scholarly journals Regional variability in black carbon and carbon monoxide ratio from long-term observations over East Asia: Assessment of representativeness for BC and CO emission inventories

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjoo Choi ◽  
Yugo Kanaya ◽  
Seung-Myung Park ◽  
Atsushi Matsuki ◽  
Yasuhiro Sadanaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
East China ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Co Emission

Abstract. The BC/CO emission ratios were estimated and compiled from long-term, harmonized observations of the ΔBC/ΔCO ratios under conditions unaffected by wet deposition at four sites in East Asia, including two sites in Korea (Baengnyeong and Gosan) and two sites in Japan (Noto and Fukuoka). Extended spatio-temporal coverage enabled estimation of full seasonality and elucidation of the emission ratio in North Korea, for the first time. The estimated ratios were used to validate the Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2.1 based on six study domains (East China, North China, Northeast China, South Korea, North Korea, and Japan). We found that the ΔBC/ΔCO ratios from four sites converged into a narrow range (6.2–7.9 ng m−3 ppb−1), suggesting consistency in the results from independent observations and similarity in source profiles over the regions. The BC/CO ratios from the REAS emission inventory (7.7 ng m−3 ppb−1 for East China – 23.2 ng m−3 ppb−1 for South Korea) were overestimated by factors of 1.1 for East China to 3.0 for South Korea, whereas the ratio for North Korea (3.7 ng m−3 ppb−1 from REAS) was underestimated by a factor of 2.0, most likely due to inaccurate emissions from the road transportation sector. Seasonal variation in the BC/CO ratio from REAS was found to be the highest in winter (China and North Korea) or summer (South Korea and Japan), whereas the measured ΔBC/ΔCO ratio was highest in spring in all source regions, indicating the need for further characterization of seasonality when creating a bottom-up emission inventory. At levels of administrative districts, overestimation in Seoul, the southwest regions of South Korea, and Northeast China was noticeable, and underestimation was mainly observed in the western regions in North Korea, including Pyongyang. These diagnoses are useful for identifying the regions where revisions in the inventory are necessary, providing guidance for refinement of BC and CO emission rate estimates over East Asia.

scholarly journals Regional variability in black carbon and carbon monoxide ratio from long-term observations over East Asia: assessment of representativeness for black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission inventories

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjoo Choi ◽  
Yugo Kanaya ◽  
Seung-Myung Park ◽  
Atsushi Matsuki ◽  
Yasuhiro Sadanaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
East China ◽  
Co Emission

Abstract. The black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission ratios were estimated and compiled from long-term, harmonized observations of the ΔBC∕ΔCO ratios under conditions unaffected by wet deposition at four sites in East Asia, including two sites in South Korea (Baengnyeong and Gosan) and two sites in Japan (Noto and Fukuoka). Extended spatio-temporal coverage enabled estimation of the full seasonality and elucidation of the emission ratio in North Korea for the first time. The estimated ratios were used to validate the Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2.1 based on six study domains (“East China”, “North China”, “Northeast China”, South Korea, North Korea, and Japan). We found that the ΔBC∕ΔCO ratios from four sites converged into a narrow range (6.2–7.9 ng m−3 ppb−1), suggesting consistency in the results from independent observations and similarity in source profiles over the regions. The BC∕CO ratios from the REAS emission inventory (7.7 ng m−3 ppb−1 for East China – 23.2 ng m−3 ppb−1 for South Korea) were overestimated by factors of 1.1 for East China to 3.0 for South Korea, whereas the ratio for North Korea (3.7 ng m−3 ppb−1 from REAS) was underestimated by a factor of 2.0, most likely due to inaccurate emissions from the road transportation sector. Seasonal variation in the BC∕CO ratio from REAS was found to be the highest in winter (China and North Korea) or summer (South Korea and Japan), whereas the measured ΔBC∕ΔCO ratio was the highest in spring in all source regions, indicating the need for further characterization of the seasonality when creating a bottom-up emission inventory. At levels of administrative districts, overestimation in Seoul, the southwestern regions of South Korea, and Northeast China was noticeable, and underestimation was mainly observed in the western regions in North Korea, including Pyongyang. These diagnoses are useful for identifying regions where revisions in the inventory are necessary, providing guidance for the refinement of BC and CO emission rate estimates over East Asia.

