scholarly journals EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF TRIDAX PROCUMBENS FOR LIVESTOCK FEED

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
B. A. Kalu ◽  
M.C. Njike ◽  
S. A. Ikurior
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Tridax Procumbens ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Seasonal changes in chemical composition represented by crude protein (CP), In vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and fibre components measured by neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin were evaluated at specified cano­py ages and stages of maturity in Tridax procumb ens. Samples were selected from five harvest dates in April, June, August, October, and December. Chemical com­position was: highly responsive to dates of harvest. The stage of maturity of canopies reached significantly higher values in August than in the other months of the year. Asso­ciated with these were-lower CP and IVTD and high NDF, ADF and lignin. The poten­tial value of Tridax prOcumbens lies in a pro­perly structured management system that optimises its quality attributes.

Chemical composition, dry matter and crude protein digestibilities of some tropical browse plants estimated in vitro

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 297-299
Author(s):  
C. M. Shayo ◽  
P. Udén
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Important Food ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
The Tropics

Browse plants are generally regarded as important food resources for ruminants in the tropics due to their high levels of nitrogen. Particularly during the dry season livestock eat browse which may contain considerable amounts of phenolic compounds including tannins at levels of up to half of the dry matter (Reed, 1986). Tannins are known to react with proteins to form rumen undegradable or totally indigestible complexes.A uniform food fraction is assumed to have the same true digestibility irrespective of source and level in the food. In the test of uniformity developed by Lucas (1964) and applied by Van Soest (1967) the digestible fraction per unit food is regressed upon its concentration in the food. The slope of the line gives its true digestibility, the intercept, the potential metabolic fraction and the variation around the regression line explains the extent of uniformity of the fraction.

scholarly journals VALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF TRIDAX PROCUMBENS FOR LIVESTOCK FEED

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
B. A. Kalu ◽  
M.G. Njike ◽  
S.A. Ikurior
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Tridax Procumbens ◽  
Stage Classification ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

A quantitative method of specifying the morphological stage of development in Tridax procumbens was used for evaluating the chemi­cal composition of the plant at specified cano­py ages. An eight stage classification system was defined and assigned numerical values from 1 to 8 in a sequential order of increasing maturity. The mean stage of total herbage (MSW) at a specified age of canopy was calcu­lated as the average of the individual stages present and weighted for the dry weight in each stage. For the individual morphological stages present in a herbage samples, quality components measured by. leaf percentage, crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), progressively decreased with maturi­ty. From the vegetative to the mature seed stage, decreases were from 90% to 26% for the leaf proportion; 28% to 14% for CP; and from 82% to 53% for IVTD. Corresponding increases in fibre composition were from 26% to 59% for the total cell wall or neutral deter­gent fibre (NDF); 22% to 40% for ligno-cellu­lose or acid detergent fibre (ADF); and from 25% to 9% ilignin. . Older canopies reached siginificantly higher mean stage (MSW) values than younger canopies. Associated with these were lower percentage, CP, and IVTD; higher NDF; ADF, and lignin at higher MSW values. The implications of these findings are fully discussed

scholarly journals Relationships Between and Within Physical and Chemical Constituents and in Vitro True Digestibility in Tropical Forage Grasses

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-447
Author(s):  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
J. Coward-Lord
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Physical And Chemical

All parameters of chemical composition and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) were related by simple and/or multiple correlation and/or regression coefficients in 60 samples of forage grasses representing 10 forages at 6 stages of growth. Dry matter, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (L), cellulose (C), silica (Si), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were positively correlated while crude protein (CP), hemicellulose (H), ether extract (EE), and ash (A) were negatively correlated with age. Crude protein was negatively correlated with all parameters except H, EE, and A. Hemicellulose was nore significantly related to the Goering and Van Soest fractions than to the A.O.A.C. fractions. Silica was correlated in a highly significant way with age, DM, ADF, and H only. In vitro true digestibility was negatively correlated with age, NDF, ADF, L, C, Si, L/ADF, L/H, L/C, CF, and NFE and positively correlated with CP, H, H/C, EE, and A. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, of the total variance in IVTD, 85 percent was attributable to the influences of NDF (48%), L (19%), Si (10%), EE (2%), CP (4%), and ADF (2%). From this regression and from other regressions, it was established that CP and ADF, or L, C, and Si, exerted the greatest influence upon IVTD. In line with this, it was determined that 81 percent was attributable to the influences of C (41%), H (1%), L (30%), and Si (9%) and that 85 percent was attributable to the influences of CP (69%), C (3%), L (7%), and Si (6%). Finally, it was determined that CP and lignification explained 69 and 7 percent, respectively, of the influences in IVTD. These data suggested that IVTD was highly dependent not only upon CP and lignification but also upon C and Si, or ADF, as forage grasses advanced in maturity from 30 to 180 days of growth. The equation: % IVTD = 96.85 + 0.62 (% CP) - 0.51 (% C) - 2.59 (% L) - 2.34 (% Si), best explained and estimated IVTD from chemical composition. It may be concluded that various chemical components of the grasses, namely, CP, C, L, and Si, may be utilized to estimate IVTD, without sacrificing accuracy and thus reducing time otherwise required and the cost otherwise incurred.

