scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY OF TOTAL LARYNGEAL ANESTHESIA AND SIMPLE LOCAL ANESTHESIA DURING AWAKE FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1911-15
Author(s):  
Asif Ullah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Khalid Azam Khan ◽  
Abdul Latif Khattak ◽  
Shazia Naz ◽  
Syed Karamat Hussain Shah Bukhari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy ◽  
Topical Anesthesia ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Repeat Test ◽  
Group I ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Stage 1

Objective: To compare the efficacy of total laryngeal anesthesia and simple local anesthesia during awake fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pulmonology, Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from Jan to Jul 2020. Methodology: A total of 70 patients, who were undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy were divided into two groups. Group-I patients were given topical anesthesia with 2% Lignocaine while group-II patients, in addition to topical Lignocaine, had 2% Lignocaine injected into bilateral internal laryngeal nerves for total laryngeal anesthesia. Assessment of efficacy of anesthesia was evaluated by Reasoner scale. Results: In group-I, 26 (74.28%) patients showed mild or moderate cough and gagging during stage-1. Fifteen (42.85%) patients showed moderate cough and gagging that interfered with the procedure during stage-2 and 19 (54.28%) patients showed mild cough or gagging that did not interfere with the procedure in stage-3. In group-II, 17 (48.57%) patients exhibited mild cough or gagging during stage-1. Sixteen (45.71%) exhibited mild cough or gagging that did not interfere with the procedure during stage-2 with all the patients showing either no cough or mild cough and gagging that did not interfere with the procedure during stage-3. More patients of group-II 32 (91.42%) agreed to a repeat test if required medically as compared to group-I 28 (80%). Conclusion: Patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy who underwent total laryngeal anesthesia and sedation, in addition to topical anesthesia experienced less cough and gagging than those receiving only local anesthesia.

scholarly journals BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO;

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 336-340
Author(s):  
SOHAIL BABAR NIAZI ◽  
Muhammad TAHIR ◽  
Muhammad Ali BHATTI
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Complete Relief ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Positional Vertigo ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Vestibular sedative versus Epley manoeuvre in the management of benign paroxysmalpositional vertigo. Study design: Interventional Quasi experimental study. Place and duration of study: This study was conducted in ENTOPD Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi from 1st January 2008 till 30th June 2008. Results: In this study out of 30 cases managed byvestibular sedative, 10 cases showed complete relief of symptoms after 01 month. Out of 30 cases managed by Epley manoeuvre, 28 casesshowed complete recovery after 01 month. The results were compared by Chi square test, as the data was mainly qualitative in nature. Theresults of both the groups were compared on day 3, day 7 and day 30, which revealed that Epley manoeuvre, is more effective than vestibularsedative in treatment of BPPV. Conclusions: Epley manoeuvre is more effective than vestibular sedative for treating the patients of benignparoxysmal positional vertigo.

scholarly journals Effects of sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose membrane on collagen and fibroblast formation in bowel suture healing: experimental study in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Carlos Perez ◽  
Delcio Matos ◽  
Edna Frasson de Souza Montero ◽  
Heitor Soares de Souza ◽  
Fábio Colagrossi Paes Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Sodium Hyaluronate ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Collagen Formation ◽  
Significant Variance ◽  
Group I ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Observation Period

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose membrane on collagen and fibroblast formation in bowel suture healing in rats. METHODS: 48 male Wistar rats, weighing 250 to 343g, were randomized into two groups: group I - bowel suture without applying a biologically absorbable membrane and group II - bowel suture with application of an absorbable membrane. The two groups were divided into subgroups of 3, 14 and 30 days of observation, with 8 rats in each subgroup. All were sacrificed after the end of the observation period. RESULTS: No morbidity or mortality was observed during the experiment. The amounts of collagen in group I were 23.4%, 72.1% and 67.6% and in group II were 22.5%, 52.5% and 51.6%, for the subgroups of 3, 14 and 30 days, respectively. Comparison between groups showed that the 14-day (p=0.0013) and 30-day (p=0.0587) subgroups had significant variance, with larger collagen zones in animals in which the membrane was not applied. However, with regard to fibroblasts, group I had 2%, 13% and 8% and group II had 2%, 10% and 8%, for the 3-day (p=1.0), 14-day (p=0.3184) and 30-day (p=0.5995) subgroups, respectively, showing no significant variance. CONCLUSION: The use of the biologically absorbable membrane cause a decrease in collagen formation, while not altering the number of fibroblasts, in bowel suture healing in rats, without increased morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TRAINING SIDE HOP OVER BARRIER WITH DUMBELL AND HEXAGON WITH DUMBELL ON LEG STRENGTH AND LEG POWER