Tersilochinae of South, Southeast and East Asia, excluding Mongolia and Japan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I. Khalaim
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Far East ◽  
New Combination ◽  
East China ◽  
Far East Of Russia ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
Unidentified Species

Tersilochines of South, Southeast and East Asia (excluding Mongolia and Japan) have been studied. Eight genera and 60 species are recorded in the region: Allophrys (2 species), Barycnemis (5 species), Diaparsis (29 species), Phradis (2 species, including 1 unidentified species), Probles (12 species, including 1 unidentified and 6 undescribed species), Sathropterus (2 species), Slonopotamus gen. nov. (2 species) and Tersilochus (6 species, including one species of the obscure status). One genus and 26 species are described as new: Allophrys bruneiensis sp. nov. (Brunei), A. occipitata sp. nov. (Vietnam, India), Diaparsis absista sp. nov. (Brunei), D. bannapeana sp. nov. (Laos), D. bolikhamsaica sp. nov. (Laos, Thailand), D. brunnea sp. nov. (Brunei), D. crenulator sp. nov. (Brunei), D. dediticia sp. nov. (Vietnam, Brunei), D. hilaris sp. nov. (Vietnam), D. karnatakana sp. nov. (India), D. labiensis sp. nov. (Brunei), D. mandibulator sp. nov. (Laos), D. minuta sp. nov. (Vietnam), D. monstrosa sp. nov. (Brunei), D. morleyi sp. nov. (Sri Lanka), D. propodeator sp. nov. (Brunei, Sarawak State of Malaysia, southern Indonesia, Laos), D. pulchra sp. nov. (South Korea), D. sarawakiensis sp. nov. (Sarawak and Pahang states of Malaysia), D. viela sp. nov. (Vietnam, Laos), D. vietnamica sp. nov. (Vietnam), D. zispina sp. nov. (Vietnam), Probles vietnamica sp. nov. (Vietnam, probably East China and south of Far East of Russia), Sathropterus secundus sp. nov. (Vietnam), Slonopotamus elephantoides sp. nov. (Laos), S. indianus sp. nov. (India) and Tersilochus granulatus sp. nov. (South Korea). Generic assignment of two species are changed: Barycnemis sanctijohanni (Rao & Kurian, 1951), new combination, and Probles (Microdiaparsis) caudate (Morley, 1913), new combination. Barycnemis dissimilis and B. tobiasi from Nepal, Diaparsis convexa from Vietnam, D. niphadoctona from Laos, and Sathropterus pumilus from India and Nepal are newly recorded from the countries. The genus Diaparsis comprises almost half of species of the tersilochine fauna of the studied region (29 species, 48%), and is a dominant genus in the Oriental Region. Keys to genera and species of Tersilochinae of South, Southeast and East Asia (excluding Mongolia and Japan) are provided.

scholarly journals Priority Analysis of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Information Techniques to Water-Related Disaster Damage Reduction for Inter-Korean Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sunmin Lee ◽  
Sung-Hwan Park ◽  
Moung-Jin Lee ◽  
Taejung Song
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
South Korea ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Remote Sensing And Gis ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Database Construction ◽  
The Social

The social and economic harm to North Korea caused by water-related disasters is increasing with the increase in the disasters worldwide. Despite the improvement of inter-Korean relations in recent years, the issue of water-related disasters, which can directly affect the lives of people, has not been discussed. With consideration of inter-Korean relations, a government-wide technical plan should be established to reduce the damage caused by water-related disasters. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify remote sensing and GIS techniques that could be useful in reducing the damage caused by water-related disasters while considering inter-Korean relations and the disasters that occur in North Korea. To this end, based on the definitions of disasters in South and North Korea, water-related disasters that occurred during a 17-year period from 2001 to 2017 in North Korea were first summarized and reclassified into six types: typhoons, downpours, floods, landslides, heavy snowfalls, and droughts. In addition, remote sensing- and GIS-based techniques in South Korea that could be applied to water-related disasters in North Korea were investigated and reclassified according to applicability to the six disaster types. The results showed that remote sensing and other monitoring techniques using spatial information, GIS-based database construction, and integrated water-related disaster management have high priorities. Especially, the use of radar images, such as C band images, has proven essential. Moreover, case studies were analyzed within remote sensing- and GIS-based techniques that could be applicable to the water-related disasters that occur frequently in North Korea. Water disaster satellites with high-resolution C band synthetic aperture radar are scheduled to be launched by South Korea. These results provide basic data to support techniques and establish countermeasures to reduce the damage from water-related disasters in North Korea in the medium to long term.

scholarly journals Rapid reduction of black carbon emissions from China: evidence from 2009–2019 observations on Fukue Island, Japan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yugo Kanaya ◽  
Kazuyo Yamaji ◽  
Takuma Miyakawa ◽  
Fumikazu Taketani ◽  
Chunmao Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
East China ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
South Central ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Emission Change ◽  
Co Emission

