scholarly journals Monitoring of antibiotic resistance in problem microorganisms in patients with purulent wounds

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
S. D. Fedyanin ◽  
V. K. Okulich
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Purulent Wounds ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Bacteriological Laboratory

Objective: to study changes in the resistance of problem microorganisms to antibacterial drugs in patients with purulent wounds. Material and methods. On the basis of a bacteriological laboratory, within 2006-2007 and 2019-2020, 92 and 99 patients with purulent wounds of various locations, respectively, were examined by the standard bacteriological methods. Results. For the past 13 years, significant changes have occurred in the etiological structure of gram-negative problem microorganisms in patients with purulent wounds. Reliably significant increases were found in the share of K. pneumoniae - about 8 times, and A. baumannii - about 9 times. However, the proportion of MRSA has not changed. The most effective drugs for MRSA were vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline - 0 % of resistant isolates; for K. pneumoniae - colistin (0 %), tigecycline (8.33 %); for P. aeruginosа - colistin (0 %), doripenem (45.45 %); for A. baumannii - ampicillin + sulbactam (0 %), colistin (0 %). Conclusions. For infections caused by MRSA , glycopeptides (vancomycin) should be recommended as the drug-of-choice, and the reserve drugs - oxazolidinones (linezolid) and glycylcyclins (tigecycline); K. pneumoniae - colistin and tigecycline; P. aeruginosa - carbapenems (doripenem) and colistin; A.baumannii - penicillins or cephalosporins with sulbactam (ampicillin + sulbactam) and colistin.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogens of Generalized Purulent Septic Infections in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
O. A. Noskova ◽  
E. D. Savilov ◽  
N. N. Chemezova ◽  
N. L. Belkova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Medical Organization ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Gram Negative

Relevance. Microbiological monitoring in medical organizations is an essential part of ensuring epidemiological safety in the provision of medical care. The study of the sensitivity of pathogens to antibacterial drugs allows us to reasonably approach the prescription of empirical therapy and form a form of antibacterial agents for medical organization. The purpose of the work was to study the species composition of pathogens of generalized purulent septic infections (GPSI) in a children's multidisciplinary hospital and determine their resistance to antibacterial drugs. Materials and methods. Analysis of microbiological analysis data of material taken from patients with GPSI treated in children's multidisciplinary hospital in the period 2013-2018 was carried out. A total of 572 cultures were studied. Results. It was found that the largest specific gravity in the structure of GPSI was occupied by gram-negative microorganisms, the proportion of which significantly decreased from 73.0% in 2013 to 48.1% in 2018. Gram-positive microorganisms were found in 27.0 ± 8.1% cases, while a significant increase in the proportion of fungi from 5.4 to 30.7% was observed. The antibiotic resistance of the main pathogens has been studied. Among non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria, the highest (p < 0.05) multi-resistivity indicator was found in Acinetobacter baumannii (50.0 ± 6.8%). Enterococcus, having high natural resistance to a number of antibiotic groups, leave the possibility of effective action of the preparation of the group of glycopeptides (vancomycin) against Enterococcus faecium. Conclusions. High pathogens to applied antibacterial preparations is shown. The obtained data make it possible to form an up-to-date form of antimicrobial drugs for use in children's hospitals, to develop measures that inhibit the development of resistance in pathogens of purulent-inflammatory diseases.

