scholarly journals Chemical characterization of aerosols at the summit of Mountain Tai in Central East China

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 7319-7332 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deng ◽  
G. Zhuang ◽  
K. Huang ◽  
J. Li ◽  
R. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. PM2.5 and TSP samples were collected at the summit of Mountain Tai (MT) (1534 m a.s.l.) in spring 2006/2007 and summer 2006 to investigate the characteristics of aerosols over central eastern China. For comparison, aerosol samples were also collected at Tazhong, Urumqi, and Tianchi in Xinjiang in northwestern China, Duolun and Yulin in northern China, and two urban sites in the megacities, Beijing and Shanghai, in 2007. Daily mass concentrations of TSP and PM2.5 ranged from 39.6–287.6 μg m−3 and 17.2–235.7 μg m−3 respectively at the summit of MT. Averaged concentrations of PM2.5 showed a pronounced seasonal variation with higher concentration in summer than spring. 17 water-soluble ions (SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, F−, PO43−, NO2−, CH3COO−, CH2C2O42−, C2H4C2O42−, HCOO−, MSA, C2O42−, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+), and 19 elements of all samples were measured. SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ were the major water-soluble species in PM2.5, accounting for 61.50 % and 72.65 % of the total measured ions in spring and summer, respectively. The average ratio of PM2.5/TSP was 0.37(2006) and 0.49(2007) in spring, while up to 0.91 in summer, suggesting that aerosol particles were primarily comprised of fine particles in summer and of considerable coarse particles in spring. Crustal elements (e.g., Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, etc.) showed higher concentration in spring than summer, while most of the pollution species (SO42−, NO3−, K+, NO2−, NH4+, Cl−, organic acids, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr) from local/regional anthropogenic emissions or secondary formation presented higher concentration in summer. The ratio of Ca/Al suggested the impact of Asian dust from the western deserts on the air quality in this region. The high concentration of K+ in PM2.5 (4.41 μg m−3) and its good correlation with black carbon (r = 0.90) and oxalic acid (r = 0.87) suggested the severe pollution from biomass burning, which was proved to be a main source of fine particles over central eastern China in summer. The contribution of biomass burning to the fine particle at MT accounted for 7.56 % in spring and 36.71 % in summer, and even reached to 81.58 % on a day. As and Pb were two of the most enriched elements. The long-range transport of aerosols spread the heavy pollution from coal-mining/coal-ash to everywhere over China. Anthropogenic air-pollution was evidently rather severe at MT, though it has been declared by UNESCO to be a World Heritage site.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of aerosols at the summit of Mountain Tai in the middle of central east China

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 20975-21021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deng ◽  
G. Zhuang ◽  
K. Huang ◽  
J. Li ◽  
R. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. PM2.5 and TSP samples were collected at the summit of Mountain Tai (MT) (1534 m a.s.l.) in spring 2006/2007 and summer 2006 to investigate the characteristics of aerosols over central eastern China. For comparison, aerosol samples were also collected at Tazhong, Urumqi, Tianchi in Xinjiang in northwestern China, Duolun and Yulin in northern China, and two urban sites in the megacities, Beijing and Shanghai, in spring 2007. Daily mass concentrations of TSP and PM2.5 ranged from 39.6–276.9 μg/m3 and 17.2–235.7 μg/m3 respectively at the summit of MT. Averaged concentrations of PM2.5 showed a pronounced seasonal variation with higher concentration in summer than spring. 17 water-soluble ions (SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, F−, PO43−, NO2−, CH3COO−, CH2C2O42−, C2H4C2O42−, HCOO−, MSA, C2O42−, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+), and 19 elements of 176 samples from MT were measured. SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ were the major water-soluble species in PM2.5, accounting for 61.5% and 73.8% of the total measured ions in spring and summer, respectively. The average ratio of PM2.5/TSP was 0.37(2006) and 0.49(2007) in spring, while up to 0.91 in summer, suggesting that aerosol particles were primarily comprised of fine particles in summer and of considerable coarse particles in spring. Crustal elements (e.g., Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, etc.) showed higher concentration in spring than summer, while most pollution species (SO42−, NO3−, K+, NO2−, NH4+, Cl−, organic acids, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr) from local/regional anthropogenic emissions and secondary formation presented higher concentration in summer. The ratio of Ca/Al and back trajectories of air mass suggested the impact of Asian dust from Gobi and deserts on the air quality in this region. The high concentration of K+ in aerosols (4.56 μg/m3) and its good correlation with black carbon (r = 0.90), oxalic acid (r = 0.87), and Cl− (r = 0.71) were due to the severe pollution from biomass burning, which was proved to be a main source of fine particles over central eastern China in summer. Biomass burning contributed 36.71% of PM2.5 in mass in summer. As and Pb were two of the most enriched elements, especially in spring both for TSP and PM2.5, which revealed that the long-range transport of aerosols spread the heavy pollution from coal burning everywhere over China. Anthropogenic aerosols at MT were evidently rather severe at MT, though it has been declared by UNESCO to be a World Heritage site.