Abstract. A long-term, robust observational record of atmospheric black carbon (BC) concentrations at Fukue Island for 2009–2019 was produced by unifying data from a continuous soot-monitoring system and a multi-angle absorption photometer. This record was then used to analyze emission trends from China. We identified a rapid reduction in BC concentrations of (−5.8 ± 1.5) % y−1 or −48 % from 2010 to 2018. We concluded that an emission change of (−5.3 ± 0.7) % y−1, related to changes in China of as much as −4.6 % y−1, was the main underlying driver. This evaluation was made after correcting for the interannual meteorological variability, by using regional atmospheric chemistry model simulations (WRF/CMAQ) with constant emissions. This resolves current fundamental disagreements about the sign of the BC emission trend from China over the past decade, assessed from bottom-up emission inventories; our analysis supported inventories reflecting the governmental clean air actions after 2010 (e.g., MEIC1.3, ECLIPSE v5a and v6b, and REAS updated) and recommended revision to those not (e.g., CEDS). Our estimated emission trends were fairly uniform over seasons but diverse among air-mass origins. Stronger BC reductions occurred in regions of South-Central East China, accompanied by CO emission reduction, while weaker BC reductions occurred in North-Central East China and Northeast China. Prior to 2017, the BC and CO emission trends were both unexpectedly positive in Northeast China during winter months, possibly influencing climate at higher latitudes. The pace of emission reduction over China surpasses those of SSP1 scenarios (SSP: shared socioeconomic pathways) for 2015–2030, suggesting highly successful emission control policies. At Fukue Island, the BC fraction of PM2.5 also steadily decreased over the last decade, suggesting that BC emission reduction started without significant delay with respect to other pollutants, such as NOx and SO2, which are among key precursors of scattering PM2.5.

Estimation of surface CO2 flux in East Asia and comparison with the national greenhouse gases emission inventory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minkwang Cho ◽  
Hyun Mee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
The Impact

<p> In this study, surface carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) flux was estimated over East Asia using the inverse modeling approach. Two CO<sub>2</sub> mole fraction datasets observed from South Korea (Anmyeon-do (AMY) and Gosan (GSN)), along with ObsPack observation data package, were additionally assimilated in the CarbonTracker system, and the characteristics of the estimated surface CO<sub>2</sub> flux was analyzed over ten years. To see the impact of the inclusion of the two observation datasets in the Korean Peninsula, the other experiment which only assimilated the ObsPack data was conducted and used for comparison.</p><p> The result showed that by including two more datasets in the data assimilation process, the surface CO<sub>2</sub> flux absorption was slightly enhanced in summer and the surface CO<sub>2</sub> flux emission was weakened in late autumn and spring. This characteristic was shown particularly in Eurasian boreal and Eurasian temperate regions. Validation was done using independent observations from surface and aircraft (Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliner; CONTRAIL), and it showed smaller root mean square error (RMSE) values and bigger uncertainty reduction effect with the experiment which additionally assimilated two Korean observation datasets.</p><p> Meanwhile, the estimated biosphere CO<sub>2</sub> flux from the CarbonTracker was compared with Land Use, Land Use Change and Forest (LULUCF) sector CO<sub>2</sub> emission (or absorption) from the national greenhouse gases emission inventory (NIR). In case of South Korea, the observation density (number of observation sites or number of assimilated data on the area of the region) seemed to be related to some statistic parameters between inventory and CarbonTracker result. More results from model-inventory comparison using other data will be presented in the meeting.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p><p> This study was supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant KMI2018-03712 and a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the South Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT) (Grant 2017R1E1A1A03070968). The authors thank Andrew R. Jacobson for providing the CarbonTracker used for this study.</p>

scholarly journals Investigation of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions and NO<sub>x</sub>-related chemistry in East Asia using CMAQ-predicted and GOME-derived NO<sub>2</sub> columns

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1017-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Han ◽  
C. H. Song ◽  
H. J. Ahn ◽  
R. S. Park ◽  
J. H. Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
North China ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Loss Rates

