Role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of diarrhea and disbiosis in infants

Author(s):  
С.Г. Грибакин

Кишечная микробиота представляет собой сложную экосистему, образованную сообществом микроорганизмов, которое расценивается как самостоятельный метаболический орган. Преобладающими микроорганизмами в толстой кишке здорового младенца являются бифидобактерии и лактобациллы, которые конкурентно подавляют рост условно-патогенных и патогенных микробов и способствуют развитию иммунной системы. На протяжении последних 10 лет исследования в области молекулярной биологии и строения генома Bifidobacterium и Lactobacillus были сфокусированы на таких проблемах, как взаимодействие с иммунной системой и перспективы их использования при антибиотик-ассоциированной диарее и при диареях в педиатрической практике, а также при синдроме раздраженного кишечника и при воспалительных заболеваниях кишечника. За последние годы выполнен целый ряд клинических исследований, посвященных использованию пробиотиков в целях лечения и профилактики диареи у детей, а также подготовлено несколько подробных метаанализов, которые дают достаточно полное представление о возможностях использования монокомпонентных и комбинированных пробиотических препаратов. Получены важные факты в пользу того, что определенные штаммы Lactobacilli и Bifidobacteria являются иммуномодуляторами и способны влиять на иммунную регуляцию посредством воздействия на баланс между провоспалительными и противовоспалительными цитокинами. Еще одним механизмом действия пробиотических препаратов является их влияние на допаминовые и серотониновые рецепторы, благодаря чему установлено положительное влияние пробиотиков у пациентов, находящихся в состоянии стресса и при депрессивных состояниях. В статье показано, что комбинированные пробиотики обладают синергическим действием, оказывают антибактериальное действие и иммуномодулирующий эффект и обладают доказанной клинической эффективностью при диарее и дисбактериозе у детей. Intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem of the community of enteric microorganisms and is estimated as an individual metabolic organ. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli are the predominant microbes in a colon of healthy infants, they are able to suppress a growth of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and support a development of immune system. Over the past 10 years, research in the field of molecular biology and genome structure of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus has focused on such problems as interaction with the immune system and the prospects for their use in antibiotic-associated diarrhea and diarrhea in pediatric practice, as well as in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In recent years, a number of clinical studies have been carried out on the use of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of diarrhea in children, and several detailed analytical meta-analyzes have been prepared, which give a fairly complete picture of the possibilities of using monocomponent and combined probiotic drugs. Important facts have been obtained in favor of the fact that certain strains of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are immunomodulators and are able to influence immune regulation by affecting the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Another mechanism of action of probiotic drugs is their effect on dopamine and serotonin receptors, due to which a positive effect of probiotics has been established in patients under stress and in depression. The article shows that combined probiotic remedies are characterized by synergic action and have an antibacterial effect and immune modulation. Combined probiotics are characterized by synergic activity and support a development of immune system. Due to these properties they have a clinically proven effect in diarrhea and disbiosis in infants.

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1181-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Shariati ◽  
Hamid R. Aslani ◽  
Mohammad R.H. Shayesteh ◽  
Ali Taghipour ◽  
Ahmad Nasser ◽  
...  

Celiac Disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune enteropathy of the small intestine that commonly occurs in genetically predisposed individuals due to intake of gluten and related proteins. Gluten consumption, duration of breast-feeding, various infections, especially frequent intestinal infections, vaccinations and use of antibiotics can be linked to CD. It is predicted that it affects 1% of the global population and its incidence rate is increasing. Most of the people with the HLA-DQ2 or HLADQ8 are at a higher risk of developing this disease. The link between infections and autoimmune diseases has been very much considered in recent years. In several studies, we explained that pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms might have multiple roles in initiation, exacerbation, and development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). In various studies, the relationship between infections caused by viruses, such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Rotavirus, Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Influenza virus, and parasites including Giardia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii with CD has been raised. However, increasing evidence proposes that some of these microorganisms, especially helminths, can also have protective and even therapeutic roles in the CD process. Therefore, in order to determine the role of microorganisms in the process of this disease, we attempted to summarize the evidence suggesting the role of viral and parasitic agents in pathogenesis of CD.


Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Ze-Jun Yang ◽  
Bo-Ya Wang ◽  
Tian-Tian Wang ◽  
Fei-Fei Wang ◽  
Yue-Xin Guo ◽  
...  

Dendritic cells (DCs), including conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), serve as the sentinel cells of the immune system and are responsible for presenting antigen information. Moreover, the role of DCs derived from monocytes (moDCs) in the development of inflammation has been emphasized. Several studies have shown that the function of DCs can be influenced by gut microbes including gut bacteria and viruses. Abnormal changes/reactions in intestinal DCs are potentially associated with diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal tumors, allowing DCs to be a new target for the treatment of these diseases. In this review, we summarized the physiological functions of DCs in the intestinal micro-environment, their regulatory relationship with intestinal microorganisms and their regulatory mechanism in intestinal diseases.


