scholarly journals Study of inbreeding in tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto Barrera-Irigoyen ◽  
◽  
Aureliano Peña-Lomelí ◽  
Natanael Magaña-Lira ◽  
Jaime Sahagún-Castellanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Made In

Only intervarietal and interfamilial hybridization can be carried out in tomatillo. Therefore, the objective was to study the effect of inbreeding in families of four varieties of tomatillo obtained through three generations of mating by fraternal and plant-to-plant crosses. The varieties studied were Tecozautla, Diamante, Manzano and Morado, each represented by three maternal half-sib families (Generation 1). In 2018, plant-to-plant and fraternal crosses were made in selected plants within each family, resulting in full-sib (FSF) and maternal half-sib (MHSF) families, respectively (Generation 2). In 2019, the process was repeated in Generation 2 families, and another generation of FSFs and MHSFs (Generation 3) was obtained. Field evaluation was conducted in 2020. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used, and yield per plant was evaluated in two harvests and total yield per plant, as well as fruit weight, volume and bulk density, in each harvest and average of harvests. Inbreeding depression occurred among generations. Fruit yield, size and volume in the first harvest decreased over generations. The Tecozautla and Diamante varieties showed greater inbreeding depression. The type of cross had a different effect depending on the variety. Fruit size was lower in plant-to-plant crosses in Tecozautla, Diamante and Morado; that is, they generated greater inbreeding depression than the fraternal crosses.

scholarly journals Ten Cycles of Recurrent Selection for Fruit Yield, Earliness, and Quality in Three Slicing Cucumber Populations

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd C. Wehner ◽  
Christopher S. Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Made In

Fruit yield, earliness, and quality have low to moderate heritability, but are traits of major importance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The objective of this study was to determine the changes made in those traits using recurrent selection in three slicing cucumber populations (NCMBS, NCES1, and NCBA1). During population improvement, one or two replications of 200 to 335 half-sib families were evaluated in the spring season for five traits: total, early, and marketable fruit per plot, fruit shape rating, and a simple weighted index (SWI = 0.2(total yield)/2 + 0.3(early yield) + 0.2(% marketable)/10 + 0.3(fruit shape). Families from each population were intercrossed in an isolation block during the summer season using remnant seeds of the best 10% selected using the index. Response was evaluated using a split-plot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 32 replications in each of two seasons (spring and summer). Whole plots were the three populations, and subplots were the 11 cycles (cycles 0 to 9 plus checks). We measured improvement in performance of the populations in a selected (spring) and unselected environment (summer). Significant gains were made for all traits in all populations over the 9 to 10 cycles of recurrent selection. Greatest progress was made for the NCMBS population, with an average of 37% gain from cycle 0 to 9 over all five traits. The trait where most progress was made was early yield, with an average of 63% gain from cycle 0 to 9 over the three populations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Varieties as Influnced by Nitrogen Levels in Chitwan, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Santosh Lohani ◽  
Moha Dutta Sharma ◽  
Shree Chandra Shah ◽  
Arjun Kumar Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Better Than

An experiment was conducted to assess the performance of sweet pepper varieties as influenced by nitrogen levels from August 2014 to February 2015 at Mangalpur, Chitwan. The experiment was laid out in two factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications having sixteen treatments. Varieties and levels of nitrogen significantly affected growth, yield and qualitative parameters of fruits. Hybrid Indra and NS 632 performed better than open pollinated varieties viz. Sagar and California Wonder. Days to fifty percent flowering of NS 632 were earlier than California Wonder. Indra variety had the highest plant height (52.18 cm), number of secondary branches per plant (13.51) from 250 kg N/ha through chemical fertilizer while number of leaves per plant was higher in NS 632 variety (57.22) than Sagar variety (47.37). Indra variety showed the highest fruit weight (87.59 g) and total yield (39.45 t/ha) but NS 632 variety produced more number of fruits per plant (9.25) than California Wonder variety. This study showed that sweet pepper yield of hybrid varieties applied with 250 kg N/ha through chemical fertilizer was appropriate dose to get optimum yield under Chitwan condition.

