scholarly journals Emerging antibiotic resistant enteric bacterial flora among food animals in Abeokuta, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
F. O Olufemi ◽  
P. A. Akinduti ◽  
E. O. Omoshaba ◽  
E. O. Okpara
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Food Animals

Bacterial resistance to antibiotic in food animals is an emerging public health concern as a result of increasing multi-resistant bacteria found in Abeokuta. Therefore, occurrence rate and resistant profile of the emerging enteric pathogens were determined in food animals in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Fecal and rectal samples of 82 were randomly collected from food animals such as sheep (30), chicken (37) and pigs (15) in three major farms located in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Enteric bacteria isolates obtained were cultured and identified according to standard protocol. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method and standard micro-tube dilution assay and resistance profile was carried out. Among the food animals surveyed for resistant enteric pathogens, 46% and 36% were chicken and sheep respectively while 18% were pigs. Complete resistance of 100% was shown by all the enteric bacteria obtained to metronidazole, tetracycline and penicillin while highest rate of Proteus mirabilis (33.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%) were multi resistant strains. Uncontrolled use of antimicrobial agents in food animals is shown to be associated with increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in food-borne pathogens which could enhance treatment failure and increase morbidity or death among the populace.

scholarly journals Illustrative examples of probable transfer of resistance determinants from food animals to humans: Streptothricins, glycopeptides, and colistin

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hattie E. Webb ◽  
Frederick J. Angulo ◽  
Sophie A. Granier ◽  
H. Morgan Scott ◽  
Guy H. Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Food Animals

Use, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobials contributes to selection and dissemination of bacterial resistance determinants that may be transferred to humans and constitute a global public health concern. Because of the continued emergence and expansion of antimicrobial resistance, combined with the lack of novel antimicrobial agents, efforts are underway to preserve the efficacy of current available life-saving antimicrobials in humans. As a result, uses of medically important antimicrobials in food animal production have generated debate and led to calls to reduce both antimicrobial use and the need for use. This manuscript, commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO) to help inform the development of the WHO guidelines on the use of medically important antimicrobials in food animals, includes three illustrations of antimicrobial use in food animal production that has contributed to the selection—and subsequent transfer—of resistance determinants from food animals to humans. Herein, antimicrobial use and the epidemiology of bacterial resistance are described for streptothricins, glycopeptides, and colistin. Taken together, these historical and current narratives reinforce the need for actions that will preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Current Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Sonali Gangwar ◽  
Keerti Kaushik ◽  
Maya Datt Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Serious infectious diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens that represents a serious public health concern. Antimicrobial agents are indicated for the treatment bacterial infections.Various bacteria carries several resistance genes also called multidrug resistant (MDR). Multidrug resistant organisms have emerged not only in the hospital environment but are now often identified in community settings, suggesting the reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria are present outside the hospital. Drug resistant bacteria that are selected with a single drug are also frequently multi-drug resistant against multiple structurally different drugs, thus confounding the chemotherapeutic efficacy of infectious disease caused by such pathogenic variants. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria have common resistance to antibiotics are diverse and complex. This review highlights the mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

Current Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Gangwar ◽  
Keerti Kaushik ◽  
Maya Datt Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Serious infectious diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens that represents a serious public health concern. Antimicrobial agents are indicated for the treatment bacterial infections.Various bacteria carries several resistance genes also called multidrug resistant (MDR). Multidrug resistant organisms have emerged not only in the hospital environment but are now often identified in community settings, suggesting the reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria are present outside the hospital. Drug resistant bacteria that are selected with a single drug are also frequently multi-drug resistant against multiple structurally different drugs, thus confounding the chemotherapeutic efficacy of infectious disease caused by such pathogenic variants. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria have common resistance to antibiotics are diverse and complex. This review highlights the mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

scholarly journals The Lactococcal dgkB (yecE) and dxsA Genes for Lipid Metabolism Are Involved in the Resistance to Cell Envelope-Acting Antimicrobials

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Tymoszewska ◽  
Tamara Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Membrane Targeting ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Lipid Ii

