scholarly journals SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 133-136
Author(s):  
O. O. Komolape
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Viral Aetiology ◽  
Recent Compilation

Avian infectious bronchitis is an acute rapidly spreading viral respira­tory disease of chickens characterized by tracheal rales, coughing and sneezing. In adult laying flocks it causes a drastic drop in egg production — most of which are malformed.The disease was first described in the U.S.A. by Schalk and Hawn (1931) and its viral aetiology was confirmed 5 years later (Beach and Schalm, 1936). It is now report­ed to be world-wide in distribution (Estola, 1966).However, the F.A.O. Animal Health Year Books do not .list AIB as being present in Nigeria. Similarly, a recent compilation of Nigeria Veterinary bibliography (1970-1983) did not include AIB and the disease until a previous report (Komolafe and Erojikwe, 1985) has not been described in Nigeria.In the present communication, a serological evidence based on the detection of AIR virus specific preci­pitating antibody in the sera of sufs­pected cases is reported.

Efficacy of Live Vaccines and Specific Prevention in Chicken Infectious Bronchitis

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Variant Strain

Infectious bronchitis of chickens (IBC) is a highly contagious disease characterized by damage to the respiratory tract. Adult chickens exhibit respiratory symptoms, a 10-50% decrease in egg production, discoloration of the eggshell, deformation of the shell, and a deterioration in the marketability and breeding quality of eggs. The circulation of variant strains in poultry farms of the Russian Federation causes a significant decrease in egg production and the quality of the eggs obtained, causing significant economic damage to industrial poultry farming. The study aimed to presents materials and methods for the industrial and efficient use of live-vaccines against infectious bronchitis of hens from a variant strain. After the use of a live vaccine against infectious bronchitis of chickens from a variant strain, the development, live weight of chickens, and feed conversion during the rearing period were within the standard parameters. in present study, the safety for the growing period with a planned 97.6% was 98.8-98.9%. The uniformity of the herds when transferred to hen - hen was 94-95%. When carrying out immunoprophylaxis of IBS, local immunity is important, which can be ensured using a live spray vaccine - a method starting from the day old. When establishing circulation in the economy of variant strains of IBC virus, it is necessary to introduce vaccination against the variant strain into the scheme of treatment and preventive measures. The research results allow us to conclude that, for the effective prevention of chicken infectious bronchitis, immunization against IBS from variant strains should be introduced into the vaccine prevention scheme.

scholarly journals A Malawi guideline for research study participant remuneration

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Gordon ◽  
Lameck Chinula ◽  
Ben Chilima ◽  
Victor Mwapasa ◽  
Sufia Dadabhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Research Participant ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research Ethics Committees

Background: Research participant remuneration has been variable and inconsistent world-wide for many years owing to uncertainty regarding best practice and a lack of written guidelines for investigators and research ethics committees.  Recent recommendations are that researchers and regulators should develop regionally appropriate written guidelines to define reasonable remuneration based on expense reimbursement, compensation for time and burden associated with participation.   Incentives to motivate participation are acceptable in specific circumstances. Methods: We wished to develop regionally informed, precise and applicable guidelines in Malawi that might also be generally useful for African researchers and review committees.  We therefore reviewed the current literature and developed widely applicable and specific remuneration tables using acceptable and evidence-based payment rationales. Results: There were good international guidelines and limited published regional guidelines.  There were published examples of best practice and sufficient material to suggest a structured remuneration table.  The rationale and method for the table were discussed at an inter-disciplinary workshop resulting in a reimbursement and compensation model with fixed rates.  Payment is recommended pro rata and equally across a study. Conclusions: Transparent, fair remuneration of research participants is recommended by researchers and regulators in Malawi.  The means to achieve this are now presented in the Malawi research participant remuneration table.