scholarly journals Selection of half-sib families of creole melon (Cucumis melo L.) on the Ecuadorian coast

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
Francisco Espinosa ◽  
Franco Alirio Vallejo ◽  
Lauden Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
High Production ◽  
Cucumis Melo L ◽  
Fruit Diameter ◽  
Selection Of

The creole melon cantaloupe is a horticultural species, whose fruits are used for human nutrition. However, no research has been reported on their genetic variability for starting breeding processes. The objective of this study was to take advantage of the variability of creole melons for genetic improvement. 20 creole melon half-sib families were selected and evaluated for production characteristics and fruit quality in order to obtain improved populations. The study was carried out in Palenque canton, Ecuador. Seeds from 20 half-sib families were used, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The differences between the families were significant for all the studied characteristics. Family 93 presented higher averages for fruit weight, fruit diameter and production (per hectare), and family 196 did so for soluble solids. The phenotypic correlations were positive and significant between the fruit weight and fruit diameter, fruit length, pulp thickness, fruit cavity, soluble solids and production. The coefficients of genetic variation, in general, were lower than the coefficients of environmental variation. The estimates of heritability broadly had a moderate magnitude (30-60%) for the 10 evaluated characteristics, and the magnitude of the expected genetic progress was low (<10%) for the fruit weight, production, and soluble solids, so the selection for high production should focus on fruit weight and soluble solids.

scholarly journals Rekomendasi Pemupukan Kalium pada Budi Daya Cabai Merah Besar (Capscicum annuum L) di Inceptisols Dramaga

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Amanda Sari Widyanti ◽  
Anas D. Susila
Keyword(s):  
Response Pattern ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Optimum Rate ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
K Fertilization

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The  objective  of  this  study  was  to  determine  the  optimum  rate  of potassium  fertilization  in Inceptisols Dramaga. The experiment was conducted at Cikabayan University Farm from March to July 2014. This study was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design one factor with five K fertilization rates, ie 0X (0 kg K2O ha-1), ¼ X (193.09 kg K2O ha-1), ½ X (386.19 kg K2O ha-1), ¾ X (579.29 kg K2O ha-1),  and  1X  (772.39  kg  K2O  ha-1).  Potassium fertilizer  was applied  in  three applications  at  3,  6,  and  9  weeks  after transplanting. The  results  showed  that  K  fertilization increased plant height, leaf  number,  weight  per  plant,  fruit  weight,  fruit  diameter, fruit length, marketable yield per plot, unmarketable yield per plot, marketable yield per hectare, and  decrased unmarketable yield per hectare with linear response pattern. Addition of potassium did not affect the time of anthesis and fruit ripening. The addition of potassium fertilizer also increased total yield per plot and total yield per hectare with quadratic response pattern. In the medium K soil content with the value of 146.2 ppm (Morgan) K recommendation for red chili in inceptisols Dramaga  was 487.5 kg K2O ha-1.</p><p>Keywords: fertilizer, K2O, Morgan, optimum rate</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Penelitian  ini  bertujuan  memperoleh  dosis  optimum  pemupukan  kalium pada  Inceptisols Dramaga. Penelitian dilaksanakan di unit lapangan Cikabayan University Farm mulai Maret sampai Juli  2014.  Penelitian  ini  menggunakan Rancangan  Kelompok  Lengkap  Teracak  (RKLT)  1  faktor dengan lima perlakuan dosis pemupukan K, yaitu 0  X(0  kg K2O ha-1), ¼ X(193.09 kg K2O ha-1), ½ X(386.19  kg  K2O  ha-1),  ¾  X(579.29  kg  K2O  ha-1),  dan  1 X(772.39  kg  K2O  ha-1).  Pupuk  kalium diaplikasikan dalam tiga kali aplikasi pada 3, 6, dan 9 MST. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemupukan  K meningkatkan  tinggi  tanaman,  jumlah  daun,  bobot  tanaman-1,  bobot  per buah, diameter buah, panjang buah, bobot layak per petak, bobot tidak layak per petak, bobot layak per hektar, dan mengurangi bobot tidak layak pasar per hektar dengan pola respon linear. Sementara itu penambahan kalium tidak berpengaruh terhadap waktu antesis dan waktu masak buah. Penambahan pupuk kalium juga meningkatkan hasil bobot panen total per petak dan panen total per hektar dengan pola respon kuadratik. Pada tingkat kelas ketersediaan K  sedang dengan nilai terekstrak 146.2 ppm (Morgan) dihasilkan rekomendasi kalium untuk budi daya cabai merah besar di inceptisols Dramaga adalah 487.5 kg K2O ha-1.</p><p>Kata kunci: dosis optimum, K2O, Morgan, pupuk</p>