scholarly journals Effects of Paint Industry Effluent on Soil Productivity

1970 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
YN Jolly ◽  
A Islam ◽  
SB Quraishi ◽  
AI Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Paint Industry ◽  
Industry Effluent ◽  
The Impact

The impact of various dilutions (2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50%) of paint industry effluent on physico-chemical properties of soil and the germination, growth and dry matter productions of corn (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) have been studied. The effluent was acidic and had low BOD and COD values because of its low content of suspended solid. It contained high concentration of calcium, medium concentrations of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, sulphate, chloride and low concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and bicarbonate. The trace element like Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb were measured in the μg L-1 level. On irrigation of soil with the effluent an increase in the water soluble salts, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron contents of the soil for effluent concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% were observed but all these parameters were found to decrease on treatment of the soil with the effluent concentration of 25% and above. The effluent of the lower concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10%) enhanced the growth of both crops. However, negative effects on seed germination, dry matter production and the yield of both crops were found for the effluent concentration of 25% and above. doi: 10.3329/jbas.v32i1.2441 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 1, 41-53, 2008

scholarly journals Regional characteristics of spring Asian dust and its impact on aerosol chemistry over northern China

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 12825-12864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. Sun ◽  
G. S. Zhuang ◽  
Z. F. Wang ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
W. J. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Storm ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Aerosol Chemistry ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. TSP and PM2.5 aerosol samples were synchronously collected at six sites along the transport pathway of dust storm from desert regions to coastal areas in the spring of 2004. The aerosol concentration and composition were measured to investigate the regional characteristics of spring Asian dust and its impact on aerosol chemistry over northern China. Based on the daily PM10 concentrations in 13 cities, the northern China could be divided into five regions, i.e., Northern Dust Region, Northeastern Dust Region, Western Dust Region, Inland Passing Region, and Coastal Region. Northern Dust Region was characterized by high content of Ca and Northeastern Dust Region was characterized by low one instead. Northeastern Dust Region was a relatively clean area with the lowest concentrations of pollutants and secondary ions among all sites. Inland Passing Region and Coastal Region showed high concentrations of pollutants, of which As and Pb in Inland Passing Region, and Na+, SO42− and NO3− in Coastal Region were the highest, respectively. The impact of dust on air quality was the greatest in the cities near source regions, and this impact decreased in the order of Yulin/Duolun > Beijing > Qingdao/Shanghai as the increase of transport distance. The spring Asian dust was inclined to affect the chemical components in coarse particles near source regions and those in fine particles in the cities far from source regions. Dust storm could mix significant quantities of pollutants on the pathway and carry them to the downwind cities or dilute the pollutants in the cities over northern China. Each dust episode corresponded to a low ratio of NO3−/SO42− with the lowest value appearing after the peak of dust storm. Asian dust played an important role in buffering and neutralizing the acidity of atmosphere in the cities over northern China, which could lead to the pH in the aerosols increase ~1 in spring.