Microbial Genetic Screens for Monitoring Protein Misfolding Associated with Neurodegeneration: Tools for Identifying Disease-Relevant Genes and for Screening Synthetic and Natural Compound Libraries for the Discovery of Potential Therapeutics

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 2055-2075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalliopi Kostelidou ◽  
Ilias Matis ◽  
Georgios Skretas
Keyword(s):  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Socioeconomic Impact ◽  
Genetic Screens ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Compound Libraries ◽  
Selection Systems ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Neurodegenerative Diseases (ND) are a major threat to the aging population and the lack of a single preventive or disease-modifying agent only serves to increase their impact. In the past few years, protein misfolding and the subsequent formation of neurotoxic oligomeric/aggregated protein species have emerged as a unifying theme underlying the pathology of these complex diseases. Recently developed microbial genetic screens and selection systems for monitoring ND-associated protein misfolding have allowed the establishment of highthroughput assays for the identification of cellular factors and processes that are important mediators of NDassociated proteotoxicities. In addition, such systems have facilitated the discovery of synthetic and natural compounds with the ability to rescue the misfolding and the associated pathogenic effects of aggregation-prone proteins associated with NDs. This review outlines such available systems in bacteria and yeast, whose usage will likely accelerate the pre-clinical discovery process for effective drugs against a variety of NDs with high socioeconomic impact.

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL), bla TEM,bla SHVand bla CTX-M,resistance genes in Community and Healthcare Associated Gram Negative Bacteria from Osun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganiyat Shitta ◽  
Olufunmilola Makanjuola ◽  
Olusolabomi Adefioye ◽  
Olugbenga Adekunle Olowe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Esbl Producers

Background: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in gram negative bacteria confers multiple antibiotic resistance, adversely affecting antimicrobial therapy in infected individuals. ESBLs result from mutations in β-lactamases encoded mainly by the bla TEM,bla SHVand bla CTX-Mgenes. The prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria has been on the increase globally especially its upsurge among isolates from community-acquired infections. Aim: To determine ESBL prevalence and identify ESBL genes among clinical isolates in Osun State, Nigeria. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2016 –July 2017 in Osun State, Nigeria. Three hundred and sixty Gram negative bacteria recovered from clinical samples obtained from both community and healthcare associated infections were tested. They included147 Escherichia coli(40.8%), 116 Klebsiella spp(32.2%), 44 Pseudomo-nas aeruginosa(12.2%) and23 Proteus vulgaris (6.4%) isolates. Others were Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia rubidae, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp and Salmonella typhi. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out, isolates were screened for ESBL production and confirmed using standard laboratory procedures. ESBLs resistance genes were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: All isolates demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanate and erythromycin was 100%, whereas resistance to Imipenem was very low (5.0%). : Overall prevalence of ESBL producers was 41.4% with Klebsiellaspp as the highest ESBL producing Enterobacteriacaea. ESBL producers were more prevalent among the hospital pathogens than community pathogens, 58% vs 29.5% (p=0.003). ESBL genes were detected in all ESBL producers with the blaCTX-Mgene predominating (47.0%) followed by blaTEM(30.9%) and blaSHVgene was the least, 22.1%. The blaCTX-Mgene was also the most prevalent in the healthcare pathogens (62%) but it accounted for only 25% in those of community origin. Conclusion: A high prevalence of ESBL producing gram negative organisms occurs both in healthcare and in the community in our environment with the CTX-M variant predominating. Efforts to control spread of these pathogens should be addressed.

scholarly journals Correlation between the Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Susceptibility to Antibiotics among the Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Salma M. Abdelaziz ◽  
Khaled M. Aboshanab ◽  
Ibrahim S. Yahia ◽  
Mahmoud A. Yassien ◽  
Nadia A. Hassouna
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
P Value ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pump ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

In this study, the correlation between the antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic susceptibility among the carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens (CRGNPs) recovered from patients diagnosed with acute pneumonia in Egypt was found. A total of 194 isolates including Klebsiella pneumoniae (89; 46%), Escherichia coli (47; 24%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (58; 30%) were recovered. Of these, 34 (18%) isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR) and carbapenem resistant. For the K. pneumoniae MDR isolates (n = 22), blaNDM (14; 64%) was the most prevalent carbapenemase, followed by blaOXA-48 (11; 50%) and blaVIM (4; 18%). A significant association (p value < 0.05) was observed between the multidrug efflux pump (AcrA) and resistance to β-lactams and the aminoglycoside acetyl transferase gene (aac-6’-Ib) gene and resistance to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and β-lactams (except for aztreonam). For P. aeruginosa, a significant association was noticed between the presence of the blaSHV gene and the multidrug efflux pump (MexA) and resistance to fluoroquinolones, amikacin, tobramycin, co-trimoxazole and β-lactams and between the aac-6’-Ib gene and resistance to aminoglycosides. All P. aeruginosa isolates (100%) harbored the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux pump while 86% of the K. pneumoniae isolates harbored the AcrAB-TolC pump. Our results are of great medical importance for the guidance of healthcare practitioners for effective antibiotic prescription.