Influence of the digestive/reproductive tract microbiota on chicken egg production beyond host genetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diyan Li ◽  
Shilin Tian ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Yuan Su ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Chicken Egg ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Major Factors

Abstract Background: The microbiota of the digestive and reproductive systems has a prominent role in animal health and performance, but the extent of its contribution is difficult to determine. In chickens, the effect of host genetics on the reproductive and digestive tract microbiota is unclear, and the means by which digestive/reproductive microbiomes help improve egg production in chicken are unknown.Results: To gain insight into this, we examined genomes from 128 chickens reared under identical conditions and described their digestive (crop, gizzard and small intestine) and reproductive tract (vagina, uterus and isthmus) microbiota. Although the diversity, composition and predicted function of the digestive and reproductive tract microbiota exhibited notable microbiota variation substantially between different parts, host genetics had limited effects on the reproductive and digestive tract microbial community. The digestive and reproductive tract microbiota had a significant effect on egg production (accounting for 52.31% - 98.86% of the variance), after correcting for host genetic effects; in particular, the uterus and isthmus microbiota accounted for an average of 93.59% and 98.86%, respectively, of variance in egg production. We further identified four reproductive tract microbial species which were related to immune system, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides salanitronis, Bacteroides barnesiae and Clostridium leptum, that were significantly positively correlated with egg production. Chickens with a lower abundance of these species had produced significantly fewer eggs at 300 days of age (37.13 vs. 113.75) than those with a higher abundance of these microorganisms. These taxa indicate potential roles play in promoting reproductive performance. Especially uterus and isthmus tract microbiota were major factors in regulating the chicken egg production.Conclusions: Host genetics has limited effect on digestive/reproductive microbiome composition. The distinct site-associated chicken microbiome may be determined by the differences of their physical function. These findings may help design strategies for controlling and altering the digestive/reproductive tract microbiota in chickens to improve egg production.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Mineral-Microbial Preparation on Ammonia Concentration and Productivity in Laying Hens Houses

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Gałęcki ◽  
Michał Dąbrowski ◽  
Tadeusz Bakuła ◽  
Kazimierz Obremski ◽  
Adriana Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the biopreparation Deodoric® on ammonia (NH3) concentration, performance, and hygiene standards in laying hen (ROSS-308) production. Statistically significant differences in NH3 concentration and the body weight of laying hens were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric® was applied at the set dose. In the control group, an increase in NH3 concentration could have contributed to the decrease in the body weight of laying hens, egg production, and % hen day egg production, whereas no such correlations were observed in the experimental group. A moderate linear correlation between NH3 concentration vs. humidity (r = 0.68), air flow (r = 0.48) and weakly linear correlation between NH3 concentration and age of birds (r = 0.27) was noted in group C. In group E, NH3 concentration vs. temperature (r = 0.27) and humidity (r = 0.14) were weakly correlated. Statistical analysis of changes in the microbial counts isolated from manure revealed a significant decrease of mesophilic microorganisms on day 28 decrease of Campylobacter spp. days 14 and 84 in group E. However, for the entire experimental model no statistically significant changes in the number of Campylobacter spp. and mesophilic bacteria were found. The tested preparation did not cause changes in the microbial composition of tissue swabs. Deodoric® contributes to animal welfare by reducing the ammonia concentrations in poultry houses. It is also recommended for use in poultry farms to improve animal health and performance and to generate benefits for producers.

scholarly journals Occurence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat from Europe – A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Stanciu ◽  
Roxana Banc ◽  
Anamaria Cozma ◽  
Lorena Filip ◽  
Doina Miere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
The World

AbstractThe quality of cereals is very important for both human and animal nutrition. Fusarium mycotoxins include a great number of compounds. Trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins are the major Fusarium mycotoxins occurring in cereal grains, animal feeds and forages. Conditions that predispose to mycotoxin production by Fusarium species include humidity, temperature, aeration and substrate type. Even if a great number of fungal metabolites have been designated as mycotoxins, a small number are known to have significant animal/human health and economic significance. For this, the world-wide impact of mycotoxins on human and animal health is likely underestimated and the future in this area is to identify additional specific biomarkers and group of biomarkers that can be used to establish the exposition of human and animals to individual mycotoxins.