Continuous observations of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 at Mount Tai (1534 m a.s.l.) in central-eastern China

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 107-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Xiaomei Gao ◽  
Likun Xue ◽  
Xinfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Central Eastern

scholarly journals An optimized tracer-based approach for estimating organic carbon emissions from biomass burning in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 3231-3247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayant Nirmalkar ◽  
Tsatsral Batmunkh ◽  
Jinsang Jung
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of biomass burning (BB) on atmospheric particulate matter of <2.5 µm diameter (PM2.5) at Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, was investigated using an optimized tracer-based approach during winter and spring 2017. Integrated 24 h PM2.5 samples were collected on quartz-fiber filters using a 30 L min−1 air sampler at an urban site in Ulaanbaatar. The aerosol samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan), and water-soluble ions. OC was found to be the predominant species, contributing 64 % and 56 % to the quantified aerosol components in PM2.5 in winter and spring, respectively. BB was identified as a major source of PM2.5, followed by dust and secondary aerosols. Levoglucosan ∕ mannosan and levoglucosan ∕ K+ ratios indicate that BB in Ulaanbaatar mainly originated from the burning of softwood. Because of the large uncertainty associated with the quantitative estimation of OC emitted from BB (OCBB), a novel approach was developed to optimize the OC ∕ levoglucosan ratio for estimating OCBB. The optimum OC ∕ levoglucosan ratio in Ulaanbaatar was obtained by regression analysis between OCnon-BB (OCtotal–OCBB) and levoglucosan concentrations that gives the lowest coefficient of determination (R2) and slope. The optimum OC ∕ levoglucosan ratio was found to be 27.6 and 18.0 for winter and spring, respectively, and these values were applied in quantifying OCBB. It was found that 68 % and 63 % of the OC were emitted from BB during winter and spring, respectively. This novel approach can also be applied by other researchers to quantify OCBB using their own chemical measurements. In addition to OCBB, sources of OCnon-BB were also investigated through multivariate correlation analysis. It was found that OCnon-BB originated mainly from coal burning, vehicles, and vegetative emissions.

scholarly journals Chemical and optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols in Nanjing, eastern China: regionally transported biomass burning contribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 11213-11233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Liu ◽  
Yan-Lin Zhang ◽  
Yiran Peng ◽  
Lulu Xu ◽  
Chunmao Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
Brown Carbon

Abstract. Biomass burning can significantly impact the chemical and optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols. Here, the biomass burning impacts were studied during wintertime in a megacity of Nanjing, eastern China. The high abundance of biomass burning tracers such as levoglucosan (lev), mannosan (man), galactosan (gal) and non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K+) was found during the studied period with the concentration ranges of 22.4–1476 ng m−3, 2.1–56.2 ng m−3, 1.4–32.2 ng m−3 and 0.2–3.8 µg m−3, respectively. The significant contribution of biomass burning to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC; 22.3±9.9 %) and organic carbon (OC; 20.9±9.3 %) was observed in this study. Backward air mass origin analysis, potential emission sensitivity of elemental carbon (EC) and MODIS fire spot information indicated that the elevations of the carbonaceous aerosols were due to the transported biomass-burning aerosols from southeastern China. The characteristic mass ratio maps of lev∕man and lev∕nss-K+ suggested that the biomass fuels were mainly crop residuals. Furthermore, the strong correlation (p < 0.01) between biomass burning tracers (such as lev) and light absorption coefficient (babs) for water-soluble brown carbon (BrC) revealed that biomass burning emissions played a significant role in the light-absorption properties of carbonaceous aerosols. The solar energy absorption due to water-soluble brown carbon and EC was estimated by a calculation based on measured light-absorbing parameters and a simulation based on a radiative transfer model (RRTMG_SW). The solar energy absorption of water-soluble BrC in short wavelengths (300–400 nm) was 0.8±0.4 (0.2–2.3) W m−2 (figures in parentheses represent the variation range of each parameter) from the calculation and 1.2±0.5 (0.3–1.9) W m−2 from the RRTMG_SW model. The absorption capacity of water-soluble BrC accounted for about 20 %–30 % of the total absorption of EC aerosols. The solar energy absorption of water-soluble BrC due to biomass burning was estimated as 0.2±0.1 (0.0–0.9) W m−2, considering the biomass burning contribution to carbonaceous aerosols. Potential source contribution function model simulations showed that the solar energy absorption induced by water-soluble BrC and EC aerosols was mostly due to the regionally transported carbonaceous aerosols from source regions such as southeastern China. Our results illustrate the importance of the absorbing water-soluble brown carbon aerosols in trapping additional solar energy in the low-level atmosphere, heating the surface and inhibiting the energy from escaping the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2735-2756 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Lathem ◽  
A. J. Beyersdorf ◽  
K. L. Thornhill ◽  
E. L. Winstead ◽  
M. J. Cubison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Physical Aging ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Air Masses