Abstract. In this study, NO2 columns from the US EPA Models-3/CMAQ model simulations carried out using the 2001 ACE-ASIA (Asia Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) emission inventory over East Asia were compared with the GOME-derived NO2 columns. There were large discrepancies between the CMAQ-predicted and GOME-derived NO2 columns in the fall and winter seasons. In particular, while the CMAQ-predicted NO2 columns produced larger values than the GOME-derived NO2 columns over South Korea for all four seasons, the CMAQ-predicted NO2 columns produced smaller values than the GOME-derived NO2 columns over North China for all seasons with the exception of summer (summer anomaly). It is believed that there might be some error in the NOx emission estimates as well as uncertainty in the NOx chemical loss rates over North China and South Korea. Regarding the latter, this study further focused on the biogenic VOC (BVOC) emissions that were strongly coupled with NOx chemistry during summer in East Asia. This study also investigated whether the CMAQ-modeled NO2/NOx ratios with the possibly overestimated isoprene emissions were higher than those with reduced isoprene emissions. Although changes in both the NOx chemical loss rates and NO2/NOx ratios from CMAQ-modeling with the different isoprene emissions affected the CMAQ-modeled NO2 levels, the effects were found to be limited, mainly due to the low absolute levels of NO2 in summer. Seasonal variations of the NOx emission fluxes over East Asia were further investigated by a set of sensitivity runs of the CMAQ model. Although the results still exhibited the summer anomaly possibly due to the uncertainties in both NOx-related chemistry in the CMAQ model and the GOME measurements, it is believed that consideration of both the seasonal variations in NOx emissions and the correct BVOC emissions in East Asia are critical. Overall, it is estimated that the NOx emissions are underestimated by ~57.3% in North China and overestimated by ~46.1% in South Korea over an entire year. In order to confirm the uncertainty in NOx emissions, the NOx emissions over South Korea and China were further investigated using the ACE-ASIA, REAS (Regional Emission inventory in ASia), and CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) emission inventories. The comparison between the CMAQ-calculated and GOME-derived NO2 columns indicated that both the ACE-ASIA and REAS inventories have some uncertainty in NOx emissions over North China and South Korea, which can also lead to some errors in modeling the formation of ozone and secondary aerosols in South Korea and North China.

scholarly journals Kompleksitas Keamanan Kawasan dan Tantangan Kerja Sama Keamanan Asia Timur

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
M. Najeri Al Syahrin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
North Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
The Many

This article will explain the regional security complex as a key challenge in the establishment of regional security cooperation in East Asia. The complex of security in East Asia described by explaining the security relations between North Korea and South Korea, China and Japan, the United States with Japan, and China with the United States and a pattern of chain reaction to the various security policies of these countries. This security complex makes it difficult to establish effective regional security cooperation. The Challenge of the regional security complex that most decisive in the formation of cooperation that will be done by the countries of the East Asia region is due to competition and differences of interests between the United States and China as a superpower state in the region. In addition, the many differences in the nature and orientation of political interests of Japan, South Korea, and North Korea are also still a constraint in the formation of regional security organizations and cooperation.

scholarly journals Long-term observations of black carbon mass concentrations at Fukue Island, western Japan, during 2009–2015: Constraining wet removal rates and emission strengths from East Asia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yugo Kanaya ◽  
Xiaole Pan ◽  
Takuma Miyakawa ◽  
Yuichi Komazaki ◽  
Fumikazu Taketani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
East China ◽  
North Central ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
South Central ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Emission Ratios ◽  
Wet Removal ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Long-term (2009–2015) observations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) mass concentrations were performed using a continuous soot-monitoring system (COSMOS) at Fukue Island, western Japan, to provide information on wet removal rate constraints and the emission strengths of important source regions in East Asia (China and others). The annual average mass concentration was 0.36 µg m−3, with distinct seasonality; high concentrations were recorded during autumn, winter, and spring, and were caused by Asian continental outflows, which reached Fukue Island in 6–46 hours. The observed data were categorized into two classes, i.e., with and without a wet removal effect, using the accumulated precipitation along a backward trajectory (APT) for the last 3 days as an index. Statistical analysis of the observed ΔBC/ΔCO ratios was performed to obtain information on the emission ratios (from data with zero APT only) and wet removal rates (including data with non-zero APTs). The estimated emission ratios (5.2–6.9 ng m−3 ppb−1) varied over the six air mass origin areas; the higher ratios for South Central East China (30–35° N), South China (< 30° N), and Korea than for the other areas, i.e., Northeast China (> 40° N), North Central East China (35–40° N), and Japan, indicated the relative importance of domestic emissions and/or biomass burning sectors. The significantly higher BC/CO emission ratios adopted in the bottom-up Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2 (8.3–23 ng m−3 ppb−1) over Central East China and Korea needed to be reduced at least by factors of 1.3 and 2.8 for Central East China and Korea, respectively, but the ratio for Japan was reasonable. The wintertime enhancement of the BC emission from China, predicted by REAS2, was verified for air masses from South Central East China, but not for those from North Central East China. Wet removal of BC was clearly identified as a decrease in the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio against APT. The transmission efficiency (TE), defined as the ratio of the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio with precipitation to that without precipitation, was fitted reasonably well by a stretched exponential decay curve against APT; a single set of fitting parameters was sufficient to represent the results for air masses originating from different areas. An accumulated precipitation of 15.0 ± 3.2 mm halved the BC mass concentration. BC-containing particles traveling to Fukue must have already been converted from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particles, because the behavior of TE against APT was similar to that of PM2.5, the major components of which are hydrophilic. After correcting for the wet removal effect, trends in the BC mass concentrations were almost flat for the air masses from CEC and Korea and decreasing for those from Japan during 2009–2015. This long-term data set will provide a benchmark for testing chemical transport/climate model simulations covering East Asia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document