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria led to an urgent need for next-generation antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms of action. The use of positively charged antimicrobial peptides that target cytoplasmic membrane is an especially promising strategy since essential functions and the conserved structure of the membrane hinder the development of bacterial resistance. Aureocin A53- and enterocin L50-like bacteriocins are highly cationic, membrane-targeting antimicrobial peptides that have potential as next-generation antibiotics. However, the mechanisms of resistance to these bacteriocins and cross-resistance against antibiotics must be examined before application to ensure their safe use. Here, in the model bacterium Lactococcus lactis, we studied the development of resistance to selected aureocin A53- and enterocin L50-like bacteriocins and its correlation with antibiotics. First, to generate spontaneous resistant mutants, L.lactis was exposed to bacteriocin BHT-B. Sequencing of their genomes revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the dgkB (yecE) and dxsA genes encoding diacylglycerol kinase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, respectively. Then, selected mutants underwent susceptibility tests with a wide array of bacteriocins and antibiotics. The highest alterations in the sensitivity of studied mutants were seen in the presence of cytoplasmic membrane targeting bacteriocins (K411, Ent7, EntL50, WelM, SalC, nisin) and antibiotics (daptomycin and gramicidin) as well as lipid II cycle-blocking bacteriocins (nisin and Lcn972) and antibiotics (bacitracin). Interestingly, decreased via the SNPs accumulation sensitivity to membrane-active bacteriocins and antibiotics resulted in the concurrently increased vulnerability to bacitracin, carbenicillin, or chlortetracycline. It is suspected that SNPs may result in alterations to the efficiency of the nascent enzymes rather than a total loss of their function as neither deletion nor overexpression of dxsA restored the phenotype observed in spontaneous mutants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern, Alginate and Biofilm Production in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fateme DAVARZANI ◽  
Navid SAIDI ◽  
Saeed BESHARATI ◽  
Horieh SADERI ◽  
Iraj RASOOLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Alginate Production ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common opportunistic bacteria causing nosocomial infections, which has significant resistance to antimicrobial agents. This bacterium is a biofilm and alginate producer. Biofilm increases the bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the immune system. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the biofilm formation, alginate production and antimicrobial resistance patterns in the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methods: One hundred isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected during the study period (from Dec 2017 to Jul 2018) from different clinical samples of the patients admitted to Milad and Pars Hospitals at Tehran, Iran. Isolates were identified and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was specified by the disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation and alginate production were measured by microtiter plate and carbazole assay, respectively. Results: Sixteen isolates were resistant to all the 12 studied antibiotics. Moreover, 31 isolates were MultidrugResistant (MDR). The highest resistance rate was related to ofloxacin (36 isolates) and the least resistance was related to piperacillin-tazobactam (21 isolates). All the isolates could produce the biofilm and alginate. The number of isolates producing strong, medium and weak biofilms was equal to 34, 52, and 14, respectively. Alginate production was more than 400 μg/ml in 39 isolates, 250-400 μg/ml in 51 isolates and less than 250 μg/ml in 10 isolates. Conclusion: High prevalence of MDR, biofilm formation, and alginate production were observed among the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. The results also showed a significant relationship between the amount of alginate production and the level of biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Peptides

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Di Somma ◽  
Antonio Moretta ◽  
Carolina Canè ◽  
Arianna Cirillo ◽  
Angela Duilio
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Planktonic Bacteria ◽  
Hostile Environments

The increasing onset of multidrug-resistant bacteria has propelled microbiology research towards antimicrobial peptides as new possible antibiotics from natural sources. Antimicrobial peptides are short peptides endowed with a broad range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and are less prone to trigger resistance. Besides their activity against planktonic bacteria, many antimicrobial peptides also show antibiofilm activity. Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature, having the ability to adhere to virtually any surface, either biotic or abiotic, including medical devices, causing chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. The biofilm matrix protects bacteria from hostile environments, thus contributing to the bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. Biofilms are very difficult to treat, with options restricted to the use of large doses of antibiotics or the removal of the infected device. Antimicrobial peptides could represent good candidates to develop new antibiofilm drugs as they can act at different stages of biofilm formation, on disparate molecular targets and with various mechanisms of action. These include inhibition of biofilm formation and adhesion, downregulation of quorum sensing factors, and disruption of the pre-formed biofilm. This review focuses on the proprieties of antimicrobial and antibiofilm peptides, with a particular emphasis on their mechanism of action, reporting several examples of peptides that over time have been shown to have activity against biofilm.