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Nur Akbari ◽  
Oce Wiriawan ◽  
Nining Widyah Kusnanik
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Strength Group ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group Ii

This study was conducted at 45 students of SMAN 1 Cerme with aged between 15-16 years old. Students were  divided into 3 groups. the type of research used quantitative with quasi-experimental approach. Instruments of this study were test of leg strength and leg power using Leg Dynamometer and  Jump MD. The research design used matching only design. Data was anlyzed using ANOVA. The results of the  research was found that training program side hop over  barrier with dumbell and hexagon with  dumbbell significantly increase at leg strength and leg power (Sig. 0.000 <α = 0.05). Group I, Group II and Group III had significant difference (Sig. 0.000 α = 0.005). Percentage increase in leg strength group 1 of 1,80% and leg  power of 15,49%. Percentage increase in leg strength group II of  1,68% and a power of 14,27% and whereas in the control group increase in leg strength was 1.67% power at 12.32%.It can be concluded that There was an increase in leg strength and leg power in each group after the training was given. In addition, there were differences among the three groups effects seen improved in leg strength and leg power through ANOVA, where the training side hop over barrier with dumbbell and hexagon with dumbell had increased in leg strength and leg   power. But side hop over barrier with dumbbell had more significant increased than hexagon with dumbbell. Key words: Side hop over with barrier dumbell,  hexagon with dumbell, leg strength and leg power.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Treatment of Frozen Shoulder by Hydraulic Distention Under

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakeel Khan Ghauri ◽  
Muhammad Aftab Anwar ◽  
Asif Hanif ◽  
Muhammad Akram
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Frozen Shoulder ◽  
Muscle Relaxants ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Group I ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Group Ii

Objective:  To evaluate the result of treatment of frozen shoulder by Hydraulic Distention under local anesthesia with steroid and intra-articular steroid alone. Study Design:  It was a prospective and comparative study. Samples size:  60 patients were taken in this study and were divided into two groups. Duration and Setting:  The study was conducted in 2000 - 2001  treated in the department of Orthopaedic, Mayo Hospital Lahore. Methodology:  The patients were divided into two groups. Group-I were treated by hydraulic distension of glenohumeral joint with 50 ml normal saline under local anesthesia with steroid followed by medicines (oral analgesics and muscle relaxants) and exercises. Patients in group-II were treated by intra-articular steroid followed by medicines (oral analgesics and muscle relaxants) and exercises. Results:  The average age of patients in group I was 52 ± 2.16 years and 50 ± 2.03 in group II. There were 37 (63%) females and 22 (37%) males in our study. Female to male ratio was 1.7:1. All patients in group-I noted immediate pain relief with excellent return of range of motion (ROM) and resumption of normal sleep. At the end of 45 days of follow up all patients had returned to their normal daily activities. Most of them got excellent ROM and pain relief. All patients in group-II noted immediate pain relief and resumption of almost normal sleep. At the end of 45 days of follow up most of the patient presented with good relief of pain but could not return to most of their normal activities because of less improvement in ROM. Conclusions:  Hydraulic distension technique is a quick, safe and gives early results, so it should be considered first for the treatment of frozen shoulder. Key Words:  Frozen Shoulder, Hydrologic Distention, Intra articular steroid.

scholarly journals Effects of Flunixin Meglumine on Oxidant and Antioxidant System after Disbudding with Caustic Paste in Calves

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Selvinaz Yakan ◽  
Vesile Duzguner ◽  
Ozgur Aksoy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Commercial Kit