scholarly journals Pendugaan Ragam Genetik dan Heritabilitas Karakter Hasil dan Komponen Hasil Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) di Dua Lokasi

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Rudy Hermanto ◽  
Muhamad Syukur ◽  
Widodo .
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Lycopersicum Esculentum ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Time Of Harvest

<p>ABSTRACT<br />The objective of the study was to determine the genetic variability and heritability for some characters of twenty tomato genotypes across at two locations. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), three replications as a block was nested in location (at two locations i.e Ciawi and Lembang). Plant materials were twenty genotypes: 42D, 50D, 96D, 61I, 40D, 21D, 59I, 57D, 40I, 102D, 58I, 59D, 94D, 43D, 60I, 99D, 100D, 98D, 04I dan Tora. Results indicated that time of harvest, fruit weight, number of fruit per plant, fruit length and fruit width had broad genetic variability. The characters of yield per plant and fruit firmness had narrow genetic variability. Broad-sense heritability was high for all observed characters. Genotype 42D can be used to develop high yielding tomato for small fruit size group, 59D and Tora for medium fruit size group, 97D and 94D for big fruit size group.<br />Keywords: broad, fruit, genetic, narrow, size, twenty</p><p>ABSTRAK<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi keragaman genetik dan heritabilitas karakter hasil dan komponen hasil tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) di dua lokasi. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) dua faktor dengan tiga ulangan. Ulangan tersarang dalam lokasi (dua lokasi yaitu Ciawi dan Lembang). Materi genetik yang digunakan adalah 20 galur murni generasi F-7 yaitu 42D, 50D, 96D, 61I, 40D, 21D, 59I, 57D, 40I, 102D, 58I, 59D, 94D, 43D, 60I, 99D, 100D, 98D, 04I dan Tora. Keragaman genetik yang luas terdapat pada karakter umur panen, bobot buah, jumlah buah per tanaman, panjang buah dan diameter buah, sedangkan keragaman genetik sempit terdapat pada karakter bobot buah per tanaman dan kekerasan buah. Semua karakter yang diamati mempunyai nilai heritabilitas arti luas yang tinggi. Genotipe 42D dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan varietas tomat berdaya hasil tinggi untuk kelompok ukuran buah kecil. Genotipe 59D dan Tora untuk kelompok ukuran buah sedang dan genotipe 97D dan 94D untuk kelompok ukuran buah besar.<br />Kata kunci: buah, dua puluh, genetik, luas, sempit, ukuran</p>

scholarly journals (97) Performance of `Ginger Gold' and `Gala' on Malling 9 and Budagovsky 9 over Ten Years

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1030A-1030
Author(s):  
Robert M. Crassweller ◽  
Donald E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Single Wire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Rock Springs