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRASSES HARVESTED FROM THE NATURAL PASTURE IN OGUN STATE SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
O. A. OKUKENU ◽  
B. T. AKINYEMI ◽  
P. A. DELE ◽  
A. A. OLAJIDE ◽  
A.O. JOLAOSHO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
P Value ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dominant Grasses

The research was carried was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition of the dominant grasses harvested from the natural pasture in selected villages in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria at different seasons. The study was carried out using a 4 × 6 factorial arrangement comprising four seasons (early rain, late rain, early dry and late dry) at six locations (Afami, Atokun, Ibooro, Ileniku, Ipaaya, and Okerori). Results showed that the crude protein (CP) content significantly (p<0.05) varied from 5.56 % for Okerori to 7.34 % for Ibooro and the grasses harvested at Afami had the highest (72.75 %) neutral detergent fibre (NDF) values with the least (68.75 %) value recorded for Okerori, while the acid detergent fibre (ADF) values ranged from 41.00 % for Atokun to 48.25 % for Okerori. Also, CP value as affected by the season ranged from 4.23 % for late rainy to 9.44 % for the early rainy season and NDF values from 67.33% for late dry to 72.33 % for late rainy season while the early dry season had the highest value (48.00 %) for ADF with the least value (40.33 %) was recorded for the early rainy season. The phosphorus (P) value was highest at Ipaaya (2.99 g/kg) with the least value observed at Okerori (1.62 g/kg). The value for calcium ranged from 2.55 g/kg at Afami to 6.59 g/kg at Okerori. The P value of grasses as affected by seasons ranged from 1.46 g/kg for early dry to 2.66 g/kg for early rainy seasons.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
F. OLALERU ◽  
T. A. ADEGBOLA
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Designed Experiment ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P<0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P<0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.

Cover crops as alternative forages for ruminants: nutritive characteristics, in vitro digestibility, methane and ammonia production

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Maxin ◽  
Benoît Graulet ◽  
Aline Le Morvan ◽  
Fabienne Picard ◽  
Josiane Portelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Berseem Clover

Context The use of cover crops provides agronomic and environmental benefits in crop–livestock systems. They can also constitute alternative forage resources for ruminants, particularly when climatic conditions limit grass supply. However, information on the nutritive value of these crops remains scarce. Aims The objective of the present study was to assess the fresh forage potential of several plant species (sainfoin, buckwheat, phacelia, berseem clover, crimson clover and vetch) commonly used as cover crops and harvested at two phenological stages, namely, vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stage (FS). Methods Chemical composition and fermentation parameters after in vitro ruminal incubation of the plant species were measured and compared with those of lucerne. Key results Chemical composition and in vitro organic-matter digestibility varied both with species (P &lt; 0.001) and stage (P &lt; 0.001). Crude protein concentration (g/kg dry matter) varied at VS from 212 (sainfoin) to 151 (phacelia), and at FS from 187 (vetch) to 88 (phacelia). The in vitro organic-matter digestibility at VS varied from 0.91 (buckwheat) to 0.82 (lucerne), and at FS from 0.81 (vetch) to 0.74 (lucerne). Buckwheat and sainfoin had the greatest concentrations of condensed tannins and total phenolic compounds. The incubation of phacelia, sainfoin and buckwheat resulted in a lower production of volatile fatty acids than did incubation with the other plant species. Methane production was lower at both stages for phacelia (–26%), buckwheat (–12%), sainfoin (–14%) and berseem clover (–13%) than it was for lucerne. Ammonia production expressed as total N proportion was significantly lower for sainfoin and buckwheat than for the other plant species. The reductions in methane and ammonia appeared to be linked to certain phenolic compounds for buckwheat and to condensed tannins for sainfoin. Conclusions The present study showed that these cover crop species hold nutritive characteristics as good as lucerne, indicating that they could be suitable for ruminant nutrition. Moreover, buckwheat and sainfoin have potential beneficial effects on methane and ammonia production. Implications These results constitute a first step towards a recommendation to farmers to use cover crops as forage.