Sex-manipulated Ascaris suum infections in pigs: implications for reproduction

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. JUNGERSEN ◽  
L. ERIKSEN ◽  
P. NANSEN ◽  
H.-P. FAGERHOLM
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Way

In spite of the vast distribution and considerable impact on human and animal health of Ascaris suum and A. lumbricoides, little is known of the sexual biology and reproductive capacity of these intestinal nematodes. By oral transfer of adult female worms to previously parasite-naive pigs we show that in the absence of males the egg production ceases after 2–3 weeks. Such females readily resume egg production a few days after oral transfer of male worms. These observations throw light on an important aspect of Ascaris biology, but also pave the way for possible experimental interbreeding between the human and pig Ascaris species.

scholarly journals Predicted UV-C Sensitivity of Human and Non-human Vertebrate (+) ssRNA Viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brahmaiah Pendyala ◽  
Ankit Patras
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Ssrna Virus ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Uv C

Epidemic and pandemic infectious diseases caused by RNA viruses constitute a significant hazard to human and animal health. Disinfection is an essential aspect of infection prevention and control measures. In this study, we estimated UV-C sensitivity of 83 human and veterinary pathogenic (+) ssRNA viruses by developed pyrimidine dinucleotide frequency-based genomic model. The data showed that the avian infectious bronchitis virus (genus: γ-coronavirus) with an estimated D90 value of 17.8 J/m2 was highly UV sensitive, whereas Salivirus NG-J1 (genus: salivirus) with a D90 value of 346.4 J/m2 was highly UV resistant. Overall, the trend of UV-C sensitivity of (+) ssRNA virus families followed as Coronaviridae < Flaviviridae < Togadoviridae < Arteriviridae, Matonaviridae, Astroviridae < Caciviridae < Picornaviridae < Nodaviridae < Herpeviridae. The results revealed that the enveloped viral families (Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togadoviridae Arteriviridae, and Matonaviridae) are more UV-C sensitive than other non-enveloped families. Further validation of the model estimated UV sensitivity with literature available experimental data showed good agreement of predicted values. The estimates presented here could make it possible to reasonably predict UV-C disinfection efficiency of human and veterinary pathogenic viruses, which need specific biosafety requirements and/or difficult to cultivate in lab conditions.

scholarly journals Classical and Variant Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains

EDIS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2003 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary D. Butcher ◽  
David P. Shapiro ◽  
Richard D. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens. The disease is characterized by respiratory signs including gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal râles, and nasal discharge. In young chickens, severe respiratory distress may occur. In layers, respiratory distress, decrease in egg production, and loss of internal egg quality and egg shell quality are reported. Some strains of the virus cause severe kidney damage and may be associated with high mortality. This document is VM127, one of a series of the Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date May 1, 2002. VM127/PS039: Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Classical and Variant Strains (ufl.edu)  

scholarly journals Management of Tuberculosis for the Acute Physician

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
L Peter Ormerod ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Ethnic Variations

Tuberculosis is increasing world-wide and also in England and Wales, where there are marked geographical and ethnic variations. Acute physicians should be aware of this, and also of the variable manifestations of this multisystem disease, as well as current epidemiology which informs clinical risk stratification. Treatment is highly evidence based, and bacteriological confirmation should be sought whenever possible, partly because of the current level of drug resistance.

scholarly journals (A325) Educational and Technical Considerations of Veterinary Personnel Involved in Animal Welfare during Disasters

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s91-s91
Author(s):  
H. Squance
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Development Of Competencies ◽  
Government Workers ◽  
International Experts

Training and education of healthcare and government workers has long been accepted as integral to disaster preparedness, although, up until recently, veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals have not participated in such practices. It is well documented that when disasters occur, there are dramatic increases in the occurrence and spread of zoonotic diseases, significant contamination of food, water and soil, and reductions in food supply for both humans and animals. These effects reflect the interdependence of humans, animals and their environment, and the importance of managing animal health and welfare after such disasters. Currently, animal welfare emergency management (AWEM) is neither evidence-based nor standardized. Most veterinary schools do not include AWEM in their curriculum, even though AWEM is an essential part of the veterinary professions obligations to both animals and humans. With this gap identified, research was undertaken to derive educational competencies and objectives in criteria-based preparedness and responses that were relevant to veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals involved in AWEM. The results have been used to inform the development of Animal Emergency Response training for inclusion in both veterinary and veterinary paraprofessional curriculums. A systematic evidence-based consensus building method was used to derive the educational competences and objectives. This included the following steps: (1) review of peer-reviewed literature on relevant content areas and educational theory; (2)a review of existing competences and training objectives within other sectors involved in disaster management; (3) a survey of international experts and responders which produced qualitative and (4) quantative results development of competencies and testable objectives. The qualitative results showed that veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals require core competencies in all three groups and the four basic components of disaster management: mitigation, preparedness, response/emergency relief and recovery. A curriculum should cover all animals, companion, production and wild.

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