scholarly journals Utilization of Vector Autoregressive and Linear Transfer Models to Follow Up the Antibiotic Resistance Spiral in Gram-negative Bacteria From Cephalosporin Consumption to Colistin Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1410-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajnalka Tóth ◽  
Adina Fésűs ◽  
Orsolya Kungler-Gorácz ◽  
Bence Balázs ◽  
László Majoros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Var Models ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cephalosporin Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Abstract Background Increasing antibiotic resistance may reciprocally affect consumption and lead to use of broader-spectrum alternatives; a vicious cycle that may gradually limit therapeutic options. Our aim in this study was to demonstrate this vicious cycle in gram-negative bacteria and show the utility of vector autoregressive (VAR) models for time-series analysis in explanatory and dependent roles simultaneously. Methods Monthly drug consumption data in defined daily doses per 100 bed-days and incidence densities of gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii) resistant to cephalosporins or to carbapenems were analyzed using VAR models. These were compared to linear transfer models used earlier. Results In case of all gram-negative bacteria, cephalosporin consumption led to increasing cephalosporin resistance, which provoked carbapenem use and consequent carbapenem resistance and finally increased colistin consumption, exemplifying the vicious cycle. Different species were involved in different ways. For example, cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella spp. provoked carbapenem use less than E. coli, and the association between carbapenem resistance of P. aeruginosa and colistin use was weaker than that of A. baumannii. Colistin use led to decreased carbapenem use and decreased carbapenem resistance of P. aeruginosa but not of A. baumannii. Conclusions VAR models allow analysis of consumption and resistance series in a bidirectional manner. The reconstructed resistance spiral involved cephalosporin use augmenting cephalosporin resistance primarily in E. coli. This led to increased carbapenem use, provoking spread of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and consequent colistin use. Emergence of panresistance is fueled by such antibiotic-resistance spirals.

scholarly journals Biocidal Agents Used for Disinfection Can Enhance Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Species

Antibiotics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günter Kampf
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Biocidal agents used for disinfection are usually not suspected to enhance cross-resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this review was therefore to evaluate the effect of 13 biocidal agents at sublethal concentrations on antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative species. A medline search was performed for each biocidal agent on antibiotic tolerance, antibiotic resistance, horizontal gene transfer, and efflux pump. In cells adapted to benzalkonium chloride a new resistance was most frequently found to ampicillin (eight species), cefotaxime (six species), and sulfamethoxazole (three species), some of them with relevance for healthcare-associated infections such as Enterobacter cloacae or Escherichia coli. With chlorhexidine a new resistance was often found to ceftazidime, sulfamethoxazole and imipenem (eight species each) as well as cefotaxime and tetracycline (seven species each). Cross-resistance to antibiotics was also found with triclosan, octenidine, sodium hypochlorite, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride. No cross-resistance to antibiotics has been described after low level exposure to ethanol, propanol, peracetic acid, polyhexanide, povidone iodine, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. Taking into account that some biocidal agents used in disinfectants have no health benefit (e.g., in alcohol-based hand rubs) but may cause antibiotic resistance it is obvious to prefer products without them.

scholarly journals MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE INDEXING OF NON- FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Bhuvaneshwari Gunasekar
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mar Index ◽  
Surgery Department

Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of  surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics

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