An apple planting was established in 1996 comprised of two cultivars: `Ginger Gold' (GG) and `Crimson Gala' (CG) on Malling 9 NAKB T337 and Budagovsky 9 at the Horticulture Research Farm at Rock Springs, Pa. The trees were planted at a spacing of 1.5 × 3.7 m in a randomized complete-block design with 10 replications. The trees were trained to a vertical axe system with a single wire set at 2.8 m, to which the conduit was attached. Data collected included trunk cross-sectional area (TCA), tree yield, number of fruit, and number of rootsuckers. Calculated data included annual tree growth, tree efficiency, average fruit weight, and crop load. In most years, there were significant cultivar × rootstock interactions for some variables. At planting and for the first two growing seasons, GG/B.9 were significantly larger than GG/M.9 as measured by TCA. At planting, there were no differences in TCA for CG, but, by the end of 1996, M.9 trees were significantly larger and stayed this way for the rest of the study. The GG/M.9 trees did not have significantly larger TCA than those on B.9 until 2005. Trees on B.9 were 23% and 31% smaller in 2005 for GG and CG, respectively, for B.9 than on M.9. Flowering occurred first and in greater abundance for GG/B.9. At the end of the 10th growing season, there was no difference in number of fruit or total yield per tree within cultivars by rootstock. However, for both cultivars, efficiency was highest for trees on B.9. Rootsuckers were greatest for trees on B.9. Fruit weight, when adjusted with number of fruit/tree as a covariate, was different for GG in some years.

scholarly journals Spacing and Genotype Affect Fruit Sugar Concentration, Yield, and Fruit Size of Muskmelon

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Kultur ◽  
H.C. Harrison ◽  
J.E. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Primary Lateral

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes, Birdsnest 1 [`Qalya' (BN1)], Birdsnest 2 (BN2), and `Mission' (V) were used to determine the effects of differing plant architecture and spacing on fruit sugar concentration and yield. The BN1 and BN2 genotypes possessed a highly branched growth habit specific to birdsnest melon types, but not characteristic of standard indeterminate vining types (e.g., `Mission'). Experiments were conducted at both the Hancock and Arlington Experimental Farms in Wisconsin, where plant response to two within-row spacings [35 cm (72,600 plants/ha) and 70 cm (36,300 plants/ha)] in rows on 210-cm centers was examined. Genotypes were grown in a randomized complete-block design with four replications at each location and evaluated for primary lateral branch number, fruit number per plant and per hectare, average fruit weight, yield per plant (g), yield per hectare (t), and fruit sugar concentration. Yield, fruit number, and sugar concentration were higher for all genotypes at Arlington than at Hancock. The main effect of genotype was significant for all traits examined. Genotypes BN1 and V had higher mean fruit weight, yield per plant and per hectare, and fruit quality (fruit sugar concentration) than did BN2. Spacing affected all traits, except primary branch number and fruit sugar concentration. Fruit number and yield per plant and average fruit weight were higher with wider spacing, but yield (t·ha-1) and fruit number per hectare were lower.

scholarly journals Performance of Tomato Varieties during Rainy Season under Plastic House Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Tika R Chapagain ◽  
Bhim B Khatri ◽  
Jawahar L Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Plastic house technology and arrival of hybrid varieties have increased the possibility of tomato cultivation in rainy season in high hills. An experiment was conducted to assess the performance of tomato varieties under plastic house for two consecutive years from 2009 to 2010 at National Commercial Agriculture Research Program (NCARP), Pakhribas (1750m), Nepal. The experiment consisted of eight tomato varieties namely, All Rounder, Bishesh, Dalila, Manisha, Srijna, Suraksha, Trishul and US-04 laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The varieties differed significantly for all observed traits. The highest marketable yield was recorded from All Rounder (86.6 t ha-1) followed by Srijana (80.8 t ha-1). Srijana took the shortest period for flowering and harvesting with an average of 37 and 77 days after transplanting respectively. This was also the tallest variety (268.7 cm) with more clusters (36.23) per plant. However, the highest average single fruit weight was recorded from Manisha (61.94g), and the largest fruit size in US-04 with a diameter of 5.78 cm. Based on yield parameter, the varieties All Rounder and Srijana are recommended for commercial cultivation under plastic house conditions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6473 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 17-22 

scholarly journals Effect of borage and zinc in the fruit traits of three eggplant varieties Egg plant Solanum melongenal L: تأثير الصنف والرش بالبورون والزنك في صفات حاصل الثمار لثلاثة أصناف من الباذنجان Eggplant Solanum melongenal.L

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rasul Hamid Hussein Al - Obeidi - Othman Khaled Alwan
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Egg Plant ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Black Beauty