F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Spiller

Despite being one of the most common conditions leading to gastroenterological referral, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood. However, recent years have seen major advances. These include new understanding of the role of both inflammation and altered microbiota as well as the impact of dietary intolerances as illuminated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has thrown new light on IBS. This article will review new data on how excessive bile acid secretion mediates diarrhea and evidence from post infectious IBS which has shown how gut inflammation can alter gut microbiota and function. Studies of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have also shown that even when inflammation is in remission, the altered enteric nerves and abnormal microbiota can generate IBS-like symptoms. The efficacy of the low FODMAP diet as a treatment for bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort has been demonstrated by randomized controlled trials. MRI studies, which can quantify intestinal volumes, have provided new insights into how FODMAPs cause symptoms. This article will focus on these areas together with recent trials of new agents, which this author believes will alter clinical practice within the foreseeable future.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Fusco ◽  
Rosalba Siracusa ◽  
Tiziana Genovese ◽  
Salvatore Cuzzocrea ◽  
Rosanna Di Paola

Inflammation is a protective reaction activated in response to detrimental stimuli, such as dead cells, irritants or pathogens, by the evolutionarily conserved immune system and is regulated by the host. The inflammasomes are recognized as innate immune system sensors and receptors that manage the activation of caspase-1 and stimulate inflammation response. They have been associated with several inflammatory disorders. The NLRP3 inflammasome is the most well characterized. It is so called because NLRP3 belongs to the family of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs). Recent evidence has greatly improved our understanding of the mechanisms by which the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated. Additionally, increasing data in animal models, supported by human studies, strongly implicate the involvement of the inflammasome in the initiation or progression of disorders with a high impact on public health, such as metabolic pathologies (obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis), cardiovascular diseases (ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease), inflammatory issues (liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, gut microbiome, rheumatoid arthritis) and neurologic disorders (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological disorders), compared to other molecular platforms. This review will provide a focus on the available knowledge about the NLRP3 inflammasome role in these pathologies and describe the balance between the activation of the harmful and beneficial inflammasome so that new therapies can be created for patients with these diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Barbara ◽  
Maria Raffaella Barbaro ◽  
Daniele Fuschi ◽  
Marta Palombo ◽  
Francesca Falangone ◽  
...  

The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) is one of the largest interfaces between the environment and the internal milieu of the body. It is essential to limit the passage of harmful antigens and microorganisms and, on the other side, to assure the absorption of nutrients and water. The maintenance of this delicate equilibrium is tightly regulated as it is essential for human homeostasis. Luminal solutes and ions can pass across the IEB via two main routes: the transcellular pathway or the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions (TJs) are a multi-protein complex responsible for the regulation of paracellular permeability. TJs control the passage of antigens through the IEB and have a key role in maintaining barrier integrity. Several factors, including cytokines, gut microbiota, and dietary components are known to regulate intestinal TJs. Gut microbiota participates in several human functions including the modulation of epithelial cells and immune system through the release of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mediators released by immune cells can induce epithelial cell damage and TJs dysfunction. The subsequent disruption of the IEB allows the passage of antigens into the mucosa leading to further inflammation. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis, immune activation, and IEB dysfunction have a role in several diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gluten-related conditions. Here we summarize the interplay between the IEB and gut microbiota and mucosal immune system and their involvement in IBS, IBD, and gluten-related disorders.


Author(s):  
Ansh Chaudhary ◽  
Shubhi Shubhangi Bhatnagar ◽  
Meghna Prashant Nair ◽  
Bhupendra Chaudhary

Comprising of trillions of various bacteria, protozoan, fungi and viruses, the gut microbiota live in human body as a super complex ecosystem mostly in gastro intestinal tract (70%). Apart from GI tract they also inhabit skin, mouth and sexual organs as an essential ecological community of commensal, symbiotic or even pathogenic relationship. These microbiota interplay with bodily immune, endocrinal, metabolic and nervous system and produces various pathological changes responsible for disease etiology. These microbiota play a major role in digestion and absorption of macro molecules, maturation of immune system, protection of gut and behavioural development of an individual. In gut disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) the altered brain axis is responsible for disorders like depression, anxiety, schizoaffective disorders, autistic spectrum disorders, multiple sclerosis and parkinson’s disease. 


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Wyss ◽  
Tina Raselli ◽  
Gérard Schmelczer ◽  
Glynis Klinke ◽  
Nathan Perkins ◽  
...  

AbstractThe gene encoding for Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) is a risk gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Together with its oxysterol ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, EBI2 mediates migration and differentiation of immune cells. However, the role of EBI2 in the colonic immune system remains insufficiently studied.We found increased mRNA expression of EBI2 and oxysterol synthesizing enzymes (CH25H, CYP7B1) in the inflamed colon of patients with ulcerative colitis and mice with acute or chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. Accordingly, we detected elevated extraintestinal levels of 25-hydroxylated oxysterols, including 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol in mice with acute colonic inflammation. Knockout of EBI2 or CH25H did not affect severity of DSS colitis; however, inflammation was decreased in male EBI2-/- mice in the IL-10 colitis model.The colonic immune system comprises mucosal lymphoid structures, which accumulate upon chronic inflammation in IL-10-deficient mice and in chronic DSS colitis. However, EBI2-/- mice formed significantly less colonic lymphoid structures at baseline and showed defects in inflammation-induced accumulation of lymphoid structures.In summary, we report induction of the EBI2-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol axis in colitis and a role of EBI2 for the accumulation of lymphoid tissue during homeostasis and inflammation. These data implicate the EBI2-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol axis in IBD pathogenesis.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Nobile ◽  
Michela Tenace ◽  
Helen Pappa

Vitamin D has a complex role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is still under investigation. We conducted a literature search using PubMed through December 2018 through the use of relevant search terms. We found an abundance of evidence to support the role of vitamin D in regulating the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The pathogenesis of IBD implicates the immune dysregulation of these immune system components. Proof of concept of the vitamin’s role in the pathogenesis of IBD is the mapping of the vitamin D receptor in a region of chromosome 12, where IBD is also mapped, and specific VDR polymorphisms’ link to IBD phenotypes. Further research is needed to better delineate vitamin D’s role in preventing IBD and its potential as a therapeutic target for this disease.


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