The Activity of Alkanna Species in vitro Culture and Intact Plant Extracts Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 1861-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naira Sahakyan ◽  
Margarit Petrosyan ◽  
Armen Trchounian
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Overcoming the antibiotic resistance is nowadays a challenge. There is still no clear strategy to combat this problem. Therefore, the urgent need to find new sources of antibacterial agents exists. According to some literature, substances of plant origin are able to overcome bacterial resistance against antibiotics. Alkanna species plants are among the valuable producers of these metabolites. But there is a problem of obtaining the standardized product. So, this review is focused on the discussion of the possibilities of biotechnological production of antimicrobial agents from Alkanna genus species against some microorganisms including antibiotic resistant bacterial strains.

Antibiotics resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from selected surfaces in a university campus

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Campus. Bamidele Tolulope Odumosu ◽  
Amina Oluwatoyin Adelowotan ◽  
Olanike Maria Buraimoh ◽  
Ighodaro Grace Oghogho
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Potential Reservoir

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are serious public health concern. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are steadily increasing but the potential reservoir and risk in the environment are poorly investigated. A total of 284 environmental swabs were collected from 2 faculties of the University and screened for the presence of S. aureus by standard biochemical assays, 16S rRNA and S. aureus nuc gene amplification for the molecular identification of the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method while the detection of resistance and virulence genes were investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Of the total sample collected, 190 (47.50%) S. aureus were recovered of which > 80% were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics. Considerable resistance profile was observed among the isolates and there were positive amplifications for aph (3’)-IIIa and aac (6’)-Ie-aph (2’), ermB tetL and tetK genes. There was no amplification for the investigated virulence genes among the isolates. High presence of multiply resistant S. aureus from environmental surfaces suggests the campus environment is a potential reservoir of S. aureus infection Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance, Staphylococcus aureus, virulence, antibiotics.

scholarly journals Cloacael Carriage and Multidrug Resistance Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Poultry Farms, Eastern Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mude Shecho ◽  
Naod Thomas ◽  
Jelalu Kemal ◽  
Yimer Muktar
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Poultry Farms

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine antimicrobial drug resistance patterns of E. coli O157:H7 isolates and estimate the level of the pathogen. A total of 194 cloacae swab samples were collected randomly in two poultry farms. Standard cultural, biochemical, and serological (latex agglutination) methods were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disc diffusion method. Out of 194 cloacae samples examined, 13.4% (n=26) were found to be positive for E. coli O157:H7. The finding indicated differences in E. coli O157:H7 infection among the different risk factors. Chicken from Adele Poultry Farm showed higher E. coli O157:H7 infection (OR = 3.89) than Haramaya University poultry farm and young birds had more infection (OR = 4.62) than adult birds. Of the total 14 antimicrobials included in the panel of study, the susceptibility results were varied with 96.15% and 0% E. coli O157:H7 isolates expressing resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, spectinomycin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Multidrug resistance to more than two antimicrobial agents was detected in 24 (92.30%) of the isolates. The study showed high presence of antimicrobial resistant isolates of E. coli O157:H7. Further study is required to better understand the ecology and evolution of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Occurrence of NDM-1 and VIM-2 Co-Producing Escherichia coli and OprD Alteration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital Environment Samples in Northwestern Tunisia

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Raouaa Maaroufi ◽  
Olfa Dziri ◽  
Linda Hadjadj ◽  
Seydina M. Diene ◽  
Jean-Marc Rolain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Hospital environments constitute the main reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study we aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in one Northwestern Tunisian hospital environment, and characterize the genes involved in bacterial resistance. A total of 152 environmental isolates were collected from various surfaces and isolated using MacConkey medium supplemented with cefotaxime or imipenem, with 81 fermenter bacteria (27 Escherichia coli, and 54 Enterobacter spp., including 46 Enterobacter cloacae), and 71 non-fermenting bacteria (69 Pseudomonas spp., including 54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 2 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) being identified by the MALDI-TOF-MS method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method and E-Test was used to determine MICs for imipenem. Several genes implicated in beta-lactams resistance were characterized by PCR and sequencing. Carbapenem resistance was detected among 12 isolates; nine E. coli (blaNDM-1 (n = 8); blaNDM-1 + blaVIM-2 (n = 1)) and three P. aeruginosa were carbapenem-resistant by loss of OprD porin. The whole-genome sequencing of P. aeruginosa 97H was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencer, typed ST285, and harbored blaOXA-494. Other genes were also detected, notably blaTEM (n = 23), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 6). These new epidemiological data imposed new surveillance strategies and strict hygiene rules to decrease the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in this area.

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