Background: Disbudding is often practiced in modern farm because of the reasons for the safekeeping of the animal, other animals lessen the risk of injury and less aggressive behavior. Without regard to the method of disbudding leads to disruption behavioral changes, cardiac and endocrine responses related pain of animals. Sedation, local anesthesia and analgesia are performed studies in order to eliminate of cardiac, endocrine, behavioral response which is caused by pain associated with disbudding. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect on the oxidant and antioxidant system in the calves of disbudding by using the caustic paste with and without painkiller.Materials, Methods & Results: The animal material of the study was created 24 Simmentals calves in different sexes on average 2 weeks (± 2 days) and 50 kg (± 15 kg) live weight. The cases were randomly divided into 2 groups of 12 calves in each group. In the group I (analgesia group); caustic paste+painkiller (2.2 mg-1 flunixin meglumine intravenous, IV) and group II (non-analgesia group); as disbudding applied with caustic pasta application only were divided into 2 groups. In the I group, 15th min before the application, flunixin meglumine at a dose of 2.2 mg-1 was administered IV and the horn blunting was performed by caustic paste method. Blood samples were taken at 15, 30 and 60th min after completion of horn blunting and physiological findings were recorded. In group II, the horns of the calves were disbudding with the same technique (but no analgesia aplication). Blood samples were taken at 15, 30 and 60th min after completion of horn blunting and physiological findings were record. Cortisol, glucose, total oxidant capacity (TOC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes measurements (ELISA) were performed in both groups. TOC and TAC tests were used to determine the oxidative stress index in the obtained serum, 8-OHdG measurement which is the most sensitive and most frequent oxidative DNA damage indicator for determination of oxidative damage; GSH, SOD enzymes were analyzed by ELISA using commercial kit for the evaluation of antioxidant potential. For evaluation of pain in animals, cortisol (ELISA) and glucose level in serum were measured with ELISA by using commercial kit. In the group without flunixin meglumine, cortisol was increased significantly from the 15th min (P < 0.05), but there was no increase in the 30 and 60th min in painkiller administered group. Glucose levels were higher in the group not using painkillers than those used at 15th (P < 0.001) and 30, 60th min (P < 0.05). TOC (P < 0.001) and 8-OHdG (P < 0.05) values were significantly higher in the group without painkiller while TAC, GSH and SOD levels (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased.Discussion: It has been observed that sedation (such as xylazine) and local anesthesia (such as lidocaine) use removed pain-induced stress in the disbudding with caustic paste in calves. However, in order to remove the endocrine response, it is necessary to combine the anesthesia protocol with the analgesic (such as flunixin meglumine) combination. According to our results concluded that the painkiller given before the disbudding process was supporting the antioxidant system, reducing the level of cortisol and oxidative stress.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY OF ANTIBIOTIC-STEROID AND ICHTHAMMOL GLYCERINE WICK IN TREATMENT OF ACUTE OTITIS EXTERNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-3) ◽  
pp. S612-16
Author(s):  
Maryam Khan ◽  
Kamran Ashfaq Ahmed Butt ◽  
Naeem Riaz ◽  
Zaheer Ul Hassan ◽  
Attique Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Otitis Externa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Objective: To compare the efficacy of steroid antibiotic wick with Ichthammol Glycerol wick in the management of Acute Otitis Externa in terms of tenderness and clearance of discharge/debris. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: ENT Out Patient department of Combined Military Hospital Peshawar and Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, from May to Nov 2018. Methodology: A total of 250 patients were included and divided into two groups of 125 each. After necessary suction clearance topical Ciprofloxacin/Dexamethasone (Cipotec-D) wick was placed in auditory canal of group A patients and topical Glycerol/Ichthammol wick was placed in group B. Follow up visits were done on 3rd and 7th day of starting the treatment. Results: Group A patients responded better in terms of tenderness (88%) however both groups had similar response in terms of discharge reduction (7.2% vs 6.4%). In terms of efficacy neither of the treatment proved more efficacious compared to the other (p-value 0.058). Conclusion: While steroid antibiotic wick is significantly more efficient in terms reducing tenderness, in terms of overall efficacy and discharge reduction Ichthammol/glycerol is equally effective.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF ARTHROCENTESIS PLUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA WITH ARTHROCENTESIS ALONE IN THE TREATMENT OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-81
Author(s):  
Humaira Sarwar ◽  
Irfan Shah ◽  
Ali Akhtar Khan ◽  
Muhammad Afzal ◽  
Adnan Babar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii

Objective: To evaluate the role of combination therapy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) with arthrocentesis and to compare it with arthrocentesis alone in the temporomandibular dysfuction (TMD) patients.Study Design: Quasi experimental study.Place and Duration of Study: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jan 2017 to Jun 2019.Methodology: Forty-two patients diagnosed with refractory unilateral temporomandibular dysfuction, were included in the study. Patients were divided in two groups with 21 temporomandibular joints in each. Arthrocentesis alone was the control group (group I) and arthrocentesis with intra-articular injection of platelet rich plasma (group II) was the study group. Treatment outcomes were assessed and compared for all patients based on clinical parameters of pre and post treatment; for pain, maximal mouth opening and temporomandibular joint clicking sounds. Results: Out of 42 patients, 33 (79%) were females and 9 (21%) were males with mean age of 34.3 ± 8.4 years. There was statistically significant difference in both groups for all variables. The p-value of maximum mouth opening of both groups before and after treatment was 0.746 and 0.01, joint clicking sounds were present in 69% of our patients before the treament and it reduced to 14% after the treatment. There was marked gradual decrease in pain of both groups, group I (6.48 ± 1.470 to 1.81 ± 0.602) and group II (7.29 ± 1.007 to 1.19 ± 0.402). Conclusion: Combination therapy of platelet rich plasma with arthrocentesis is more effective treatment method than.......

Comparative study on Periprostatic local anesthesia with Intraprostatic local anesthesia for ultrasonoguided transrectal prostatic biopsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
AM Anamur Rashid Choudhury ◽  
Md waliul Islam ◽  
Sharif Shahjamal ◽  
Kazi Rafiqul Abedin ◽  
Abu Bakar Siddique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasound ◽  
Prostatic Biopsy ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group I ◽  
Transrectal Prostate Biopsy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

Objectives: To compare pain, systemic lidocaine toxicity and complications between periprostatic with intraprostatic local anaesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy. Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Urology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka Medical College (DMCH) and Comfort Nursing Home, Dhaka during the period of January 2009 to October 2009, For this purpose, a total number of 60 consecutive patients having increased prostate specific antigen (PSA >4.0ng/ml), abnormal DRE/transrectal ultrasound were admitted in the above mentioned hospitals were enrolled in this study for surgical management. Results: The age ranged from 50 to 90 years and the maximum number was found in the age group of 61-70 years in both groups. The mean(±SD) age was 68.5±7.5 years and 70.3±8.2 years in group I and group II respectively. The mean(±SD) PSA was 17.0±12.8ng/ ml with their PSA ranged from 5.9- 62.8ng/ml in group I and in group II was 17.2±17.3ng/ml with their PSA ranged from 4.6 – 55.1ng/ml, which was not significant (p>0.05) between two groups. Normal digital rectal was found 14(46.7%) and 16(53.3%) in group I and group II respectively. Carcinoma was found 13(43.3%) and 14(46.7%) in group I and group II respectively and rest of them were benign in group I and group II respectively. The mean(±SD) pain degree during biopsy was 2.6±1.1 and 2.0±1.2 in group I and group II respectively according to allocated pain score. Pain degree after 30 minutes of biopsy, most of the patients had no pain in both groups. Pain during anesthesia it was found that 4(13.3%) and 13(43.3%) of the patients had no pain in group I and group II respectively. The mean(±SD) pain degree during anesthesia was 2.7±1.2 and 2.1±1.2 in group I and group II respectively. Conclusion: It is a simple and safe method that is less painful and it should be considered in all patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. The decreased discomfort of this procedure may enable more core biopsies to be taken in patients at high risk for prostate cancer or in those with an enlarged prostate Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 15, No. 2, July 2012 p.33-39