A field experiment was carried out at the research department of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering of the Faculty of Agriculture- Diyala University during the agricultural season 2017 to study the effect of varieties and nutrients on the growth characteristics of three eggplant varieties. On 27- 2- 2017 seeds were planted The experiment included two factors: the first factor is the varieties of the class Black Beauty and Vzlh V1 and the local variety (Abu torso) and called V2 Syrian class Vzlh V3, The second factor is the boron (F1) and p2100 (F2) feeder concentrations, with a concentration of 100 ppm for each element and the treatment of F4, which was sprayed with distilled water. The experiment included twelve global treatments, Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and showed the following results: 1.The fruit (V2) was superior to the rest of the varieties in the number of fruits per plant, fruit length, plant yield and total yield, with 24.82 fruits, 1, 15.70 cm and 4.03 kg. (1) and 85.344 tons (1) respectively, while V3 was significantly higher than the rest of the varieties in the rate of fruit weight and diameter, with a rate of 163.14 g and fruit of 1 and 6.44 cm respectively. 2.The superiority of the spraying treatment of F3 for boron and zinc with their synthesis with concentration of 100 ppm for boron and 100 ppm for zinc in the ratio of the number of fruits, the weight, the length and the diameter of the fruit With 27.72 fruits, 1 plant, 169.63 g, fruit 1, 16.02 cm, 6.0 cm, 4.77 kg, 1 plant and 100.192 tons. Ha 1 respectively. 3.The treatment of V2F3 interference was superior to the rest of the parameters in the ratio of the number of fruits, fruit weight, length, and the rate of the total plant yield and the total number, which reached 31.76 fruits, plants and 193.10 g, fruit 1, 17.70 cm, 6.14 kgand115. 33 tons. hectare respectively. For the fruit diameter rate, the interference treatment of V3F3 exceeded 7.38 cm.

scholarly journals PSXII-3 Rumen microbiome from beef steers undergoing grain adaptation with steam-flaked corn varying in bulk density

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
Kaue Tonelli Nardi ◽  
Kaliu G Scaranto Silva ◽  
Igor Gomes Favero ◽  
Jordan K Hinds ◽  
Carly A Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Microbiome Data ◽  
Adaptation Phase

Abstract The effects of steam-flaked corn bulk density during grain adaptation phase on ruminal microbiome were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; BW = 405 ± 42 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight) to 1 of 2 grain adaptation strategies: 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC) bulk density of 335 g/L; and 2) 412 g/L. Steers were ad libitum fed, individually, during 6-7d phases, consisting of: HAY, followed by the STEP-UP1 through STEP-UP4, diets, respectively, in which roughage was gradually replaced with grain until FINISHER diet was fed. Respective SFC bulk densities were fed throughout STEP-UP diets, while the FINISHER diet consisted of 335 g/L strategy only for both groups. Ruminal fluid samples (100 mL) were collected on d-5 of each step, at 6h post-feeding for DNA extraction. Microbiome data were sequenced by Illumnia® NovaSeq™ 6000 (16S rRNA). The SFC bulk density did not affect (P &gt; 0.50) the relative abundance (RA) for any taxonomy classification. Regardless of SFC bulk density, inclusion of grain throughout adaptation phases affected domain (P ≤ 0.03) when initial phases were compared to FINISHER. Phylum RA were affected (P ≤ 0.05) for Actinobacteria (27%), Bacteroidetes (11%), and Euryarchaeota (2%). Within Class RA were affected (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridia (46%), Actinobacteria (27%), and Bacilli (5%). Order effects on RA were observed (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridiales (45%), Coriobacteriales (25%), and Lactobacillales (4%). Within Family RA was affected (P ≤ 0.03) for Coriobacteriaceae (25%), Lachnospiraceae (27%), Ruminococcaceae (6%), and Lactobacillaceae (4%), while a tendency (P = 0.09) was observed for Veillonellaceae (1%). In Genus, RA was affected (P ≤ 0.01) for Olsenela (22%), Pediococcus (3%), and Butyrivibrio (3%). As steers advance through subsequent grain adaptation phases until the FINISHER, more meaningful ruminal microbiome changes are observed than SFC density change.

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