' procedure. During the task, presentation of a cue instructed the rats to respond after a specific interval of time elapsed (e.g., tone-8 seconds). We incorporated two cues; each requiring a response after a distinct time-interval (e.g., tone-8 seconds / light-16 seconds). We tested the effects of either reversibly inactivating the MD or PL individually or functionally disconnecting them on performance. All manipulations caused a comparable timing deficit. Specifically, responses showed little organization in time, as if primarily guided by motivational systems. These data expand our understanding of the networks that support timing and suggest that MD-PL interactions specifically are a core component. More broadly, our results suggest that timing tasks provide a reliable assay for characterizing the role of MD-PL interactions in cognition using rodents, which has been difficult to establish in the past.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Abstraction: An alternative neurocognitive account of recognition, prediction, and decision making

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie F. Reyna ◽  
David A. Broniatowski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Software Engineering ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Trace Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Trace Theory ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Technical Systems

Abstract Gilead et al. offer a thoughtful and much-needed treatment of abstraction. However, it fails to build on an extensive literature on abstraction, representational diversity, neurocognition, and psychopathology that provides important constraints and alternative evidence-based conceptions. We draw on conceptions in software engineering, socio-technical systems engineering, and a neurocognitive theory with abstract representations of gist at its core, fuzzy-trace theory.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document