Abstract. The NASA DC-8 aircraft characterized the aerosol properties, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations of the summertime Arctic during the 2008 NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. Air masses characteristic of fresh and aged biomass burning, boreal forest, Arctic background, and anthropogenic industrial pollution were sampled. Observations were spatially extensive (50–85° N and 40–130° W) and exhibit significant variability in aerosol and CCN concentrations. The chemical composition was dominated by highly oxidized organics (66–94% by volume), with a water-soluble mass fraction of more than 50%. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, ranged between κ = 0.08–0.32 for all air mass types. Industrial pollution had the lowest κ of 0.08 ± 0.01, while the Arctic background had the highest and most variable κ of 0.32 ± 0.21, resulting from a lower and more variable organic fraction. Both fresh and aged (long-range transported) biomass burning air masses exhibited remarkably similar κ (0.18 ± 0.13), consistent with observed rapid chemical and physical aging of smoke emissions in the atmosphere, even in the vicinity of fresh fires. The organic hygroscopicity (κorg) was parameterized by the volume fraction of water-soluble organic matter (εWSOM), with a κ = 0.12, such that κorg = 0.12εWSOM. Assuming bulk (size-independent) composition and including the κorg parameterization enabled CCN predictions to within 30% accuracy for nearly all environments sampled. The only exception was for industrial pollution from Canadian oil sands exploration, where an external mixture and size-dependent composition was required. Aerosol mixing state assumptions (internal vs. external) in all other environments did not significantly affect CCN predictions; however, the external mixing assumption provided the best results, even though the available observations could not determine the true degree of external mixing and therefore may not always be representative of the environments sampled. No correlation was observed between κorg and O : C. A novel correction of the CCN instrument supersaturation for water vapor depletion, resulting from high concentrations of CCN, was also employed. This correction was especially important for fresh biomass burning plumes where concentrations exceeded 1.5×104 cm−3 and introduced supersaturation depletions of &amp;geq;25%. Not accounting for supersaturation depletion in these high concentration environments would therefore bias CCN closure up to 25% and inferred κ by up to 50%.

scholarly journals Effect of biomass burning over the western North Pacific Rim: wintertime maxima of anhydrosugars in ambient aerosols from Okinawa

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1959-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zhu ◽  
K. Kawamura ◽  
B. Kunwar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Western North Pacific ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Okinawa Island

Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) largely modifies the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols on the globe. We collected aerosol samples (TSP) at Cape Hedo, on subtropical Okinawa Island, from October 2009 to February 2012 to study anhydrosugars as BB tracers. Levoglucosan was detected as the dominant anhydrosugar followed by its isomers, mannosan and galactosan. We found a clear seasonal trend of levoglucosan and mannosan with winter maxima and summer minima. Positive correlation was found between levoglucosan and nss-K+ (r = 0.38, p < 0.001); the latter is another BB tracer. The analyses of air mass trajectories and fire spots demonstrated that the seasonal variations of anhydrosugars are caused by long-range transport of BB emissions from the Asian continent. We found winter maxima of anhydrosugars, which may be associated with open burning and domestic heating and cooking in northern and northeastern China, Mongolia and Russia and with the enhanced westerly winds. The monthly averaged levoglucosan / mannosan ratios were lower (2.1–4.8) in May–June and higher (13.3–13.9) in November–December. The lower values may be associated with softwood burning in northern China, Korea and southwestern Japan whereas the higher values are probably caused by agricultural waste burning of maize straw in the North China Plain. Anhydrosugars comprised 0.22% of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and 0.13% of organic carbon (OC). The highest values to WSOC (0.37%) and OC (0.25%) were found in winter, again indicating an important BB contribution to Okinawa aerosols in winter. This study provides useful information to better understand the effect of East Asian biomass burning on the air quality in the western North Pacific Rim.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Soil Moisture and LAI in Different Types of Soil in Central Eastern China