SIX WEEKS OF TREADMILL RUNNING EXERCISE IMPROVE BONE ARCHITECTURE IN ADULT OSTEOPENIC RATS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TOWARD EXERCISE DOSE PRESCRIPTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050012
Author(s):  
Mona Mohammed Ibrahim Ahmed ◽  
Bassem El Nahass ◽  
Hanna Abdelkadir Ibrahiem
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Distal Femur ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Bone Architecture ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Structural Improvement ◽  
Group I ◽  
Exercise Dose ◽  
Group Ii

Question: Can exercise dose be established for bone weakness treatment? Design: Randomized experimental study. Participants: Thirty two adult (12 weeks) Wistar rats (16 males and 16 females) weighed [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]gm. Intervention: Rats were tail suspended for 2 weeks and then randomly divided into four groups; Group I ([Formula: see text]) sacrificed after suspension, Group II ([Formula: see text]) normal cage activities. Group III: ([Formula: see text]) level surface treadmill running. Group IV: ([Formula: see text]) uphill treadmill at angle of 15∘. The running speed was 12[Formula: see text]m/min for a period of 30[Formula: see text]min daily at frequency of 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Outcome measures: Histomorphometric analysis of distal femurs of right hind limbs to measure bone architectural parameters (cortical thickness, Tb.Th, Tb.Nm, Tb.Sp, Tb.Ar, Bone marrow area and density and TBA). Results: Significant improvements were shown in bone architecture in distal femur of Group IV ([Formula: see text]) compared to both Group I and Group II. No significant improvement in distal femur in Group III ([Formula: see text]) compared to both Group I and Group II. The percentage of change was found to be 62–96% between Group IV and Group II and 72– 82% between Group IV and Group I. Conclusion: The results suggested that uphill treadmill running exercises were effective to induce changes in bone tissue in the form of changing trabecular dimensions and density. The induced structural improvement was site specific and dose dependent.

scholarly journals Results of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group D9602 Protocol, Using Vincristine and Dactinomycin With or Without Cyclophosphamide and Radiation Therapy, for Newly Diagnosed Patients With Low-Risk Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1312-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Beverly Raney ◽  
David O. Walterhouse ◽  
Jane L. Meza ◽  
Richard J. Andrassy ◽  
John C. Breneman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Stage 1

Purpose Patients with localized, grossly resected, or gross residual (orbital only) embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) had 5-year failure-free survival (FFS) rates of 83% and overall survival rates of 95% on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) protocols III/IV. IRSG D9602 protocol (1997 to 2004) objectives were to decrease toxicity in similar patients by reducing radiotherapy (RT) doses and eliminating cyclophosphamide for the lowest-risk patients. Patients and Methods Subgroup A patients (lowest risk, with ERMS, stage 1 group I/IIA, stage 1 group III orbit, stage 2 group I) received vincristine plus dactinomycin (VA). Subgroup B patients (ERMS, stage 1 group IIB/C, stage I group III nonorbit, stage 2 group II, stage 3 group I/II) received VA plus cyclophosphamide. Patients in group II/III received RT. Compared with IRS-IV, doses were reduced from 41.4 to 36 Gy for stage 1 group IIA patients and from 50 or 59 to 45 Gy for group III orbit patients. Results Estimated 5-year FFS rates were 89% (95% CI, 84% to 92%) for subgroup A patients (n = 264) and 85% (95% CI, 74%, 91%) for subgroup B patients (n = 78); median follow-up: 5.1 years. Estimated 5-year FFS rates were 81% (95% CI, 68% to 90%) for patients with stage 1 group IIA tumors (n = 62) and 86% (95% CI, 76% to 92%) for patients with group III orbit tumors (n = 77). Conclusion Five-year FFS and OS rates were similar to those observed in comparable IRS-III patients, including patients receiving reduced RT doses, but were lower than in comparable IRS-IV patients receiving VA plus cyclophosphamide. Five-year FFS rates were similar among subgroups A and B patients.

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