Effect of variety and maturity stage on chemical composition, carbohydrate and protein subfractions, in vitro rumen degradability and energy values of timothy and alfalfa

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Yu ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
J. D. Markert
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Timothy 2 ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of forage variety and stage of maturity on chemical composition, protein and carbohydrate subfractions, in vitro rumen degradability and energy content under the climatic conditions of western Canada. Two varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cvs. Pioneer and Beaver) and timothy (Phleum pratense L. cvs. Climax and Joliette), grown at three locations in Saskatchewan (Canada), were cut at three stages [1 = 1 wk before commercial cut (early bud for alfalfa; joint for timothy); 2 = at commercial cut (late bud for alfalfa; pre-bloom head for timothy); and 3 = one week after commercial cut (early bloom for alfalfa; full head for timothy)]. The results showed that: (1) the varieties had minimal effects on nutritional value; however, (2) stage of cutting had a large impact on chemical composition, protein and carbohydrate fractions, in vitro rumen degradability and energy value. As plant maturity advanced from stage 1 to 3, the following changes were noticed: (a) CP was decreased [alfalfa: 20.2 to 17.6; timothy: 11.1 to 7.9% dry matter (DM)]; fibre was affected very little in alfalfa but increased in timothy [acid detergent fibre (ADF): 38.0 to 40.7; neutral detergent fibre (NDF): 68.7 to 72.8% DM]; lignin and neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) were not affected in either forage; acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP) was increased in alfalfa (3.5 to 17.1% CP), but no effect was seen in timothy; (b) the rapidly degradable protein fraction (PA) was reduced in alfalfa (51.2 to 34.8% CP) but increased in timothy (9.2 to 27.5% CP); the rapidly degradable fraction (PB1) increased in alfalfa (0.0 to 25.2% CP), but decreased in timothy (31.6 to 16.7%); the intermediate degradable fraction (PB2) decreased in both forages (alfalfa: 14.1 to 5.2; timothy: 37.8 to 29.4% CP); the slowly degradable fraction (PB3) declined in alfalfa (33.1 to 17.7% CP), but was not affected in timothy (averaging 21.3% CP); the unavailable fraction (PC) associated with the cell wall increased in alfalfa (3.5 to 17.1% CP), but did not change in timothy (averaging 5.2% CP); (c) in vitro rumen degradabilities of DM (IVDMD) and NDF (IVNDFD) increased at stage 2 and then declined at stage 3. The highest IVDMD and IVNDFD after a 48-h incubation were at cutting stage 2 (50.5 and 37.3%; 42.8 and 37.3% for alfalfa and timothy, respectively); (d) the energy content behaved in a quadratic fashion; it increased initially and then decreased with the highest energy contents at stage 2 for both forages (TDN1x, DE1x, DEp, MEp, NELp: 63.8% DM, 2.92, 2.68, 2.26, 1.40 Mcal kg-1 DM for alfalfa; 45.3% DM, 2.03, 1.86, 1.43, 0.82 Mcal kg-1 DM for timothy, respectively). In general, the best cutting was found at stage 2, which was late-bud for alfalfa varieties and pre-bloom head for timothy. Key words: Alfalfa, timothy, variety, maturity, nutritive value

Chemical Composition And In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Of The Essential Oils Of Three Greek Achillea Species

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prokopios Magiatis ◽  
Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis ◽  
Ioanna Chinou ◽  
Serkos A. Haroutounian
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Ms Analysis

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Achillea holosericea, Achillea taygetea, Achillea fraasii was determined by GC/MS analysis. Among the ninety-five assayed constituents, camphor, borneol and 1,8-cineol were found to be the major components. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was evaluated against six bacteria indicating that the first is totally inactive, while the other two possess moderate to strong activities mainly against the Gram negative strains. The essential oil of A. fraasii was also active against the tested pathogenic fungi

Planting date effects on yield and quality of foxtail millet and three annual legumes

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Twidwell ◽  
A. Boe ◽  
K. D. Kephart
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Forage Yields

Annual grasses and legumes offer potential as forages in the northern Great Plains region of the USA during late summer when perennial cool-season grass pastures are unproductive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage yield, in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), and crude protein concentration of four annual species planted in May, June, and July at two South Dakota locations in 1989 and 1990. The species evaluated were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and Siberian foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.). In 1989 cowpea, soybean, and millet produced similar yields at Highmore when planted in May, whereas in 1990 soybean had the highest forage yield of 8.3 t ha−1. Forage yields for the July planting were lower than those of the May planting, except for mungbean grown at Highmore in 1989 where the July planting produced 2.2 t ha−1 more forage than the May planting. Cowpea had significantly greater IVDDM than the other species for all three planting dates at Beresford in 1989, whereas at Highmore IVDDM for cowpea was not greater than that of mungbean for the May and June planting dates. Cowpea had the greatest crude protein concentration for all planting dates at Highmore in 1989, the greatest crude protein concentration for May and June planting dates at Beresford, and similar crude protein concentration to soybean for the July planting date. Millet, with the exception of the May planting at Highmore in 1990, consistently had lower IVDDM and crude protein concentrations than all three legumes each year at each location. The highest soybean forage yields at each location were always obtained from the May plantings. Cowpea forage yields were highest for the May planting at Highmore in 1989 and the June planting in 1990. Since cowpea often had higher forage yields, IVDDM, and crude protein concentrations than the other species it appears to be a viable alternative forage crop for this region.Key words: Annual forage legumes, millet, yield, quality

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document