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2733-2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Renhe Zhang ◽  
Zhiyan Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract As important parameters in the land–atmosphere system, both soil moisture (SM) and vegetation play a significant role in land–atmosphere interactions. Using observational data from clay and sand stations over central eastern China, the relationship between leaf area index (LAI) and SM (LAI–SM) in different types of soil was investigated. The results show that the LAI–SM correlation is significantly positive in clay but not significant in sand. The physical causes for the discrepant LAI–SM correlations in different types of soil were explored from the perspectives of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil water retention. In clay stations, increasing LAI is associated with greater soil-water-retention capacity. Although the increasing LAI corresponds to increasing ET, the impact of ET on SM is weak because of the small particle size of soil. Consequently, the LAI–SM relationship in clay is significantly positive. In sand stations, ET is negatively correlated with SM owing to the large soil particle size, resulting in a negative LAI–SM correlation in sand. However, soil water retention is weakened by the increased LAI, which may be an important factor causing the insignificant LAI–SM correlation in sand.

scholarly journals Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing with radiocarbon and organic tracers: insight into the differences between urban and rural sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 8273-8292
Author(s):  
Siqi Hou ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
Tuan V. Vu ◽  
Xuefang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol is a dominant component of fine particles in Beijing. However, it is challenging to apportion its sources. Here, we applied a newly developed method which combined radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to apportion the sources of fine carbonaceous particles at an urban (IAP) and a rural (PG) site of Beijing. PM2.5 filter samples (24 h) were collected at both sites from 10 November to 11 December 2016 and from 22 May to 24 June 2017. 14C was determined in 25 aerosol samples (13 at IAP and 12 at PG) representing low pollution to haze conditions. Biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan) in the samples were also determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Higher contributions of fossil-derived OC (OCf) were found at the urban site. The OCf / OC ratio decreased in the summer samples (IAP: 67.8 ± 4.0 % in winter and 54.2 ± 11.7 % in summer; PG: 59.3 ± 5.7 % in winter and 50.0 ± 9.0 % in summer) due to less consumption of coal in the warm season. A novel extended Gelencsér (EG) method incorporating the 14C and organic tracer data was developed to estimate the fossil and non-fossil sources of primary and secondary OC (POC and SOC). It showed that fossil-derived POC was the largest contributor to OC (35.8 ± 10.5 % and 34.1 ± 8.7 % in wintertime for IAP and PG, 28.9 ± 7.4 % and 29.1 ± 9.4 % in summer), regardless of season. SOC contributed 50.0 ± 12.3 % and 47.2 ± 15.5 % at IAP and 42.0 ± 11.7 % and 43.0 ± 13.4 % at PG in the winter and summer sampling periods, respectively, within which the fossil-derived SOC was predominant and contributed more in winter. The non-fossil fractions of SOC increased in summer due to a larger biogenic component. Concentrations of biomass burning OC (OCbb) are resolved by the extended Gelencsér method, with average contributions (to total OC) of 10.6 ± 1.7 % and 10.4 ± 1.5 % in winter at IAP and PG and 6.5 ± 5.2 % and 17.9 ± 3.5 % in summer, respectively. Correlations of water-insoluble OC (WINSOC) and water-soluble OC (WSOC) with POC and SOC showed that although WINSOC was the major contributor to POC, a non-negligible fraction of WINSOC was found in SOC for both fossil and non-fossil sources, especially during winter. In summer, a greater proportion of WSOC from non-fossil sources was found in SOC. Comparisons of the source apportionment results with those obtained from a chemical mass balance model were generally good, except for the cooking aerosol.

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